SHS

General Biology 2
Quarter 3: Week 3 - Module 3
Patterns of Descent with Modification
General Biology 2
Grade 11/12 Quarter 3: Week 3 - Module 3: Patterns of Descent with
Modification
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Rochelle O. Mendoza, T-III

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
General Biology 2
Quarter 3: Week 3 -Module 3
Patterns of Descent with
Modification

3
 Target

Evolution is an unending process that works round the clock. New species
are formed as time goes by, although there are periods in earth’s history that are
characterized by unusual bursts of evolutionary activity – at certain times,
speciation (or the formation of new species); at other times, extinction .

In your previous lesson, you are done with the mechanisms that produce
change in populations from generation to generation (e.g., artificial selection,
natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, recombination).

This module will provide you with information and activities that will help
you understand the patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors
to produce the organismal diversity observed today.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define species according to the biological species concept;

2. Distinguish the various types of reproductive isolating mechanisms that can
lead to speciation;
3. Discuss the different modes of speciation; and
4. Explain how evolution produce the tremendous amount of diversity among
organisms

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer
the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.

4
Pre-test: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best answer
for each test item in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following statements about biological species is(are) correct?

I. Biological species is a group of individuals whose members interbreed with
one another.
II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.
III. Members of biological species produce viable, fertile offsprings.
A. I only B. II only C. I and III D. II and III

2. The following isolating mechanisms prevent fertilization and formation of zygote

Except__________.
A. Temporal isolation B. Hybrid breakdown
C. Gametic isolation D. Ecological isolation

3. Which of the following is the cccurrence of abrupt genetic change cause

reproductive isolation between groups of individuals?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Divergent speciation
C. Convergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation

4. Which of the following speciation occurs when populations are separated by a

geographic barrier?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation D.Sympatric speciation

5. Which of the following is the abrupt change in the environment over a

geographic border and strong disruptive selection affects gene flow between
neighboring populations?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation D.Sympatric speciation

6. Which of the following statements about natural selection is CORRECT?

A. Adaptations beneficial in one habitat should generally be beneficial in all
other habitats as well.
B. Adaptations beneficial at one time should generally be beneficial during
all other times as well.
C. Different species that occupy the same habitat will adapt to that habitat
by undergoing the same genetic changes.
D. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more
to the next generation's gene pool, than do poorly adapted individuals.

7. Which of the following factors BEST explains why the human population has
grown so rapidly over the last 1000 years?
A. Humans have decreased their reliance on natural resources
B. Humans have increased the amount of resources available on Earth.
C. Humans have increased the carrying capacity of the biosphere for the
population.
D. Humans have developed physical characteristics that increase their
competitive advantage.

5
8. Which of the following types of speciation occurs in the presence of physical and
geographical barriers?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation

9. Which of the following branches of biology deals with naming and classifying
organisms?
A. Binomial Nomenclature B. Evolution
C. Genetics D. Taxonomy

10. Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological

disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of

A. Evolution
 B. The fossil record
C. Uniformitarianism
 D. The origin of new species

Lesson 1: Evolution and Origin of

Biodiversity: Patterns of Descent
with Modification

Jumpstart

Biological evolution is a powerful and important process. It is a process

which, over billions of years, gradually selects the organisms that are better
adapted to their environment to continuously change life and make all living
organisms in our world the way they are today.
Evolution is not a finished event wherein humans are the final product.
Rather, it is a continuing process which has been changing and forming life on
Earth for billions of years, and continues to do so for as long as organisms are
born, dying and competing for what they need to survive and reproduce.

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following

activities. Have fun and good luck!

6
Activity 1:
Directions: What can you say about the pictures below? What could be there
similarities and differences? Share your opinion with your classmates and teacher.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird Source: cat family - Google Search

Source: https://farmfoodfamily.com/types-of-ferns/

7
 Discover
Core Concepts:

• Species - Ernst Mayer’s definition: “Species are groups of interbreeding

natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such
groups.”
- Is a closely related organism that are very similar and capable of
producing fertile offspring.
• Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

- The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary

mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical
for speciation. They prevent members of different species from
producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring are sterile. These
barriers maintain the integrity of a species by reducing gene flow between
related species.
1. Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms

- prevent fertilization and zygote formation.

- happens before fertilization occurs between gametes.

1.1 Geographic or ecological or habitat isolation

- occurs when two species that could interbreed do not because the
species live in different areas. The two species live in different habitats and
will not encounter one another: each is isolated from the other species.

Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/reproductive-isolation-definition-types-
examples.html

8
Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=Geographic+or+ecological+or+habitat+isolation&rl
z=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHpbfi77PuAhVL
HqwKHZKnDyUQ_AUoAXoECBcQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=p7TS1fGN4CFlzM

•1.2 Temporal or seasonal isolation

- different groups may not be reproductively mature. For example, two

populations of plants may produce flowers in different seasons, making
mating between the populations impossible.

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=Geographic+or+ecological+or+habitat+isolation&rl
z=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHpbfi77PuAhVL
HqwKHZKnDyUQ_AUoAXoECBcQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=p7TS1fGN4CFlzM

9
 •1.3 Behavioral isolation
- patterns of courtship is different. For example, eastern & western
meadowlark songs differ.

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=Behavioral+isolation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE
wiymLWl8LPuAhVmwJcIHew-ArkQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Behavioral+isolation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzICCAAyBAgAEEMy
AggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgQIABAeMgQIABAeMgQIABAeUJXOBViVzgVgwtIFaABwAHgAg
AGLAogBiwKSAQMyLTGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=-
AoNYLK8OuaA3_QP7P2IyAs&bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934#imgrc=-
YAKnbesjJrJKM

•1.4 Mechanical isolation

- differences in reproductive organs prevent successful interbreeding.
Mechanical isolation occurs when mating is physically impossible.

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=Mechanical+isolation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiviezC8rPu
AhX_B50JHVE7CEQQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=Mechanical+isolation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzICCAA
yAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADIGCAAQCBAeMgYIABAIEB4yBggAEAgQHlCJ9QRYifUEYOj4BGgAcAB
4AIABiQKIAYkCkgEDMi0xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=Tw0NYO-lIf-
P9PwP0fagoAQ&bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934#imgrc=5lHIO6QWkEUbOM

10
•1.5 Gametic isolation
- incompatibilities between egg and sperm prevent fertilization. Often this
occurs because the female immune system recognizes sperm as foreign
and attacks it.

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=Gametic+isolation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi
U2dXq8rPuAhUKGc0KHeafBXsQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Gametic+isolation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADIECAAQQzI
CCAAyBggAEAgQHjIECAAQGDIECAAQGDIECAAQGDIECAAQGFCemAhY_akIYJ2tCGgAcA
B4BIABmAKIAYsOkgEDMi03mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQDAAQE&sclient=img&
ei=ow0NYNT7A4qytAbmv5bYBw&bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934#img
rc=BycjMerdXAyTxM

2. Post-zygotic isolation mechanisms

- allow fertilization but nonviable or weak or sterile hybrids are formed. In

these cases, the zygote formed is called a hybrid. However, even after a
hybrid zygote forms, reproduction may still not be successful.

2.1 Hybrid inviability

- fertilized egg fails to develop past the

early embryonic stages. For example,

when tigers and leopards are crossed,

the zygote begins to develop but the

pregnancy ends in miscarriage

or stillborn.

Source: https://www.patnauniversity.ac.
in/e-content/science/zoology/Isolating%20
mechanisms.pdf

11
 2.2 Hybrid sterility

-their hybrids are sterile because gonads develop abnormally or there is

abnormal segregation of chromosomes during

meiosis. A horse and a donkey may produce

a hybrid offspring, a mule. Mules are sterile

Source:://legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu/instructor
s/JasonArnold/VLI/Module3Evolution/Module3Ev
olution5.html

2.3 Hybrid breakdown

- F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but F2 contains many weak or
sterile individuals

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/mooshoo1/14-lecture-presentation0

• Speciation - is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to

become distinct species. It is the process by which new species develop from
existing species.

• Mode of Speciation

A. Allopatric Speciation (allo – other, patric – place; ‘other place’)

- A. Allopatric speciation or geographic speciation occurs when some

members of a population become geographically separated from the other
members thereby preventing gene flow. Examples of geographic barriers are
bodies of water and mountain ranges.

12
Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=snail+allopatric+speciation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK
Ewjtgqj5gLTuAhUHhZ4KHapKAt8Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=snail+allopatric+speciation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1AAWABg48EbaABwAHgAg
AEAiAEAkgEAmAEAqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=bxwNYK2PNYeK-
gSqlYn4DQ&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=UA3aKbJCPuUHgM

B. Sympatric Speciation (sym – same, patric – place; ‘same place’)

- occurs when members of a population that initially occupy the same

habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different species. It
involves abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the reproductive
isolation of a group of individuals. Example is change in chromosome
number (polyploidization).

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=sympatric+speciation+orca&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK
Ewi5ypuBg7TuAhUPmJ4KHbpVASYQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=sympatric+speciation+orca&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIGCAAQCBAeMgQIABAYOg
QIABBDOgIIADoGCAAQBRAeUM9DWK1NYLxSaABwAHgAgAGWA4gBsw2SAQcyLTEuMy4xmA
EAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=mR4NYPmZE4-w-
gS6q4WwAg&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=ScAfhREiWzIdVM

13
C. Parapatric Speciation (para – beside, patric – place; ‘beside each other’)
- occurs when the groups that evolved to be separate species are geographic
neighbors. Gene flow occurs but with great distances is reduced. There is
also abrupt change in the environment over a geographic border and strong
disruptive selection must also happen.

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=Parapatric+Speciation+oriole&tbm=isch&ved=2ahU
KEwjN78usg7TuAhXEnJ4KHRdHAD4Q2cCegQIABAA&oq=Parapatric+Speciation+oriole&gs_lcp
=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BAgAEEM6BAgAEB46BggAEAUQHjoGCAAQCBAeOgQIABAYUNHLAViD
5QFguf4BaABwAHgAgAGgA4gB-A-
SAQcyLTYuMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=9B4NYM2lEcS5-
gSXjoHwAw&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=zQ2wBz2yy7aKDM

Shown in the figure are the differences of the three models of speciation
(Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=models+of+speciation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiH
l5W9g7TuAhVThJ4KHYOSAhgQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=models+of+speciation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA
zIECAAQQzIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB4yBAgAEBhQkp0EWJKdBGD7oARoAHAAeACAAZ0CiA
GdApIBAzItMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=Fx8NYMevAtOI-
gSDpYrAAQ&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=CZAiCe8woH9l1M)

14
 Note: The present-day species evolved from earlier species and that the
relatedness of organisms is the result of common ancestry. This can be supported
by morphological and anatomical data, homology, biogeography, DNA and protein
sequences (molecular data), and embryology.

Activity 2:

Directions: Read carefully each statement and identify the corresponding

terminologies. Select the answer from the terms below for items 1-5, and the
next box for items 6-10.

Geographic Temporal Behavioral Mechanical Gametic

Isolation Isolation Isolation Isolation Isolation

Hybrid Hybrid Sterile Hybrid

Inviability Breakdown

1. Two species of turtle live in the same region but one lives in water and the
other on land.
2. Two species of maya with different mating songs.
3. Two species of fish that breed in different seasons.
4. Mule is the sterile offspring of a horse and a donkey.
5. Two species of flower blooms at different months.

Allopatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation Parapatric

Speciation

6. The hemp nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit is a tetraploid found to thrive in the

same area as two other diploids species, Galeopsis pubescens and Galeopsis
speciosa.
7. The Panama porkfish, Anisotremus taeniatus, found in the Pacific Ocean is
morphologically similar to the porkfish, Anisotremus virginiacus, found in the
Caribbean Sea are separated by a land bridge between North and South America
called the Isthmus of Panama.

8. The Siberian lesser black-backed gull, lesser black-backed gull and herring gull
are all found in the Arctic region. The lesser black-backed gull interbreeds with the
Siberian lesser black-backed gull but not with the herring gull.

15
 Explore

Enrichment Activity 1
Directions: Complete the following questions using the information you learned
during the lesson activity.

3. Refer to the image on the

right. Identify the pairs of
organisms that are able
to produce offspring.

4. Which pair of organisms

in image are members of
the same species?

5. Consider all of the pairs

of organisms in the that are
not of the same species.
What criterion are missing
in all cases that could be
used to define a species?

16
6. A common farming practice is to breed a female horse with a male donkey. The
result is a very robust animal – the mule. Most mules however are sterile, and
therefore cannot reproduce. Are horses and donkeys members of the same species?
Justify your answer.

7. Many species of birds have elaborate mating rituals that include bird calls,
nest construction, and courtship displays. A researcher is comparing two
populations of birds with similar morphology that live in similar niches. Male
birds in one population build a nest before attempting to court a female, while
males in the other population build the nest in cooperation with the female. Is
it likely the researcher will classify these birds as the same species? Justify
your reasoning.

Enrichment Activity 2
Directions: Give examples on the reproductive isolating mechanisms.
MECHANISMS EXAMPLES
1. Geographic Isolation 1.
2.
3.
2. Temporal or Seasonal Isolation 1.
2.
3.
3. Behavioral Isolation 1.
2.
3.
4. Mechanical Isolation 1.
2.
3.

5. Gametic Isolation 1.
2.
3.

17
 Deepen
Directions: Make a booklet showing the compilation of the different modes of
speciation Put a short description in each picure. The scoring rubric below will be
used in assessing your output.

18
 Lesson 2: Development of
Evolutionary Thought
•

Jumpstart
A major obstacle in the acceptance of the idea that organisms change over
time was the belief of the general public in the doctrine of creationism.

For you to understand the lesson well, do the

following activities. Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1:

Directions: Identify the people on the pictures below and their contributions
in the development of evolutionary thought . Choose your answer from the box.

Charles Darwin Principles of geology

Charles Lyell Principle of use and disuse

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck Essay on the Principle of Population

James Hutton Theory of Gradualism

Thomas Malthus The Origin of Species’

1. = ___________________________________

19
2. = __________________________________

3. =____________________________________

4 = ____________________________________

5. = ____________________________________

(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

20
 Discover
Core Concepts:

• Early scientists who contributed in shaping and developing evolutionary thought.

Carolus Linnaeus
(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus)

• Swedish naturalist and explorer that was the first to frame principles for defining
natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming
them, known as binomial nomenclature.

•Linnaean System of Classification

❖ The most influential early classification system was developed by
Carolus Linnaeus. In fact, all modern classification systems have
their roots in Linnaeus’ system. Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist
who lived during the 1700s. He is known as the “father of
taxonomy.” Linnaeus tried to describe and classify the entire known
natural world. In 1735, he published his classification system in a
work called Systema Naturae (“System of Nature”).
❖ The taxa are below:
o Kingdom - This is the highest taxon in Linnaean taxonomy,
representing major divisions of organisms. Kingdoms of
organisms include the plant and animal kingdoms.
o Phylum (plural, phyla) - This taxon is a division of a
kingdom. Phyla in the animal kingdom include chordates
(animals with an internal skeleton) and arthropods (animals
with an external skeleton).
o Class - This taxon is a division of a phylum. Classes in the
chordate phylum include mammals and birds.
o Order - This taxon is a division of a class. Orders in the
mammal class include rodents and primates.
o Family - This taxon is a division of an order. Families in the
primate order include hominids (apes and humans) and
hylobatids (gibbons).
o Genus - This taxon is a division of a family. Genera in the
hominid family include Homo (humans) and Pan
(chimpanzees).

21
 o Species - This taxon is below the genus and the lowest taxon
in Linnaeus’ system. Species in the Pan genus include Pan
troglodytes(common chimpanzees) and Pan paniscus (pygmy
chimpanzees).

Thomas Malthus
(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus)

• An English cleric, scholar and influential economist in the fields of political

economy and demography.
• Author of the 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population.
• He observed that an increase in a nation's food production improved the well-
being of the populace, but the improvement was temporary because it led to
population growth, which in turn restored the original per capita production level.
In other words, humans had a propensity to utilize abundance for population
growth rather than for maintaining a high standard of living, a view that has
become known as the "Malthusian trap" or the "Malthusian spectre". Populations
had a tendency to grow until the lower class suffered hardship, want and greater
susceptibility to famine and disease, a view that is sometimes referred to as
a Malthusian catastrophe. Malthus wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-
century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as perfectible.

• Father of Paleontology
• Theory of Catastrophism = boundaries represent
floods, droughts, etc. that destroyed many species
living at that time
• According to him, fossils are remains of extinct
life forms

Georges Cuvier
(Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Cuvier)

22
 James Hutton
(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hutton)

• Theory of Gradualism = Profound changes can result from cumulative effect of

slow but continuous processes.
• Proposed that the Earth was shaped by geological forces occurring over very long
periods of time, and is MILLIONS not THOUSANDS of years old.

Charles Lyell
(Source: https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/717890/view/sir-charles-lyell-british-geologist)

• Principles of Geology = argued that the formation of Earth's crust took place
through countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all according
to known natural laws. His "uniformitarian" proposal was that the forces molding
the planet today have operated continuously throughout its history. He also
wrongly assumed that these causes must have acted only with the same intensities
now observed, which would rule out asteroid impacts and the like.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck)

23
• One of first scientists to recognize that living things changed over time and that
all species were descended from other species.
• Lamarckism
- He proposed that the characteristics that an animal acquired during its
lifetime in response to life’s struggles or felt needs could be passed on to
its offspring
• 1809- Published his ideas about “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics”

The inheritance of such a characteristic

means its reappearance in one or more
individuals in the next or in succeeding
generations. An example would be found
in the supposed inheritance of a change
brought about by the use and disuse of a
special organ.

Charles Darwin
(Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/interesting-facts-about-charles-darwin-1224479)
Evolution of Darwin’s Theory
• His voyage and his observations led him to write ‘The Origin of Species
• In 1831, 22-year old Charles Darwin left England as naturalist aboard the HMS
Beagle for 5 year voyage around the world. His mission is to chart the South
American coastline
•He noticed plants and animals were different from those he knew in Europe
• He wrote thousands of pages of observations and collected vast number of
Specimens.
• He spent a month observing life on the Galapagos Islands and realized that each
island has different rainfall and vegetation and its own unique assortment of plant
and animal species.
• He collected 14 species of finches and hypothesized that the Galapagos had be
colonized by organisms from the mainland that had then diversified on the various.
• In 1859 , his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
was published. It presented evidence and proposed a mechanism for evolution
that he called NATURAL SELECTION.
• It took Darwin years to form his theory of evolution by natural selection. His
reasoning went like this:
1.Like Lamarck, Darwin assumed that species can change over time. The
fossils he found helped convince him of that.

24
 2. From Lyell, Darwin saw that Earth and its life were very old. Thus, there
had been enough time for evolution to produce the great diversity of life Darwin
had observed.

3. From Malthus, Darwin knew that populations could grow faster than their
resources. This “overproduction of offspring” led to a “struggle for existence,” in
Darwin’s words.

4. From artificial selection, Darwin knew that some offspring have variations
that occur by chance, and that can be inherited. In nature, offspring with
certain variations might be more likely to survive the “struggle for existence”
and reproduce. If so, they would pass their favorable variations to their
offspring.
5. Darwin coined the term fitness to refer to an organism’s relative ability to
survive and produce fertile offspring. Nature selects the variations that are most
useful. Therefore, he called this type of selection natural selection.
6. Darwin knew artificial selection could change domestic species over time.
He inferred that natural selection could also change species over time. In fact,
he thought that if a species changed enough, it might evolve into a new species.

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master

and strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this
lesson

Explore
Enrichment Activity 1
Directions: Complete the concept map below.

25
Enrichment Activity 2
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if the statement
is incorrect.
1. As recently as 200 years ago, many people believed that Earth was
only 6,000 years old.
2. Artificial selection occurs when nature selects for beneficial traits.
3. The individual Galápagos Islands are all similar to each other.
4. Malthus argued that human populations grow faster than their
resources.
5. Lamarck was one of the first scientists to propose that species evolve
by natural selection.
6. Lyell was one of the first to say that Earth must be far older than
most people believed.
7. Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics is has become a
widely accepted scientific theory.
8. Fossils proved to Darwin that species can evolve.
9. The term fitness to refer to an organism’s ability to outrun its
hunters.
10. Darwin published his findings soon after returning to England from
the voyage of the Beagle.

Deepen

Directions: Make a list of at least ten (10) scientists/ people who contributed to
early evolutionary ideas and their contributions.

Gauge
Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers. Write
only the letter of the best answer for each test item in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act
upon that population?

A. Genetic variation among individuals

B. Variation among individuals caused by environmental factors
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Three of the responses are correct.
2. Which of the following does not contribute to the study of evolution?
A. Population genetics B. Inheritance of acquired characteristics
C. Fossil record D. Comparative embryology

26
3. Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological
disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain what existence?
A. Evolution.
 C. Uniformitarianism.

B. The fossil record.
 D. The origin of new species.

4. Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings
of Thomas Malthus?
A. Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit exponential
growth of the human population into the foreseeable future.
B. Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply
normally allows.
C. Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals.
D. The environment is responsible for natural selection.

5. In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat
plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever
more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in
agreement on which of the following scientist?
A. Cuvier B. Hutton C. Lamarck D. Darwin

6. Which of the following ideas is not included in Darwin’s theory?

A. All organisms that have ever existed arose through evolutionary
modifications of ancestral species.
B. Natural selection drives some evolutionary change.
C. Natural selection preserves favorable traits.
D. Natural selection eliminates adaptive traits.

7. Which of the following statements is not compatible with Darwin’s theory?

A. All organisms have arisen by descent with modification.
B. Evolution has altered and diversified ancestral species.
C. Evolution occurs in individuals rather than in groups.
D. Natural selection eliminates unsuccessful variations.

8. Which of the following statements about biological species is(are) correct?

I. Biological species is a group of individuals whose members interbreed with
one another.
II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.
III. Members of biological species produce viable, fertile offsprings.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III
D. II and III

9. Which of the following is not an isolating mechanisms that prevent fertilization

and formation of zygote?
A. Temporal isolation B. Hybrid breakdown
C. Gametic isolation D. Ecological isolation

10. Which of the following is the occurrence of abrupt genetic change cause
reproductive isolation between groups of individuals?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation

27
11. Which of the following speciation occurs when populations are separated by a
geographic barrier?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation D.Sympatric speciation
12. Which of the following is the abrupt change in the environment over a
geographic border and strong disruptive selection affects gene flow between
neighboring populations?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation

13. Which of the following statements about natural selection is CORRECT?

A. Adaptations beneficial in one habitat should generally be beneficial in all
other habitats as well.
B. Adaptations beneficial at one time should generally be beneficial during
all other times as well.
C. Different species that occupy the same habitat will adapt to that habitat
by undergoing the same genetic changes.
D. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more
to the next generation's gene pool, than do poorly adapted individuals.

14. Which of the following factors BEST explains why the human population has
grown so rapidly over the last 1000 years?
A. Humans have decreased their reliance on natural resources
B. Humans have increased the amount of resources available on Earth.
C. Humans have increased the carrying capacity of the biosphere for the
population.
D. Humans have developed physical characteristics that increase their
competitive advantage.

15. Which of the following branches of biology deals with naming and classifying
organisms?
A. Binomial Nomenclature
B. Evolution
C. Genetics
D. Taxonomy

Great job! You are almost done with this module.

28
 29
Activity 2
Geographic Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Hybrid Breakdown
Temporal Isolation
Sympatric Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
Parapatric Speciation
Enrichment Activity 1
1. The inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to
some barrier.
2. Over time the species were separated due to different barriers and the species gradually
changed to fit their environment.
3. Organisms A/B, C/D, and E/F are able to produce offspring.
4. The only pair that is the same species are organism A and B.
5. The pairs of organism that are not the same species cannot produce viable, fertile
offspring.
6. No, horses and donkeys are different species because when they mate, their offspring are
infertile. This is the similar to the organism pair C/D in the image.
7. No, these two birds would not be classified as the same species because it is unlikely that
they would be able to mate due to the difference in their mating rituals.
Enrichment Activity 2 (Answers may vary)
Lesson 1:
Pre-test Activity 1 (Answers may vary)
1. C 9. A
2. B 10. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. A
Answer Key
 30
Lesson 2:
Activity 1 Activity 2
1. Charles Lyell – Principles of Geology 1. B
2. Charles Darwin - The Origin of Species 2. B
3. James Hutton - Theory of Gradualism 3. C
4. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck - Principle of use and disuse 4. D
5. Thomas Malthus - Essay on the Principle of Population 5. C
Enrichment Activity 1
Enrichment Activity 2 Deepen (Answers may vary)
1. True Gauge
2. True 1. A 9. B
3. False 2. C 10. B
4. True 3. C 11. A
5. True 4. B 12. C
6. True 5. C 13. A
7. True 6. D 14. B
References
Printed Materials:

Rabago, Lilia M. et al. (2003). Functional Biology Modular Approach. Quezon City,
Philippines: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Ramos, John Donnie A. et al. (2011). Biology Exploring Life Through Science.
Queon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School
General Biology 1 (pp. 120-131). Quezon City, Philippines

Website:
cat family - Google Search

48+ Types Of Ferns (Indoor, Outdoor, Aquarium) With Photos (farmfoodfamily.com)

Bird - Wikipedia

https://www.thoughtco.com/interesting-facts-about-charles-darwin-1224479

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/717890/view/sir-charles-lyell-british-
geologist

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hutton

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Cuvier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus

https://study.com/academy/lesson/reproductive-isolation-definition-types-
examples.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=Geographic+or+ecological+or+habitat+isolation
&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHp
bfi77PuAhVLHqwKHZKnDyUQ_AUoAXoECBcQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=p7T
S1fGN4CFlzM

https://www.google.com/search?q=Geographic+or+ecological+or+habitat+isolation&
rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHpbfi
77PuAhVLHqwKHZKnDyUQ_AUoAXoECBcQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=p7TS1f
GN4CFlzM

https://www.google.com/search?q=Behavioral+isolation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi
ymLWl8LPuAhVmwJcIHew-ArkQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Behavioral+isolation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzICCAAyBAg
AEEMyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgQIABAeMgQIABAeMgQIABAeUJXOBViVzgVgwtIF

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aABwAHgAgAGLAogBiwKSAQMyLTGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclie
nt=img&ei=AoNYLK8OuaA3_QP7P2IyAs&bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH9
34PH934#imgrc=-YAKnbesjJrJKM

https://www.google.com/search?q=Mechanical+isolation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEw
iviezC8rPuAhX_B50JHVE7CEQQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=Mechanical+isolation&gs_lcp=Cg
NpbWcQAzIECAAQQzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADIGCAAQCBAeMgYIAB
AIEB4yBggAEAgQHlCJ9QRYifUEYOj4BGgAcAB4AIABiQKIAYkCkgEDMi0xmAEAoAE
BqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=Tw0NYO-lIf-
P9PwP0fagoAQ&bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934#imgrc=5lHIO6
QWkEUbOM

https://www.google.com/search?q=Gametic+isolation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiU
2dXq8rPuAhUKGc0KHeafBXsQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Gametic+isolation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADIECA
AQQzICCAAyBggAEAgQHjIECAAQGDIECAAQGDIECAAQGDIECAAQGFCemAhY_ak
IYJ2tCGgAcAB4BIABmAKIAYsOkgEDMi03mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQ
DAAQE&sclient=img&ei=ow0NYNT7A4qytAbmv5bYBw&bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C
1CHZN_enPH934PH934#imgrc=BycjMerdXAyTxM

https://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/e-
content/science/zoology/Isolating%20mechanisms.pdf
http://legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu/instructors/JasonArnold/VLI/Module3Evolut
ion/Module3Evolution5.html

https://www.slideshare.net/mooshoo1/14-lecture-presentation0

https://www.google.com/search?q=Parapatric+Speciation+oriole&tbm=isch&ved=2a
hUKEwjN78usg7TuAhXEnJ4KHRdHAD4Q2cCegQIABAA&oq=Parapatric+Speciation+
oriole&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BAgAEEM6BAgAEB46BggAEAUQHjoGCAAQCB
AeOgQIABAYUNHLAViD5QFguf4BaABwAHgAgAGgA4gB-A-
SAQcyLTYuMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=9B4NYM
2lEcS5-gSXjoHwAw&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=zQ2wBz2yy7aKDM

https://www.google.com/search?q=sympatric+speciation+orca&tbm=isch&ved=2ah
UKEwi5ypuBg7TuAhUPmJ4KHbpVASYQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=sympatric+speciation+orca&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIGCAAQCBAeMg
QIABAYOgQIABBDOgIIADoGCAAQBRAeUM9DWK1NYLxSaABwAHgAgAGWA4gBsw
2SAQcyLTEuMy4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=mR4NY
PmZE4-w-gS6q4WwAg&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=ScAfhREiWzIdVM

https://www.google.com/search?q=snail+allopatric+speciation&tbm=isch&ved=2ah
UKEwjtgqj5gLTuAhUHhZ4KHapKAt8Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=snail+allopatric+speciation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1AAWABg48EbaA
BwAHgAgAEAiAEAkgEAmAEAqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=bxwNYK2PN
YeK-gSqlYn4DQ&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=UA3aKbJCPuUHgM

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