QUESTION#1 Name 05 SMEs and discuss how are these industries

utilizing/recycling the waste of large industries in an efficient way?

ANSWER: ADIDAS

Adidas makes over 400 million pairs of shoes every year. Manufacturing that many shoes
requires a lot of resources. But constantly creating new materials isn't great for the environment.
So Adidas is turning to a different source.

Experts predict that in 30 years, there will be more plastic in our oceans than fish. And one study
estimates that 90% of seabirds have consumed some form of plastic waste. All that pollution on
beaches and in the ocean is harmful to both marine life and humans. So Adidas is trying to stop
some of that plastic before it reaches the ocean. In 2015, Adidas partnered with the
environmental organization Parley for the Oceans. Their goal? To turn marine pollution into
sportswear. And they've made huge progress.

In 2019, Adidas expects to make 11 million pairs of shoes with recycled ocean plastic. That's
more than double what it made in 2018. Adidas says the partnership has prevented 2,810 tons of
plastic from reaching the oceans. But how are these shoes made?

It all starts at the beach. Parley and its partners collect trash from coastal areas like the Maldives.
The waste is then sorted, and the recovered plastic is sent to an Adidas processing plant. Adidas
uses plastic bottles that contain polyethylene terephthalate, or PET. And if it's something Adidas
can't use, like caps and rings? Those get sent to normal recycling facilities.

The processing plant crushes, washes, and dehydrates the waste, leaving nothing but small
plastic flakes. The flakes are heated, dried, and cooled, then cut into small resin pellets.
Normally, polyester is made from petroleum. But Adidas melts these pellets to create a filament,
which is spun into what they call Ocean Plastic, a form of polyester yarn. Adidas uses Ocean
Plastic to form the upper parts of shoes and clothing like jerseys. Each item in the Parley
collection is made from at least 75% intercepted marine trash. And they still meet the same
performance and comfort standards of Adidas' other shoes. Recycled polyester uses less water
and fewer chemicals and helps prevent plastic pollution.

Adidas' goal is to replace all virgin polyester with recycled polyester by 2024. Currently, more
than 40% of Adidas' apparel uses recycled polyester. You may have seen Adidas' recycled
sportswear without even noticing it. Clothing made with Ocean Plastic has been used in college
football, baseball, the NHL, the Australian Open, and more. But this doesn't eliminate plastic
pollution entirely. Washing polyester clothing can create microfibers, which may end up in the
ocean. Adidas suggests that customers wash their clothes less often, use cold water, and fully fill
the machine each time.

But this is just the first step. Adidas is also developing a 100% recyclable shoe called the
Futurecraft Loop. This shoe is made to be remade. Because it can be returned and broken down
to create a brand-new pair. Futurecraft Loop is expected to be available in 2021.
With the help of Parley for the Oceans, Adidas is using readily available material to manufacture
new products. Which is a big step towards a sustainable future.

TEXTILE INDUSTRY:

 In the United States, this group is represented by SMART, the Association of Wiping Materials,
Used Clothing and Fiber Industries. The necessary steps in the textile recycling process involve
the donation, collection, sorting and processing of textiles, and then subsequent transportation to
end users of used garments, rags or other recovered materials. 

The Recycling Process 

For the basics of recycling, read my article, How Clothing Recycling Works. For textiles to be
recycled, there are fundamental differences between natural and synthetic fibers. For natural
textiles:

 The incoming unwearable material is sorted by type of material and color. Color sorting
results in a fabric that does not need to be re-dyed. The color sorting means no re-dying is
required, saving energy and avoiding pollutants.
 Textiles are then pulled into fibers or shredded, sometimes introducing other fibers into
the yarn. Materials are shredded or pulled into fibers. Depending on the end use of the
yarn, other fibers may be incorporated.
 The yarn is then cleaned and mixed through a carding process
 Then the yarn is re-spun and ready for subsequent use in weaving or knitting. 
 Some fibers are not spun into yards, however. Some are compressed for textile filling
such as in mattresses.

In the case of polyester-based textiles, garments are shredded and then granulated for processing
into polyester chips. These are subsequently melted and used to create new fibers for use in new
polyester fabrics.

FISHING INDUSTRY:
In Norway, the Nofir project was established in 2008 to collect and recycle discarded fishing
gear. Nofir collects the nets in Norway which are available both for free or for payment
depending on the location. The collected gear is then sent to Lithuania for dismantling and then
sent to facilities in the EU and Asia for recycling depending on the material type (Sherrington et
al., 2016). The second case study in focus is located in Iceland. In this model, much of the
preparation work (cleaning & separating) is completed by deck hands. The vessel owner receives
more money if the gear is properly cleaned, which incentivizes high quality preparation for
recycling (Sherrington et al., 2016).

To describe the recycling process in Norway in further detail, the Nofir case is investigated based
on the work by Hennøen (2016). The example case focuses on the recycling process of three
different products from the marine sector: fishing nets, ropes, and fish farm nets. the first two
steps in the recycling process for these products are identical. The products are first collected and
then sorted. The “manual sorting” step also includes washing. This step cannot be automatized
because of the nature of tangled nets and ropes. The fishing nets and ropes are washed by
physically removing organic matter and sorted by stripping the nets with serrated knives.
Technicians are trained to segregate polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and nylon fractions.
After the manual sorting (and washing) steps, the PP and nylon fractions are sent to two different
processes: mechanical recycling and chemical recycling respectively The mechanical recycling
process.

2) Horticulture/Fruits and Vegetables:-

Fruit and vegetable losses and waste do not represent only the wasting of food commodities, but also
indirectly include wasting of critical resources such as land, water, fertilizers, chemicals, energy, and
labor. These immense quantities of lost and wasted food commodities also contribute to immense
environmental problems as they decompose in landfills and emit harmful greenhouse gases (). Followed
by household garbage, fruit and vegetable processing units commonly produce the highest wastes into
the environment.

The horticultural waste is a rich source of potentially valuable bioactive compounds. Unfortunately,
horticulture by‐products have not been taken very seriously in the past as very valuable materials, but
the scenario has been changing lately, since FVWs are could be used to recover highly valuable
biomolecules. Horticultural by‐products are excellent sources of pigments, phenolic compounds, dietary
fibers, sugar derivatives, organic acids, and minerals, among other components. Several of these
bioactive compounds possess beneficial health attributes: antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral,
antimutagenic, and cardioprotective activities (Dilas and others 2009; Yahia 2010, 2017). Many fruits
and vegetables, such as oranges, pineapples, peaches, apples, potatoes, carrots, green peas, onions,
artichokes, and asparagus, are utilized for juice or pulp extraction, jams, and frozen pulp, producing
significant amounts of waste

The WSDE (1994) report revealed that reduction of waste increases profit, reduces liability, lowers water
use and waste, and also creates good public relations. FVWs can be used to extract and isolate potential
bioactive compounds that can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and textile industries.
Therefore, although some of the waste can be considered unavoidable one, the proper use of waste
materials acquired from horticultural commodities may establish an initiative for sustainable
development to mitigate environmental problems and to improve human health through foods enriched
with health‐enhancing substances (phenols, carotenoids, and other pigments, vitamins, dietary fibers,
among several others). This review explores fruit and vegetable losses and waste as natural resources of
bioactive compounds, and their extraction methods and potential uses are also discussed.

4) Agriculture industry:-
Agriculture is the largest contributor of any resource sector, to the economy.

• It is also a large generator of waste materials.

• Agriculture is also called as farming which is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life
forms for food, fiber, biofuel, drugs and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.

Agricultural waste is composed of organic wastes (animal excreta in the form of slurries and farmyard
manures, spent mushroom compost, soiled water and silage effluent)

India is one of the richest country in agricultural resources. Presently in India, annually 350 MT are
organic wastes from agricultural sources. The major quantity of solid waste generated from agricultural
sources are sugarcane baggage, paddy and wheat straw and husk, waste of vegetables', food products,
tea, oil production, jute fibers, groundnut shell, wooden mill waste, coconut husk, cotton stalk, etc.

Collected waste like dry refuse and green waste, animal dung from agricultural field Waste collected
from the side of roads, agricultural field all are transported to decomposed site and for further
treatment by trucks, trailers, carts

Composting is a method in which organic matter present in agricultural waste is decomposed by

QUESTION#2: Suggest 03 wastes by large industries that are currently not

ANSWER: GARBAGE:
Garbage-picking, often a job reserved for those on the lowest rung of the socioeconomic ladder,
most commonly employs young boys and girls; Mehran is among thousands of children who
scavenge for recyclables in dumpsters and landfill sites across Pakistan.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Pakistan generates around 20 million
tonnes of solid waste annually and this figure grows by 2.4 per cent each year. In the absence of
adequate garbage collection and waste management infrastructure, most of this garbage is
incinerated or left to rot in dumps, often in the middle of cities.
Yet, most Pakistanis appear unconcerned. While garbage collection does occasionally appear on
the national agenda in the context of governance failure, recycling or environmentally
sustainable solid waste management is almost never discussed.

Plastic waste:-
Most production lines acquiring recyclables are not formal reusing facilities but or maybe small
advanced units which decreases materials into composite structures, which would at that point be able
to be utilized to convey into unused item. Paper producers make squash out of squander paper and
create unused things; metal and glass are moreover mollified and reused whereas plastic is reduced to
raisin or pellets. · In any case, most incredible plastic creators in Pakistan utilize imported raisin and
pellets in light of the truth that those conveyed locally from reused materials are sullied from being
hurled within the junk with rotting nourishment and strong things, for illustration, diapers.