IICP the base of the skull (chondrocranium).

The
cranial vault and the base of skull together form
> A sudden increase in the pressure inside a the neurocranium.
person’s skull is a medical emergency. Left
untreated, an increase in the intracranial Intratumoral hemorrhage
pressure (ICP) may lead to brain injury, seizure,
>Intratumoral hemorrhage in vestibular
coma, stroke, or death.
schwannomas is rare. Symptoms often have an
Brain herniation or cerebral herniation acute onset and include headache, nausea,
vomiting, vertigo, and depressed consciousness.
> occurs when brain tissue, blood, and Intratumoral hemorrhage is probably caused by
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shifts from their vascular fragility associated with tumor
normal position inside the skull. The condition is characteristics and growth
usually caused by swelling from a head injury,
stroke, bleeding, or brain tumor. meningismus

Exposure to ionizing radiation >meningismus. : a state of meningeal irritation

with symptoms suggesting meningitis that often
>A type of high-energy radiation that has occurs at the onset of acute febrile diseases
enough energy to remove an electron (negative especially in children.
particle) from an atom or molecule, causing it to
become ionized. Ionizing radiation can cause Kernig's sign
chemical changes in cells and damage DNA. This
may increase the risk of developing certain > is one of the physically demonstrable
symptoms of meningitis. Severe stiffness of the
health conditions, such as cancer.
hamstrings causes an inability to straighten the
Exposure to low-frequency radiation leg when the hip is flexed to 90 degrees.

>Extremely low frequency (ELF) radiation is at Brudzinski's sign

the low-energy end of the electromagnetic
> is one of the physically demonstrable
spectrum and is a type of non-ionizing
radiation. Non-ionizing radiation has enough symptoms of meningitis. Severe neck stiffness
causes a patient's hips and knees to flex when
energy to move atoms around or make them
vibrate, but not enough to directly damage the neck is flexed.
DNA. ELF radiation has even lower energy than Nuchal rigidity
other types of non-ionizing radiation like
radiofrequency radiation, visible light, and > is an inability to flex the neck forward due to
infrared. rigidity of the neck muscles.

Nitrates Photophobia

>Nitrates are medications used for treating or > or light sensitivity, is an intolerance of light.
preventing heart pain (angina, chest pain) Sources such as sunlight, fluorescent light and
caused by heart disease, usually of the arteries incandescent light all can cause discomfort,
in the heart. along with a need to squint or close your eyes.
Headaches also may accompany light
CSF sensitivity. Light-sensitive people sometimes are
bothered only by bright light.
>Cerebrospinal fluid is made by tissue called the
choroid plexus in the ventricles (hollow spaces) Projectile vomiting
in the brain. Also called CSF. Enlarge.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, shown in blue) is made > is a type of severe vomiting in which stomach
by tissue that lines the ventricles (hollow contents can be forcefully propelled several
spaces) in the brain. feet away from you. It usually comes in shorter,
more violent bursts than other types of
Cranial Vault vomiting
>The cranial vault, also known as the skull vault,
skullcap or calvaria, is the cranial space that
encases and protects the brain together with
Cushing reflex Age-related hearing loss. For many
people, hearing worsens with age,
>The Cushing reflex is a physiological nervous usually starting around age 60. Hearing
system response to acute elevations of loss can cause tinnitus. The medical
intracranial pressure (ICP) resulting in the term for this type of hearing loss is
Cushing triad of widened pulse pressure presbycusis.
(increasing systolic, decreasing diastolic),
bradycardia, and irregular respirations. Stiffening of the bones in your middle
ear (otosclerosis) may affect your
Hemianopsia hearing and cause tinnitus. This
>or hemianopia, is a loss of vision or blindness condition, caused by abnormal bone
(anopsia) in half the visual field, usually on one growth, tends to run in families.
side of the vertical midline. The most common Vertigo
causes of this damage are stroke, brain tumor,
and trauma >is a sensation of feeling off balance. If you
have these dizzy spells, you might feel like you
Jacksonian seizure are spinning or that the world around you is
>is a type of focal partial seizure, also known as spinning.
a simple partial seizure. This means the seizure The vestibulocochlear nerve
is caused by unusual electrical activity that
affects only a small area of the brain. The >also known as cranial nerve eight (CN VIII),
person maintains awareness during the seizure. consists of the vestibular and cochlear nerves.
Jacksonian seizures are also known as a The vestibular nerve is primarily responsible for
Jacksonian march. maintaining body balance and eye movements,
while the cochlear nerve is responsible for
Contralateral Homonymous hemianopsia hearing.
> is a condition in which a person sees only one Arachnoid
side―right or left―of the visual world of each
eye. The person may not be aware that the >is a thin delicate translucent or whitish
vision loss is happening in both eyes, not just membrane, being attached to the inner portion
one. of dura mater. ... Arachnoid trabecular cells
attach to both pia mater and the inner surface
Ataxic gait of arachnoid barrier layer, and the
>an unsteady, staggering gait subarachnoid space is actually bordered by
these two structures.
>because walking is uncoordinated and appears
to be 'not ordered'. Many motor activities may Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
be described as ataxic if they appear to others, hormone secretion (SIADH)
or are perceived by patients, as uncoordinated. >is a condition in which the body makes too
Nystagmus much antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This
hormone helps the kidneys control the amount
>is a term to describe fast, uncontrollable of water your body loses through the urine.
movements of the eyes that may be: Side to
side (horizontal nystagmus) Up and down Atelectasis
(vertical nystagmus) Rotary (rotary or torsional >(at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a complete or partial
nystagmus) collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the
Tinnitus lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli)
within the lung become deflated or possibly
> is the medical term for "hearing" noises in filled with alveolar fluid. Atelectasis is one of
your ears. It occurs when there is no outside the most common breathing (respiratory)
source of the sounds. Tinnitus is often called complications after surgery.
"ringing in the ears." It may also sound like
blowing, roaring, buzzing, hissing, humming,
whistling, or sizzling.
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

> is a medical condition in which a person's

kidneys cease functioning on a permanent basis
leading to the need for a regular course of long-
term dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain
life. Beneficiaries may become entitled to
Medicare based on ESRD
ANATOMY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT & prevents reflux of bacteria into the
small intestine
Gastrointestinal tract
-Verniform appendix- attached to the
-23-26-foot long pathway that extends from the cecum
mouth to the esophagus, stomach, small &large
intestines and rectum to the anus -an appendage that has little / no
physiologic function
Esophagus
-Common Bile Duct-emptying into the
-located in the mediastinum anterior to the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater
spine and posterior to the trachea and heart
-allows for the passage of both bile &
-hollow, muscular tube, w/c is approx. 25 cm in pancreatic secretions
length, passes through the diaphragm at an
opening called diaphragmatic hiatus Large Intestine

Stomach -consist ascending segment on the right side of

the abdomen, transverse segment that extends
-situated in the left upper portion of abdomen from right to left in the upper abdomen & a
under the left lobe of the liver & the diaphragm, descending segment on the left side of the
overlaying most of the pancreas abdomen
-hollow muscular organ w/ a capacity of approx. Sigmoid colon, rectum and anus
1500 mL, the stomach stores food during
eating, secrete digestive fluids, propels partially -Completes the terminal portion of the
digested foods or chyme into the intestines large intestine

Gastroesophageal junction Network of Striated Muscle

-inlet to the stomach -regulates the anal outlet that forms

both the internal & external anal
4 anatomic regions: cardia(entrance), sphincter
fundus, body, pylorus(outlet)
Blood Supply of GI tract
Circular smooth muscle in the wall of
the pylorus- forms the pyloric sphincter Portal of venous system composed of 5
& controls the opening bet. the large veins w/c form the vena portae
stomach and small intestine. that enters the liver.

Small Intestine 1. Superior mesenteric

2. Inferior mesenteric
-Longest segments of the GI tract, accounting 3. Gastric splenic
for about 2/3 of the total length. It folds back & 4. Cystic veins
forth on itself, providing approx. 7000 cm of
surface area for secretion & absorption Liver (Blood)- distributed into hepatic veins that
then terminate in the inferior vena cava.
-Absorption-process by w/c nutrients
enters bloodstream through the O2 and nutrients are supplied to the stomach
intestinal walls. by gatric artery and to the intestines by the
mesenteric arteries.
-3 sections- terminate at the ileocecal
valve Venous blood is returned from small intestine,
cecum & ascending & transverse portions of the
1. Duodenum- most proximal section colon by the superior mesenteric vein.
2. Jejunum- middle section Sympathetic & Parasympathetic portions of
3. Ileum-distal section ANS -innervate GI tract

-Ileocecal valve-controls the flow of the -sympathetic nerves exert and inhibitory effect
digested material from the ileum into on the GI tract
the cecal portion of the large intestine
 > decreasing gastric secretions and
motility

> causing sphincters & blood vessel to

constrict

-parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes

peristalsis & increases secretory activities

>sphincters are relax except for the

sphincter of the esophagus & external
anal sphincter (w/c are under voluntary
control)

Functions of Digestive System

Primary function of GI tract:

1. Breakdown of food particles into the

molecular form for digestion
2. Absorption into the bloodstream of
small nutrient molecules produced by
digestion
3. Elimination of undigested unabsorbed
foodstuffs & other waste products
4.