2012 IEEE Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science

Contingency Analysis of Power System

Mrs. Veenavati Jagadishprasad Mishra Prof. Manisha D. Khardenvis
Govt. College of Engineering, Amravati (MS), Govt. College of Engineering, Amravati (MS) , India
India manishakhardenvis@rediffmail.com
vpandey2103@gmail.com

The increasing load demand in power

Abstract - Contingency analysis is a well known
systems without accompanying investments in
function in modern Energy Management
generation and transmission has affected the
Systems (EMS). The goal of this power system
analysis of stability phenomena, requiring more
analysis function is to give the operator
reliable and faster tools [1-2].
information about the static security [4].
Contingency Analysis of a power system is a
II. CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
major activity in power system planning and
Contingency Analysis (CA) is one of the
operation. In general an outage of one
"security analysis" applications in a power utility
transmission line or transformer may lead to
control center that differentiates an Energy
over loads in other branches and/or sudden
system voltage rise or drop. Contingency Management System (EMS) from a less complex
analysis is used to calculate violations. SCADA system. Its purpose is to analyze the power
This paper shows the example on 6 bus system in order to identify the overloads and
power system which gives information of problems that can occur due to a "contingency".
violations & remedial action to remove Contingency analysis is abnormal
violations. Detailed studies have been carried condition in electrical network. It put whole system
out to work out the contingency plans. or a part of the system under stress. It occurs due to
Keywords - Contingency analysis, LODFs, sudden opening of a transmission line. Generator
PTDFs, generation and transmission planning. tripping. Sudden change in generation. Sudden
change in load value. Contingency analysis
I. INTRODUCTION provides tools for managing, creating, analyzing,
Contingency analysis is one of the major and reporting lists of contingencies and associated
components in today’s modern energy management violations [6].
systems. For the purpose of fast estimating system CA is used as a study tool for the off-line
stability right after outages, the study of analysis of contingency events, and as an on-line
contingency analysis involves performing efficient tool to show operators what would be the effects of
calculations of system performance from a set of future outages.
simplified system conditions [10]. y Security is determined by the ability of the
Contingency analysis is one of the most important system to withstand equipment failure.
tasks encountered by the planning and operation y Weak elements are those that present
engineers of bulk power system. overloads in the contingency conditions
The Line Outage Distribution Factor (congestion).
(LODF) is one of the important linear sensitivity y Standard approach is to perform a single
factors which play a key role in finding the effect of (N-1) contingency analysis simulation.
the critical contingencies and hence suggesting
y A ranking method will be demonstrated to
possible preventive and corrective actions to solve
prioritize transmission planning [7].
the violations in the system.
x LODFs are used to approximate the y CA is therefore a primary tool used for
change in the flow on one line caused by preparation of the annual maintenance plan
the outage of a second line. and the corresponding outage schedule for
x Typically they are only used to determine the power system.
the change in the MW flow compared to III. TYPES OF VIOLATIONS
the pre-contingency flow Line contingency and generator
x LODFs are approximately independent of contingency are generally most common type of
flows but do depend on the assumed contingencies. These contingencies mainly cause
network topology [9]. two types of violations.
x Power transfer distribution factors
(PTDFs) show the linear zed impact of a
transfer of power.

978-1-4673-1515-9/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE

A. Low Voltage Violations - 1. Shunt capacitor switching
This type of violation occurs at the buses. 11. Generation Re-dispatch
This suggests that the voltage at the bus is less than 111. Load shedding
the specified value. The operating range of voltage IV. Under load tap changing (ULTC)
at any bus is generally 0.95-1.05 p.u. Thus if the Transformer
voltage falls below 0.95 p.u then the bus is said to v. Distributed Generation
have low voltage. If the voltage rises above the 1.05 VI. Islanding
p.u then the bus is said to have a high voltage
problem. It is known that in the power system VI. POWER TRANSFER DISTRIBUTION
network generally reactive power is the reason for FACTOR
the voltage problems. Hence in the case of low A source and a sink are specified for each
voltage problems reactive power is supplied to the transaction. Active power will then flow from
bus to increase the voltage profile at the bus. In the source to sink in a direction. For each direction, the
case of the high voltage reactive power is absorbed ATC value is the maximum megawatt source
at the buses to maintain the system normal voltage. injection that can be transferred to the sink without
violating any of the operating limits such as line
B. Line MVA Limits Violations - thermal limits, voltage limits and system stability
This type of contingency occurs in the limits. In order to investigate how far the system is
system when the MVA rating of the line exceeds from an insecure condition, and how a transaction
given rating. This is mainly due to the increase in of active power can affect the loading of the
the amplitude of the current flowing in that line. transmission system, it is necessary to analyze the
The lines are designed in such a way that they sensitivities of line flows with respect to bus
should be able to withstand 125% of their MVA injections. These sensitivities are termed as Power
limit. Based on utility practices, if the current Transfer Distribution Factors. Power transfer
crosses the 80-90 % of the limit, it is declared as an distribution factors of i-j elements, for the
alarm situation. Different types of remedial actions transaction between m-n will be given as,
to solve this problem are explained later in this /!ip ..

paper [11].
PTDPOf(
1 mn
) .z:u:
= /!iT
mn
Where,
IV. REMEDIAL ACTION SCHEME PTDFif(mn)- Power Transfer Distribution Factors for
Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) are the line i-j for transaction between m-n
key components for any power system utility I1Tmn - Change in transaction between m and n
planning. These are the steps which the utilities I1Pij - Change in real power flow of line i-j for
need to take in order to get the system back to its transaction between m-n,
normal operation. Remedial Action Scheme (RAS) These values provide a linear zed
as the name suggests are the necessary actions approximation of how the flow on the transmission
which need to be taken to solve the violations lines and interfaces changes in response to
caused by a contingency. Remedial Action Schemes transaction between the seller and buyer. The
are also defined as Special Protection Schemes PTDFs are operating point dependent.
(SPS) or System Integration Schemes (SIS). The
RAS is designed to mitigate specific critical SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
contingencies that initiate the actual system
problems. There may be a single critical outage or
there may be several critical single contingency
outages for which remedial action is needed. There
may also be credible double or other multiple
contingencies for which remedial action is needed.
Each critical contingency may require a separate
arming level and different remedial actions. The
terms SPS and RAS are often used interchangeably,
but WECC generally and this document specifically
uses the term RAS.
Automatic single-phase or three-phase
reclosing following temporary faults during stressed
operating conditions may avoid the need to take
remedial action. Appropriate RAS action may still
be required if reclosing is unsuccessful [8]. Figure 1: Base Case for 6 bus system

V. TYPES OF REMEDIAL ACTION:

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 TABLE IV PTDFs of 6 Bus System

Sr. From To % PTDF % PTDF To

No line line from
1 1 2 50 -50
2 1 5 50 -50
3 2 4 50 -50
4 3 5 -50 50
5 3 6 50 -50
6 6 4 -50 50

The table (I) show the contingency

analysis when 4 to 5 line is open. The Overloaded
Line is As Shown in fig. (2). the numbers of
violations are 21 as shown in table (II). The LODF
Figure 2: N-1 Line contingency on 6 bus system and PTDF calculations for 6 bus system are shown
in table (III) & table (IV) resp.
A. Result & Discussion For 6 Bus System Results, when corrective and preventive
remedial actions taken to solve the violations are
TABLE I Contingency Analysis of 6 Bus System given below.

Sr. Line details Violations Max branch AFTER REMEDIAL ACTION TAKEN ON 6 BUS
No % MVA limit SYSTEM
1 000001-000002 3 215.5
2 000001-000005 4 244.8
3 000002-000004 2 118.1
4 000003-000005 3 121.3
5 000003-000006 3 115.7
6 000005-000004 1 128.6
7 000006-000004 5 245.1

TABLE II Results of Contingency Analysis

Total # of 7 Start Time 31/12/2011

contingencies 5:26:11 PM
# Processed 7 End Time 31/12/2011
5:26:11 PM
# Unsolvable 0 Total Run 0.23
Time Seconds
# Violations 21 Avg. Time 0.033 Fig 3: N-1 Line contingency on 6 bus system
per Ctg Seconds
TABLE III LODFs of 6 Bus System

Sr. From To % MW MW
No. Line Line LODF From To
1 1 2 -100 -86.2 89.2
2 1 5 100 87.6 -84.6
3 2 4 -100 10.3 -10.2
4 3 5 -100 16.1 -15.4
5 3 6 100 -21.3 21.9
6 5 4 0 0 0
7 6 4 100 -121.9 128.1

Fig 4: N-1 line violations solved after action taken on 6bus

system.

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 A. Result & discussion for violations solved after the lines have come back to within its operational
action taken on 6 bus system: limits. As seen in table (V), the MVA limit of the
lines and all line flows are within operating limits.
TABLE V Contingency Analysis violations solved The LODF and PTDF after action taken is shown in
after action taken on 6bus system.
table (VII) and table (VIII) resp.
With proposed study various sets of
Sr. Line details Violations Max branch % system adjustment are identified based on type of
No MVA limit violations and the type of contingency being
1 000001-000002 0 - applied. The corrective actions effectively removed
2 000001-000005 0 - the limit violations in the system. More importantly
3 000002-000004 0 - can identify location in system where new
4 000003-000005 0 - generation can provide grid reliability benefits [5].
5 000003-000006 0 -
6 000005-000004 0 - VII. CONCLUSION
7 000006-000004 0 - The corrective actions effectively removed
the limit violations in the system. The results
TABLE VI Result of Contingency Analysis violations obtained through the proposed algorithm are found
solved after action taken on 6bus system.
to be quite accurate and thus, this work provides
new tool for developing remedial control actions for
Total # of 7 Start Time 31/12/2011 higher order contingencies. Contingency analysis
contingencies 6:02:19 PM study helps to strengthen the initial basic plan. It is
# Processed 7 End Time 31/12/2011 also helpful to develop system operators to improve
6:02:19 PM their ability to resolve problem. This tool helps
# Unsolvable 0 Total Run 0.22 Seconds especially the busy power system operators.
Time
# Violations 0 Avg. Time 0.031 Seconds REFERENCES
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to 150MW and also shedding the load at
buses(2&4) to 75MW, bus 5 to 70MW and at bus
(6) to 15MW, at bus(1&3) to 50MW the MW on

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