Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physics Full PDF EM
Physics Full PDF EM
Page 1
THE UNIVERSE
Galaxies
The Galactic Year :
Galaxies are giant assemblies of
The galactic year also known as a
stars, gases, and dust into which
cosmic year is the duration of time
most of the visible matter in the
required for the solar system to
universe is concentrated. orbit once around the centre of the
The majority of the galaxies close milky way galaxy. Estimates of the
enough to be observed in any length of orbit range from 225 to
250 million terrestrial years.
detail can be divided into three
broad categories elliptical, spiral
and irregular. Nebula
The nearest outside galaxies to A nebula is a cloud of interstellar
our own (the Milky Way) are the gas and dust that can be
large and small clouds of observed either as a luminous
Magellan (about 100,000 light patch of light "a bright nebula"
years distant from us). Another or as "a dark hole or band
well-known galaxy is against a brighter background" a
Andromeda, the largest of the dark nebula.
nearby galaxies.
Stars
which the sun belongs. The luminous mass of hot gases held
is 100,000 light years and the carbon, nitrogen, neon 0.5 iron
27,000 light years from the The star contains by far the
Sun spots are the magnetic storms on the surface of the sun.
Page 2
THE UNIVERSE
1. Dwarf:
If the original mass of the star is 3. Black Hole:
less than about 2 solar masses If the original mass of the star
less than 1.2 solar mass. the back kick of the supernova
Page 4
THE UNIVERSE
Page 5
THE UNIVERSE
Page 6
THE UNIVERSE
NEPTUNE
JUPITER
Neptune is the eighth planet in
Jupiter is the largest of all the
terms of its distance from the
planets.
Page 7
THE UNIVERSE
Page 8
THE UNIVERSE
Comets
A comet is a member of the solar
system that travels around the sun
in an orbit that generally is much
more eccentric than the orbits of
planets.
Typical comets have three parts:
the nucleus, coma, and comet tail.
A comet cannot move in a circle.
mean distance between the planet and
Thus, all periodic comets must
the sun.
move in ellipses.
T2 r3 The comets approaches the sun, it
is heated by the sun radiant energy
T – Planet revolution time vapourises and forms a leaf of
R – Mean distance between the planet about 10,000 km in diameter. The
and sun. comets also develops a tail pointing
away from the sun. Halley’s comets
Asteroids is a Periodic comet which made its
Asteroids or minor planets circle appearance in 1910 and in 1986. It
in a broad belt between the would appear again in 2062 years.
orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Meteors and Meteorites
They are chunks of rock covered
The comets break into pieces as
in frozen gases. The largest is
they approach very close to the sun.
ceres.
When the earths orbits cross the
Today more than one thousand
orbit of comet these broken pieces
of these small bodies have been
fall on the earth, Most of the pieces
discovered and it is estimated
are burnt. They are called shooting
that there are more than 50,000
stars. (Meteors)
in all. The orbits of some extend
Some bigger size fully not burnt
beyond the Mars-Jupiter space.
this called Meteorites.
Page 9
GENERAL SCIENTIFIC LAWS
Page 1
PHYSICS
Air Cooler An apparatus for cooling the air. Here air is blown
through water and atmosphere cooled.
Page 1
PHYSICS
Internal An engine in which heat energy added the air within the
Combustion working cylinder and converted into mechanical work through
Engine the medium of a piston or by a turbine rotator
Laser A device to throw a thin beam of light that is carried over great
distances.
Page 2
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT
Magneto A part of the motor car that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Page 3
PHYSICS
Spark Plug Device for producing an electric spark to set off combustion in
the cylinder of a petrol engine.
Page 4
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT
valve
Page 5
INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES
DISCOVERIES
c500 BC Static electricity Thales of Miletus, Greece
c240 BC How things float Archimedes, Greece
c150 Earth-centred universe Claudius Ptolemy, Greece
1304 Cause of rainbow Nicolaus Copernicus, Poland
1600 Earth's magnetism William Gilbert, England
1604 How objects fall Galileo Galilei, Italy
1609 How the planets move Johannes Kepler, Germany
1609 Moons of Jupiter Galileo Galiei, Italy
1616 Chemical element defined Robert Boyle, Ireland
1643 Air Pressure Evangelista Torricelli, Italy
1662 Law of gases Robert Boyle, Ireland
1666 Nature of white light Isaac Newton, England
1666 Gravity Isaac Newton, England
1687 Laws of motion Isaac Newton, England
1690 Wave theory of light Christian Huygens, Holland
1718 Fahrenheit temperature scale Gabriel Fahrenheit, Germany
1742 Centigrade temperature scale Anders Celsius, Sweden
1752 The nature of lightning Benjamin Franklin, USA
1772 Nature of Combustion Antonie Lavoisier, France
1774 Preparation of Oxygen Joseph Priestley, England
1791 Metric system of Units France
1798 Nature of heat Count Rumford, England
Page 1
INVENSIONS AND DISCOVERIES
Page 2
PHYSICS
INVENTIONS
c4000 BC Wheel Asia
c4000 BC Weighing instruments Mesopotamia
c3500 BC Potters wheel Mesopotamia
236 BC Screw for lifting water Archimedes,Greece
600 BC Cast iron China
Page 3
INVENSIONS AND DISCOVERIES
Page 5
INVENSIONS AND DISCOVERIES
Page 6
PHYSICS
Page 7
INVENSIONS AND DISCOVERIES
Year 2015
1. Takaaki kajita
2. Arthuv B. Mc Donald
For the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have
mass.
Year 2014
1. Isamu Akasaki
2. Hiroshi Amano Shuji Nakamuva
For the invention of efficient blue light – emitting diodes which has enabled
bright and energy saving white light sources.
Year 2013
1. Francois Englert, Perter W.Higgs
For the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our
understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles and which recently
was confirmed through the discovery of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at
CERN’s large Hadron collider.
Page 8
PHYSICS
Year 2012
1. Serge Haroche, David J. Wineland
For ground breaking experimented methods that enable measuring and
manipulation of individual quantum systems.
Year 2011
1. Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt, Adam G.Riess
For the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through
observation of distant supernovae.
Page 9
INVENSIONS AND DISCOVERIES
Page 10
PHYSICS
Page 11
INVENSIONS AND DISCOVERIES
fields
Page 12
PHYSICS
Page 13
NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC LABORATORIES
Page 1
NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC LABORATORIES
Page 2
THE UNIVERSE
Nangal Punjab
Baroda Gujarat
Talcher Orissa
Thal Maharashtra
Hazira Gujarat
Rawatbhata Rajasthan
SPACE PROGRAMME
Page 3
NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC LABORATORIES
Page 4
THE UNIVERSE
Page 5
NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC LABORATORIES
Page 6
THE UNIVERSE
Page 7
GLOSSARY
Page 2
GLOSSARY
Page 3
PHYSICS
Page 4
GLOSSARY
Page 5
PHYSICS
Interstellar: All space outside the crystal and a little like a liquid.
solar system among the stars. When an electric voltage is applied
Integrated Circuit. A tiny mass of at any place on the liquid crystal
electronic components in or on that part of it becomes dark. That is
a small slice of semiconductor how the constantly changing letters
substance. and numbers are made. 'LCD'
Joule: A unit used to measure the stands for 'liquid crystal diode’.
amount of energy or work done. Lever: A simple machine used for
One joule is the work done when a lifting heavy weights. It consists of a
weight of one Newton is lifted one strong bar that turns about a pivot,
meter. It is named after James like a seesaw.
Joule (1818-89), a British physicist. Lightning: The result of water and
Kelvin Temperature Scale: A air molecules in clouds rubbing
scale used to measure temperatures together, making an electrical
in which absolute zero is 00 and the charge.
freezing point of water is 273.15°. It Light Year: The distance that light
is named after the British scientist travels in one year
Lord Kelvin (1824-1907). (=9,500,000,000,000 km or
Kinetic Energy: The energy an 6,000,000,000,000 miles).
object has because it is motion. Load: The weight lifted or moved
Laser : A device that produces a by a machine.
narrow powerful beam of light. A Magnet: An object which attracts
laser is a light amplifier that iron and attracts or repels other
increases an initial weak pulse of magnets. The magnetic force is
light into an intense narrow beam. strongest at two points called the
Lasers are used in medicine and north and south poles. When free to
industry. move, a magnet turns so that the
LCD Display: The kind of display north pole points north and the
used on most calculators and digital south pole points south, as in a
Page 7
PHYSICS
Page 8
GLOSSARY
Page 9
PHYSICS
Page 10
GLOSSARY
old dead matter is. All living things to do one particular job that is
give off small amounts of radiation, continually repeated.
this amount decreases after the Satellite: A body that revolves
thing dies and so can be measured around a larger one because of its
to find how long ago it lived. gravitational attraction. The Moon
Reflection: The bouncing back of is a satellite of the earth, and the
a sound or light wave as it hits a planets are satellites of the Sun.
surface. Semiconductor: Material that
Refraction: The bending of a ray conducts electricity not as well as
of light as it passes from one conductors such as copper, but
substance to another, for example, better than insulators such as
from glass to air. glass.
Resistance: The way in which an Series Circuit: An electric circuit
electrical circuit opposes the flow of in which the components are
electric current through it. connected end-to-end, so that the
Resistance is measured in ohms and current flows through all the
is equal to the voltage divided by the components one after the other.
current. Solar System: The family of
Resonance: The way in which a planets, moons and comets
small vibration can cause a large revolving around our sun. There are
effect. For example, a singer can probably countless other solar
make a glass vibrate slightly by systems around stars in our Galaxy
singing loudly, if the right note is and elsewhere in the Universe.
sung, the glass vibrates violently Solid: A physical state of matter, in
because of resonance, and may which a substance has a definite
break. mass, volume and shape.
Robot: Based on principle of Solution: A liquid that contains a
artificial intelligence. A machine solid (or gaseous) substance
which can do a job that is usually completely dissolved in it.
done by a human being. Robots Spectroscope: An instrument
are used on factory assembly-lines attached to a telescope used by
Page 11
PHYSICS
Page 12
GLOSSARY
Page 13
MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Stress = =
= a constant
Page 1
MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Page 2
PHYSICS
Page 3
MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Page 4
PHYSICS
When common salt is mixed with ice, the melting point is lowered.
Page 5
MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Page 6
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, STANDARDS & UNITS
Page 1
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, STANDARDS & UNITS
Page 2
PHYSICS
Page 3
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, STANDARDS & UNITS
Page 4
PHYSICS
Page 5
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, STANDARDS & UNITS
Page 6
PHYSICS
Page 7
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, STANDARDS & UNITS
Page 8
FORCE, MOTION & ENERGY WORK
Page 1
FORCE, MOTION & ENERGY WORK
Water in a lake and nearby wells seeks the same level because force of gravity
Page 2
PHYSICS
Speed
Speed is the distance travelled in one
second (or) rate of distance travelled.
Speed =
Velocity
Displacement Velocity is the displacement
The shortest distance or distance made in one second (or) rate of
travelled along a straight line is change of displacement. Rate of
known as displacement. change means change per
second.
Difference between Distance and
Displacement Velocity =
It is expressed in m/s
Distance Displacement
1. Distance is the Shortest
length of the distance Difference Between Speed and
actual path between two Velocity
followed by an points
object or body Speed Velocity
while moving 1. Change of Change of
from one point distance with displacement
to another. respect to time with respect to
2. Scalar quantity Vector quantity time
3. Measured in Measured in 2. Scalar Quantity Vector
metre in the SI metre in the SI Quantity
system system 3. Measured in Measured in
4. Not a unique Unique
m/s in the S.I. m/s in the S.I.
quantity
System System
5. Distance can Displacement is
4. Positive Positive can
either be equal either equal to
to or greater or less than the Quantity Negative
than distance. Quantity
displacement
Page 3
FORCE, MOTION & ENERGY WORK
Acceleration
Acceleration is the change in velocity of
an object per second or rate of change
of velocity.
Uniform Acceleration
If an object travels in a straight line
and its velocity increases or decreases
by equal amount in equal intervals of
time, then the acceleration of the object
is uniform Uniformly accelerated
motion. Equation of motion
v = u + at
s = ut + ½ at2
v2 = u2 + 2as
u - initial velocity
v = final velocity
t - time
a - acceleration
s - displacement
Page 4
PHYSICS
It is the angle covered by the line change its state by itself in the absence
of the circle (radius vector) when Inertia depends upon its mass of the
it moves from one point to other body.
in a circular path. It is measured
in radian. The inertia is of three types
(i) Inertia of rest
Angular velocity Ex- A person standing in a bus falls
The angular displacement in one backward when the bus suddenly
second (rate of change of angular starts moving.
Page 5
FORCE, MOTION & ENERGY WORK
force acting for a very short time on body along the radius towards the
a body, so that the change in the centre and perpendicular to the
position of the body during the velocity of the body is known as
time the force acts on it may be centripetal force
neglected.
F= (since v = rω)
(e.g.) The blow of a hammer, the
collision of two billiard balls etc. F = mrω2
Page 7
FORCE, MOTION & ENERGY WORK
Page 8
PHYSICS
Example : 1
F = ( F = mg)
Mass of an object is 5 kg. What is its
mg =
weight on the earth?
Therefore,
Solution:
g =
Mass, m = 5 kg Acceleration due to
gravity, g = 9.8 m s-2
Weight, w =m×g Mass of earth
w = 5 kg × 9.8 m s-2 = 49 N From the expression g = ,
Thus the weight of the object is, 49 N the mass of the Earth can be calculated
as follows:
Example : 2
M=
Calculate the energy produced when 1
kg of substance is fully converted into M=
energy. M = 5.98 × 1024 kg.
“In the absence of air, all bodies like mechanical energy, thermal
Page 9
FORCE, MOTION & ENERGY WORK
Potential energy
The potential energy of a body is
the energy stored in the body by
virtue of its position or the state
of strain. EP = mgh
Kinetic energy
The kinetic energy of a body is
the energy possessed by the body
by virtue of its motion.
Kinetic energy Ek =½ Mv2
A falling body, a bullet fired from
a rifle, a swinging pendulum, etc.
Power
It is defined as the rate at which
work is done.
Power =
Page 10
ELECTRICITY
Electricity We know, Q = I × t
A continuous and closed path of an = 0.75 A × 600 s
electric current is called an electric Q = 450 C
circuit.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND
Electric current is expressed by the
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE:
amount of charge flowing through
We define the electric potential
a particular area of cross section of
difference between two points in
a conductor in unit time.
an electric circuit carrying current
The direction of electric current is
as the work done to move a unit
taken as opposite to the direction
charge from one point to the
of the flow of electrons.
other.
I = Q/t
V = W/Q
The S.I unit of electric charge is
coulomb. The S.I Unit of potential
This is equivalent to the charge difference is volt (V)
contained in nearly 1 volt = 1joule/1coulomb
6× electrons. One volt is the potential
difference between two points in
Example – 1: a cur- rent carrying conductor
A current of 0.75 A is drawn by a when 1 joule of work is done to
filament of an electric bulb for 10 move a charge of 1 coulomb from
minutes. Find the amount of electric one point to the other.
charge that flows through the circuit. Example – 2:
Solution: How much work is done in moving a
Given, I = 0.75 A, charge of 5 C across two points having
t = 10 minutes = 600 s a potential difference 10 V?
Page 1
ELECTRICITY
Page 2
PHYSICS
Solution: Example – 5:
(a) Given the resistance, Three resistances having the values 5
R1 = 18 Ω R2 = 6 Ω Ω, 10 Ω, 30 Ω are connected parallel
The total resistance of the circuit with each other. Calculate the total
RS = R1 + R2 RS = 18 Ω + 6 Ω = 24 Ω circuit resistance.
Page 3
ELECTRICITY
Page 4
PHYSICS
Page 6
PHYSICS
Page 7
ELECTRICITY
Page 9
ELECTRICITY
Page 11
ELECTRICITY
Page 12
MAGNETISM
Page 2
MAGNETISM
Page 4
MAGNETISM
Page 6
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
Page 1
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
Page 2
PHYSICS
Page 3
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
Page 4
LIGHT
Page 1
LIGHT
Atmosphere Refraction
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
No. of image = The density of the atmosphere
𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐢𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐬
surrounding the earth decreases
Kaleidoscope : with increasing altitude. Thus if
It is toy image are formed by two light enters the atmosphere from
strips of plane mirrors placed at outside it encounters layers of air
an angle of 600 inside the tube increasing density and,
five images are seen. therefore, bends gradually
producing a curved path.
Refraction : Ex - Star twinkling, Mirage
Light bends when its travel from
one medium to another this Refractive Index
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 Velocity of light in air
called refraction of the lights. 𝜇= =
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 Velocity of light in medium
Different speeds of light in
medium different densities. It has no unit & no dimension
from the normal when it passes bent away from the normal line.
Page 2
PHYSICS
Page 3
LIGHT
Page 4
PHYSICS
Page 5
LIGHT
Page 6
PHYSICS
Page 7
LIGHT
1 1 1 Example :
= +
f v u
A concave lens has focal length of 15
f = focal length cm. At what distance should the object
u = object distance from the lens be placed so that it forms
v = image distance an image 10 cm from the lens?
Example - 1
Solution:
A convex mirror used for rear-view on
an automobile has a radius of v = −10 cm, f = − 15 cm, u = ?
1 1 1 1 1 1
curvature of 3 m. If a bus is located at 5 − = (or) = −
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 𝑣 𝑓
m from this mirror, find the position
1 1 1
and nature of the image. = −
𝑢 −10 −15
1 1 1
Solution: = +
𝑢 −10 15
Radius of curvature, R = +3.00 m 1 −3+2
=
Object distance u = - 5.00 m 𝑢 30
1 −1
Image distance v = ? =
𝑢 30
We know,
u = 30 cm.
1 1 1
+ = Magnification
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓
1 1 1 The magnification produced by a lens
or, + =
𝑣 𝑓 𝑢 is defined as the ratio of the height of
1 1 1 1 1 15+1.5 6.5
+ − = + = = the image to the height of the object.
𝑣 1.5 −5 1.5 5 7.5 7.5
𝐯
7.5 M=
𝐮
=v= = 1.15 m
6.5
Page 8
PHYSICS
Example: Example:
An object is placed at a distance of 30 The focal length of a concave lens is
cm from a concave lens of focal length 2m. Calculate the power of the lens.
15 cm. An erect and virtual image is
formed at a distance of 10 cm from the Solution:
lens. Calculate the magnification. Focal length of concave lens, f = − 2 m
Power of the lens,
Solution: 1
p=
𝑓
Object distance, u = − 30 cm
1
p=
Image distance, v = − 10 cm −2
Power of Lens
The power of lens is defined as the
reciprocal of its focal length.
𝟏
P=
𝒇
Page 9
SOUND
Page 1
PHYSICS
Page 2
SOUND
Page 3
ATOMIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Page 2
ATMOIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS
mvr =
nh
, where n is called When the electron jumps from any
2π
of the outer orbits to the first orbit, the
principal quantum number and
spectral lines emitted are in the
has the integral values 1,2,3 … This
ultraviolet region
is called Bohr’s quantization
n1 = 1, n2 = 2, 3…
condition.
(ii) Balmer series
b. An atom radiates energy, only
When the electron jumps from any
when an electron jumps from a
of the outer orbits to the second
stationary orbit of higher energy to
orbit, we get a spectral series called
an orbit of lower energy. If the
the Balmer series. All the lines of
electron jumps from an orbit of
this series in hydrogen have their
energy E2 to an orbit of energy E1,
wavelength in the visible region.
a photon of energy hν = E2 – E1 is
n1 = 2, n2 = 3, 4…
Page 3
PHYSICS
Page 4
ATMOIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Page 5
PHYSICS
Page 6
ATMOIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Page 7
PHYSICS
Page 8
ATMOIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Page 9
PHYSICS
The mass of a proton, mp = 1.007276 For higher mass numbers the curve
drops slowly and the BE/A is about
1 amu = 931 MeV
7.6 MeV for uranium. Hence, they
Binding energy are unstable and radioactive.
Explanation of binding energy The lesser amount of binding
curve energy for lighter and heavier nuclei
The binding energy per nucleon explains nuclear fusion and fission
increases sharply with mass number respectively. A large amount of
A upto 20. It increases slowly after energy will be liberated if lighter
A = 20. For A<20, there exists nuclei are fused to form heavier one
recurrence of peaks corresponding (fusion) or if heavier nuclei are split
to those nuclei, whose mass into lighter ones (fission).
numbers are multiples of four and
they contain not only equal but also Nuclear force
even number of protons and 1. Nuclear force is charge
neutrons. Example: He4, 4Be8, C12, independent. It is the same for
8O , and 10Ne20. The curve becomes all the three types of pairs of
16
Page 10
ATMOIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Page 11
PHYSICS
Page 12
ATMOIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Page 13
PHYSICS
treatment. Radioiodine is also used to study the wear and tear of the
to locate brain tumours. Radio-iron machinery.
(Fe59) is used to diagnose anaemia.
An anaemic patient retains iron in (iv) Molecular biology
the blood longer than normal In molecular biology radio-
patient. Radio-phosphorous (P32) is isotopes are used in sterilizing
used in the treatment of skin pharmaceutical and surgical
diseases. instruments.
Page 15
PHYSICS
Nuclear reactor
The radiation exposure is
A nuclear reactor is a device in
measured by the unit called
which the nuclear fission reaction
roentgen (R). One roentgen is
takes place in a self sustained and
defined as the quantity of
controlled manner. The first nuclear
radiation which produces reactor was built in 1942 at Chicago
1.6 × 1012 pairs of ions in 1 gram of USA
air.
Fissile material or fuel
Nuclear fission The fissile material or nuclear fuel
In 1939, German scientists Otto generally used is 92U
235. But this
Hahn and F. Strassman discovered exists only in a small amount (0.7%)
that when uranium nucleus The in natural uranium. Natural
process of breaking up of the uranium is enriched with more
nucleus of a heavier atom into two number of 92U
235 (2 – 4%) and this
fragments with the release of large low enriched uranium is used as
amount of energy is called nuclear fuel in some reactors. Other than
fission. U235, the fissile isotopes U233 and
Pu239 are also used as fuel in some
235+ 1→ Ba141+ Kr92+ n1+Q of the reactors.
92U 0n 56 36 3
Page 16
ATMOIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Page 17
PHYSICS
Page 18