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Q2 Earth and Life Module 10
Q2 Earth and Life Module 10
1
What I Know
Pretest: Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the letter of the
correct answer.
4. This is a type of cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
b. Copernicus
c. Charles Darwin
d. Gregor Mendel
i
Unifying Themes in the Study
Lesson of Life
1
What I Need to Know
The study of life in general is very wide. And to help us understand this vastness, are what we
call themes. Themes are distinct characteristics, pattern, and or quality. To help us understand better
the study of life, we can look at themes individually and as a collective. In this way, we can easily digest
the commonalities of those exhibiting life.
The unifying themes in the study of life are an organization, information, energy and matter,
interactions, and evolution. The study of organisms ranges from macro to micro or vice versa. This
means that the study of life can be from the planet earth as a planet that can host life to the molecular
level that comprises that life. The good thing, however, is that these large chunks of concept can be
broken into smaller ones. Let us explore quickly these levels in the table below:
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Source: https://www.simply.science/index.php/organization-of-life
What’s New
Objective: This activity is aimed at better understanding and appreciation of the themes in
the study of life. After this activity, you are expected to be able to determine the themes of
biology as they relate to the properties of life.
Procedure:
1. Propose a hypothesis
From common knowledge, you already have an idea as to what plants need to grow healthy,
like water and sunlight. Think of other factors or substances that will affect plant growth
(suggestions: type of soil, fertilizer type, music or human voice). Choose a variable, then
propose a hypothesis about how the presence and absence of that factor affects the growth
or survival of a plant.
4. Draw conclusion
Did the presence of your experimental variable make a difference in the growth
of the experimental and control plants? Was the effect more or less than you
had proposed?
What Is It
In this activity you are made to design an experiment that will allow you to
observe the growth of a plant in relation to several variables of your choosing. In this activity
you were expected to determine the themes of biology in relation to the growing plant. You
are expected to have observed the organization, interaction, matter and energy, information,
and evolution. Organization is when from a seed, the mung bean sprouted and grew to another
definite structure with differing functions. Interaction is when during its growth, the mung bean
internally maintained homeostasis for optimal growth while interacting with external factors.
Growth is a complex and energy consuming process, therefore, the growth of the mung bean
had to be supplied with energy coming from the nutrients in the soil and water, among others.
Information and evolution in this activity are indirectly observed by whatever the mung bean
is presently. This pertains to its physical features, functions, and molecular make-up.
What’s More
Complete the concept map below by adding the following terms: adaptation,
atom, cell, community, ecosystem, energy, development, growth, individual, molecule,
organ, organization, organ system, population, reproduction, response, tissue.
organisms
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What I Need to Know
Another theme to help us understand the study of biology is information. All living
things have to deal with the transfer and expression of genetic information. Inside cells,
chromosomes exist and inside chromosomes are genetic material in the form of DNA or
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
Recall in your grade 8, you learned about the two mechanisms in cell division, mitosis
and meiosis. Before each process happens and or is completed, the very first thing that occurs
is the replication of genetic materials. The replication or copying of the DNA is to ensure that
the daughter cells will receive the same complete set of chromosomes with that of the parent
cell. These DNA will then contain sections called genes. This replication of the DNA prior to
cell division will eventually be the template for the trillions of cells that will make up an
organism.
The structure of the DNA is responsible for its ability to store information. It is a double
helix of strands of building blocks called, nucleotides. The following nucleotides are adenine,
thymine, cytosine, and guanine – aptly abbreviated as A, T, C, and G, respectively. The
different sequence of these four nucleotides accounts for the encoding of information in the
DNA. Think of it this way, the way we arrange the alphabet to form words is, in a way, like how
these nucleotides are sequenced for encoding information as shown in figure 2.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna
The protein production is controlled indirectly through another related molecule, the
RNA. The RNA in this process serves as an intermediary. The nucleotide sequence along a
gene is transcribed into a mRNA, then translated into the building blocks of protein, amino
acids. The amino acid in this case is a link series, after completed, they form a specific protein
with a unique shape and function. This whole process where the information in a gene guides
to create a cellular product is called, gene expression.
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thought which states that the organisms of today are the modified descendants of their
ancestors in the past as shown in figure 3.
Evolution is said to be the scientific thought that would explain or make sense of all the
organisms now. Fossil records show that organisms have been evolving for billions of years
now, and that this accounts for the vast diversity and variation of organisms in the past and
present. Fossil records also show evidences of unity aside from variation. There are animals
presently that may seem different from one another, let’s take for example the arm of a human
being, wing of the bat, leg of a dog, and flipper of a whale, they might have different uses but
their underlying anatomy are similar to one another. They considered homologous structures.
One notable evolutionary view emerged in the 1800s, when the father of evolution,
Charles Darwin, published the book, “The Origin of Species”. This book contained Charles
Darwin’s studies and observations, which expressed two main points. One, that
“contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors that differed from them”. This is
what we call, descent with modification and accounts for the dual nature of life’s unity and
diversity. Second, that “natural selection is the primary reason of descent with modification”.
Natural selection sprung from Darwin’s observations from his studies. It states that
species with inherited traits are more adaptive to the environment which means they are more
likely to survive and reproduce than those who are not. This is because the environment
constantly selects for the production of traits from the random variant traits naturally occurring
within a population.
https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2018/07/23/evolution-is-aimless-
how-do-we-explain-external-testicles/
What’s New
Objectives:
1. Compare the amino acid sequences of cytochrome-c of some organisms.
2. Calculate the degree of relatedness among some species based on the amino acid
sequences of cytochrome-c in their proteins.
Materials:
Procedure:
1. Refer to the following table of amino acid sequences of cytochrome-c. compare the
amino acid sequences of the following pairs of organisms by encircling the portions
of the sequences where they differ. For each pair, count the total number of differing
amino acids.
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c. horse and monkey
Human GDVEKGKKIFIMMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRRTGQAPGYSY
TAANKNKGIIWG
Chimpanz GDVEKGKKIFIMMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRRTGQAPGYSY
ee TAANKNKGIIWG
Rhesus GDVEKGKKIFIMMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRRTGQAPGYSY
Monkey TAANKNKGITWG
Horse GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFTYT
DANKNKGITWK
Donkey GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYT
DANKNKGITWK
Chicken GDIEKGKKIFVQKCQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTD
ANKNKGITWG
Turkey GDIEKGKKIFVQKCQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTD
ANKNKGITWG
Rattlesna GDVEKGKKIFTMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAVGYSYT
ke AANKNKGITWG
Fruit fly GDVEKGKKLFVQRCAQCHTVEAGGKHKVGPNLHGLIGRKTGQAAGFAYT
NANKAKGITWQ
2. Calculate the percentage difference between the species of each pair by dividing the
number of differing amino acids by the total number of amino acids in the sequences
of the pair.
Analysis Questions:
1. Which pair of organisms are most closely related? the least related? How do your
results compare with the taxonomic classification of the organisms?
2. How will you interpret those pairs of organisms having the exact amino acid sequence
of cytochrome-c?
Exploration:
Do you think that amino acid sequencing is a reliable basis for determining evolutionary
relationships among organism? Justify your answer.
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What Is It
One of the recent evidences of evolution that reinforces the fossil records
comes from molecular biology. By using the technique called amino acid sequencing,
researchers have discovered that closely related organism have great similarity in their amino
acid sequences, indicating a common descendant, hence suggesting unity and diversity. In
the activity, you have determined the degree of relatedness among some species based on
their amino acid sequences of cytochrome-c.
A characteristic common to all forms of life is the need for energy. This is a requirement
for organisms to perform life processes. The various indicators of life and processes like
growing, reproducing, moving, and other intracellular processes require that the organism
spend energy.
The sun is the primary source of energy in the environment. All organisms rely on the
sun’s energy input to survive. It provides energy on earth in the form of light and is received
and utilized by the autotrophs or producers. These autotrophs or producers are photosynthetic
organisms. These organisms are able to harvest sunlight to create their own food. The
photosystems harvest light ang together with
raw materials like CO2, and water covert light
energy into chemical energy. This process is
called photosynthesis. The chemical energy in
the form of food molecules will then be passed
by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to
other organisms that are not able to produce
their own food. Note that that there is already
energy transfer happening in this process. The
organisms receiving the energy from producers
are called consumers, as shown in figure 4
below.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/environmental_studies_energy_flow_i
n_ecosystem.htm
When an organism uses energy to perform work or certain processes, such as cell
division, or pumping of blood from the heart to circulation, some of the energy used is lost in
the environment in the form of heat. In a nutshell, energy in an ecosystem flows through in
one direction, enters as light and exits as heat. And in contrast, chemicals used are recycled.
The chemicals that a plant absorbs from the soil and water is incorporated into the plant body,
then later passed on to the animal that eats the plant. Eventually, these chemicals will then be
returned into the environment by decomposers like bacteria that breaks down dead matter.
These chemicals will then be taken up by the soil (usually) and is ready to be again absorbed
by the plants. Then the cycle goes on, as shown in figure 5 below.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/environmental_studies_energy_flow_in_ecosystem.htm
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Figure 1.5 Nutrient Cycle in an Ecosystem
https://byjus.com/biology/exchange-
regulation-of-gases/
Figure1.6 Gas Exchange at the Alveolus
In an ecosystem, we see interaction at a macro level. Every organism interacts with other
organisms, and with the abiotic environment as well. The grass blade, for example, can be
eaten by a caterpillar and in turn is eaten by a bird. The bird, when it dies will then undergo
breakdown with the help of decomposers, and mate rials from the decomposition like
molecules will then be absorbed by the soil. You see, interaction like this ensures that
the ecosystem continues to thrive through having a regulated function, as shown in
figure 7 below.
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https://young7science16.weebly.com/interactions-and-ecosystems.html
The inside of your home is a dwelling place, not only for you and your family but for a
whole community of species. You can investigate their interactions if you…
Procedure:
1. Make a list of organisms that can be found living in your dwelling place. Some
may be invited, such as pets or houseplants. Other may be uninvited, such as
rodents, insects, or molds.
2. Make a table and record information about the food relationships among
members in this community. A sample table is provided for you below.
Invited Uninvited
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Analysis of Results:
1. What do the animals eat? Do they rely on the human food supply, or do they
have their own sources of food?
2. Are there predators and prey in this community?
3. Describe how the community members compete for resources.
Reproduction of
Lesson Representative Animals
2
What This Lesson is About
We are products of billions of years’ worth of evolution, and we know this much thanks to
reproduction. Through reproduction, nature has selected organisms that have a gene pool that
is capable of surviving and thriving. Animals have both adapted and evolved to better fit their
environments thanks to variation. While us, humans, have goals in life some animals were
born to reproduce and die immediately after. So now
you ask, why is reproducing offspring so important to
animals? This is one of question that we will be
answering into later, on this module. In this lesson,
we will understand key concepts about the
complexities of reproduction in animals and
synthesize our learning at the end. Lastly, this lesson
will also allow you to appreciate the true importance
of why a continuity of a species is important.
Source:https://pixabay.com/
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What I Need to Know
According to the UN, there are about 360,000 babies born every day in
the world. Reproduction is one of the key survivals of a species – it is a way to continue life.
A male and a female organism will mate and produce an offspring. These parent organisms
will then pass on genetic information to their offspring, and in time, their offspring will pass
their own genetic information as well.
From our previous lesson of mitosis and meiosis, we know that cellular division plays
an important role in reproduction. The relationship between these two processes are vital to
animal reproduction. Some organisms like cows, sheep, dogs and will require two parent
organisms (sexual reproduction) in order to reproduce an offspring, while others do not
(asexual reproduction).
In this lesson, we will be describing the different ways on how representative animals
reproduce. (S11/12LT-IIej-15)
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Types of asexual reproduction
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Types Advantages Disadvantages
https://www.britannica.com/animal/hymenopteran/Natural-history
Identify the type of reproduction described in the organisms in column A. Write your
answer in column B.
A B
reproduction.
itself to reproduce.
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4. A male and a female pig mate to
reproduce piglets.
offspring.
reproduce.
Organisms are diverse, unique and have equally unique features that
help them survive in their environment. These features tailor to the animal’s environment, size,
habitat, and so many more factors. One unique feature is the way these organisms undergo
fertilization.
Mechanisms of Fertilization
There are two types of fertilization – internal and external. Internal fertilization occurs when
the fusion of gametes is inside the female body, while an external fertilization is the opposite
where fusion of gametes is outside the female body.
Source: https://pixabay.com/
Figure 2.8 Brown Bear frolicking in the grass
The table below will better summarize the key difference and similarities of the two fertilization
processes.
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KEY FEATURES - Has three types: - Survives best in
1. Oviparity moist/aquatic
2. Viviparity environments.
3. Ovoviviparity
- Has a greater number
- few offspring are of offspring produced.
produced.
EXAMPLES - Elephants, goats, and - Fish and Frogs
cats
In your own words, describe the type of fertilization given below and
give and example of an animal that has that type of fertilization.
Description Animal
Viviparity
Internal fertilization
External fertilization
Oviparity
Ovoviviparity
II. Essay
Why do you think there is a difference in the types of fertilization among animals?
_________________________________________________________________
As mentioned in lesson 2, organisms have unique features that help them survive in
their environment. Animals are designed to survive their environment through their form and
function, and what better way to survive than to outsmart your predators and continue your
species through reproduction.
The male and female house bird will build a strong nest for its eggs to ensure that it
will hatch and survive. The female lion will teach its young cub to hunt and protect it from
predators when it is too young to defend itself.
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In this lesson you will be able to identify and understand the factors that affect the
success of reproduction.
What’s New
Pick a species and draw it in its natural habitat in the box below.
Now that you have drawn them here are some
follow up questions:
What is It
The success of animal reproduction does not only end when an egg is fertilized. It ends
when the offspring can fully grow and eventually reproduce as well. As mentioned before,
reproduction is key to survival. We will all eventually die and we need to make sure that our
species continue through reproduction. Listed below are the factors that affect reproductive
success.
Factor # 2: Environment
To ensure a healthy offspring, the animal’s environment must also be nurturing to the
young. Temperature greatly affects the development and the urges of an animal to mate. With
the continuing rise of temperatures around the globe, some animals are starting to dwindle in
number and die before they even reproduce. When the water becomes too warm, the fishes
will have a hard time getting oxygen and can eventually die when exposed to warm waters for
longer periods of time. Glaciers and ice caps are melting in the arctic, causing polar bears
suffer health conditions due to malnutrition.
What’s More
Check your knowledge against the understanding that you have gained in the lesson regarding
reproductive success. Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.
Essay
1. Why do you think natural selection favors animals with the greatest reproductive success?
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you believe is the greatest threat to animals and why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it important for animals to never go extinct?
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. How can we better preserve and protect animals so that they may continue to live on?
The stages of development of a human baby are complex and truly fascinating.
In this lesson our objective will be able to understand how a human embryo develops.
Before an egg cell can be fertilized by a sperm cell, both gametes need to be mature
and become spermatozoa and oocyte. For it to be mature, it first has to undergo stages of
development.
Stages of Development
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
1. Spermatogonia Oogonia
2. Spermatocyte Oocyte
3. Spermatid
4. Spermatozoa
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What’s In
Before we continue with fertilization, remember your previous lesson in mitosis and
meiosis? Well, they play very important roles in the development of a human embryo. Mitosis
has a product of two identical daughter cells. These cells are in charge of the growth and
replacement of dead cells in the body. Whereas meiosis has a product of four sex cells, that
oversees the development of our gametes for us to reproduce.
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3rd 27 – 40 - The baby will be able to see and hear.
What I Can Do
Knowledge is power! Let us put your synthesizing skills to the
test through this animal profiling activity.
Now that we’re done with general profiling, let’s compare and contrast this animal’s
reproduction with humans using the venn diagram below.
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Essay
Let us see how well our knowledge truly understand these ideas through essay
writing.
______________________________________________________________
5. What is the difference between oviparity and ovoviviparity?
______________________________________________________________
Summary:
• Study of life anywhere on earth will always reveal unifying themes. These themes
allow for better understanding the so-called mystery called life. Organization
theme shows that emergent properties result from the interplay of the lower levels
of hierarchy. Reductionism allows for the compartmentalization of larger and more
complex systems to be easily studied. In information theme, it is all about life’s
processes revolving around the expression and transmission of genetic
information. And that this genetic information is encoded in the nucleotide
sequences of the DNA. Energy and Matter as a theme is important as life
processes requires energy. The sun being the fundamental source of energy
enters into the ecosystem as light and exits it as heat. Producers are responsible
for converting light energy into chemical energy which is then passed into
consumers. Interaction theme is important to life for regulation, thus enabling
organisms to survive. Internal interactions are done through feedback regulation.
This is a process where either an accumulation or decrease of an end product
allows for the speed up or decrease for its production. Evolution theme is the
change among organisms that has allowed for unity and diversity of life here on
earth. Charles Darwin who authored natural selection, saw it as a means of
evolutionary mechanism for adaption of organisms to their environment.
• To ensure species continuity, nature allows for both sexual and asexual
reproduction in the animal kingdom. Sexual reproduction requires the union of
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female and male gametes to form a diploid zygote. Asexual reproduction on the
other hand can produce an offspring without the union of gametes. Several
mechanisms for asexual reproduction include budding, fission, and
fragmentation. There are also some variations through reproduction can still
occur. These are through hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis, in which
environmental and hormonal factors have control in the reproductive cycles.
Fertilization can either occur externally when both materials are released outside
the body, or internally when a male fertilizes an egg in the female reproductive
system. Unlike asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction is a form of partnership
between organisms and at the same time, it promotes competition between
individuals and even between gametes.
Post Assessment:
Multiple Choice. Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct
answer.
4. What do you call animals that are at the top of the food chain?
a. Apex predators
b. Prey
c. Ants
d. Lion
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True or False. Write the word true if the statement is correct and the word false if it is not.
1. Both internal and external fertilization has the male gamete discharged unto the
female reproductive system. ________
2. Internal fertilization has more offspring produces compared to external fertilization.
________
3. The 3rd stage of sperm development is called spermatozoa. ________
4. Humans are ovoviviparous. ________
5. Parthenogenesis is when an organism has both the male and female gametes.
________
Answer Key:
10. a 5. False
9. c 4. False
8. c 3. False
7. d 2. False
6. a 1. False
5. a Part II.
4. a
5. b
3. a
4. a
2. d
3. b
1. b
2. b
1. b
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