Chapter 2 Solving Linear Equations
Like terms同类项 reciprocal倒数 decimal小数 simplify 化简 perimeter 周长
Key Vocabulary
Square root Inverse operation Cross product
Radicand Equivalent equations Scale drawing
Perfect square Identity Scale model
Irrational number Ratio Scale
Real number Proportion Literal equation
2.1 Find Square Roots and Compare Real Number
Square Root of a Number ══════════════════════════════════════
If b^2 = a, then b is a square root of a
All positive real numbers have two square roots, a positive and a negative square root
A square root is written with The radical symbol
The number or expression inside a radical symbol is the radicand 被开方数
± plus or minus sign
The square of an integer is called a perfect square.
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Irrational Number ════════════════════════════════════════
An irrational number is a number that cannot be written as a quotient of two integers.
Real Number ═════════════════════════════════════════════
The set of real numbers is the set of all rational and irrational numbers.
We can illustrate in the Venn diagram
════════════════════ Classify Numbers ════════════════════
Natural Numbers (also called positive They are the numbers
(N) integers, counting numbers, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
or natural numbers)
Whole Numbers (W) This is the set of natural {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}.
numbers, plus zero
Integers (Z) This is the set of all whole {… , ⁻2, ⁻1, 0, 1, 2, …}
numbers plus all the
negatives (or opposites) of
the natural numbers
Rational numbers This is all the fractions 1/2, 3/4, 7/2, ⁻4/3, 4/1 [Note:
(Q) where the top and bottom The denominator cannot be
numbers are integers 0, but the numerator can be].
a/b where a and b are
inter=gers with b≠0
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counting numbers
(N).
whole numbers (W)
Rewrite a conditional statement in If-then form ════════════════════
a. Given: No fractions are irrational numbers
If-then form: If a number is a fraction, then it is not an irrational number. True
b. Given: All real numbers are irrational numbers
If-then form: If a number is a real number, then it is a rational number.
The statement is false, For example,√2 is a real number but not a rational
number.
Closure 闭包 ════════════════════════════════════════
对集合进行运算，生成的仍然是这个集合里的成员，则该集合在这个运算选闭合。
例如，实数在减法下闭合，但自然数不行：自然数 3 和 7 的减法 3 − 7 的结果不是自然
数。
The closure is when an operation (such as "adding")on members of a set (such as "real
numbers")
always makes a member of the same set.
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2.2 Solve One-Step Equation
Inverse operations are two operations that undo each other, such as addition and
subtraction. When you perform the same inverse operation on each side of an
equation, you produce an equivalent equation等价方程式
Equivalent equations are equations that have the same solutions.
Rule: add, subtract, multiple or divide all at the same time
Find reciprocal 倒数
2.3 Solve Two-Step Equations
Combine like terms
Distributive property
Multiply by a reciprocal (of a fraction)
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2.4 Solve Multi-Step Equations
2.5 Solve Equations With Variables on Both Sides
To solve equations that have variables on both sides, you can collect the variable terms
on one side of the equation and the constant terms on the other side of the equation.
Grouping symbols════════════════════════════════════════
Three common types of grouping symbols—
parentheses ( ), brackets [ ], and braces { }
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Algebraic Properties of Equality ═══════════════════════════
2.6 Write Ratios and Properties
A ratio uses division to compare two quantities.
You can write the ratio of two quantities a and b, where b is not equal to 0,
in three ways
a to b a:b a/b
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Each ratio is read “the ratio of a to b ”.ratio should be written in the simplest form.
A proportion is an equation that states that two ratios are equivalent.
The general form of proportion is given below
a/b=c/d where b ≠0 d≠0 for fractions, the denominator can’t be zero.
2.7 Solve Proportions Using Cross Products 交叉相乘
Cross product/Means-extremes property ════════════════════
In a proportion, a cross product id the product of the numerator of one ratio and the
denominator of the other ratio
If a/b=c/d where b ≠0 d≠0, then ad=bc
The proportion ¾= 6/8 can be written as 3:4=6:8. In this form,4 and 6are called the
means of proportion, and 3 and 8are called the extreme of proportion.
So the cross product is also called the means-extremes property.
Scale Drawing and Scale Models ════════════════════════════════
The scale is a ratio of the size of the drawing to the size of the original object being
drawn. This may be referred to as a scale ratio.(map 1cm:100km)
A scale drawing is a drawing where the dimensions are proportional
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to the actual size of the object being drawn in a predetermined ratio.
A Scale drawing is a two-dimensional drawing of an object in which the dimensions
of drawing are in proportion to the dimensions of an object.
A scale model id a three-dimensional model of an object in which the dimensions of
the model are in proportion to the dimensions of an object.
2.8 Rewrite Equations and Formulas
The equation ax+b=c is called a literal equation because the coefficients and constants have
been replaced by letters.
we must assume that a ≠ 0 in order to divide by a.
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An equation in two variables, such as 3x+2y=8, or formula in two or more variables,
such as A=1/2bh, can be written so that one variable id a function of the other
variable.
Ps: Celsius converts to Fahrenheit
Formula C=5/9(F-32)
