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Tangent Planes

The document provides examples and solutions for finding equations of tangent planes and tangent lines to surfaces and curves. It defines tangent planes, normal lines, and gradients. It gives step-by-step solutions for finding equations of tangent planes and lines at given points on surfaces defined by equations. The examples involve surfaces defined by polynomials, exponentials, and other functions.

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Ferdinand Sebastian Barnabas
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613 views16 pages

Tangent Planes

The document provides examples and solutions for finding equations of tangent planes and tangent lines to surfaces and curves. It defines tangent planes, normal lines, and gradients. It gives step-by-step solutions for finding equations of tangent planes and lines at given points on surfaces defined by equations. The examples involve surfaces defined by polynomials, exponentials, and other functions.

Uploaded by

Ferdinand Sebastian Barnabas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS 2 - LABS

12. Tangent planes


Tangent Plane, Normal Line - definitions
The tangent plane at point P0(x0, y0, z0) on the level surface
f(x, y, z) = c of a differentiable function f is the plane through
P0 normal to f|P0.
The normal line of the surface at P0 is the line through P0
parallel to f|P0.
Note: The gradient vector (gradient) of f(x, y, z) at a point
P0(x0, y0, z0) is the vector:
f f f
f  i  j k
x y z
obtained by evaluationg the partial derivatives of f at P0.
Tangent Plane, Normal Line - equations
Tangent plane to f(x, y, z) = c at P0(x0, y0, z0)
fx(P0)(x – x0) + fy(P0)(y – y0) + fz(P0)(z – z0) = 0

Normal line to f(x, y, z) = c at P0(x0, y0, z0)


x = x0 + fx(P0)t
y = y0 + fy(P0)t
z = z0 + fz(P0)t
Tangent Planes and Normal Lines to Surfaces
Exercise 276. Find equations for the tangent plane and the normal
line at the point P0(1, 1, 1) on the given surface:
x2 + y2 + z2 = 3.
Solution. Let f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2.
The gradient vector could be obtained calculating the partial
derivatives:
f f
 2 x; 2
x x 1,1,1
f f
 2 y; 2
y y 1,1,1
f f  f  2i  2 j  2k
 2 z; z1,1,1  2
z y
The equation of the tangent plane is: 2(x – 1) +2(y – 1) +2(z – 1) = 0.
 2x + 2y + 2z = 6 x+y+z=3
Tangent Planes and Normal Lines to Surfaces
Exercise 276. Find equations for the tangent plane and the normal
line at the point P0(1, 1, 1) on the given surface:
x2 + y2 + z2 = 3.
Solution. The equations of
the normal line at P0(1, 1, 1)
are:
x = 1 + 2t.
y = 1 + 2t
z = 1 + 2t
Tangent Planes and Normal Lines to Surfaces
Exercise 277. Find equations for the tangent plane and the normal
line at the point P0(0, 1, 2) on the given surface:
cosx – x2y + exz + yz = 4.
Solution. Let f(x, y, z) = cosx – x2y + exz + yz
The gradient vector could be obtained calculating the partial
derivatives:
f f
  sin x  2 xy  ze xz ; 2
x x  0,1,2 
f f
  x 2  z; 2
y y  0,1,2 
f f
 xe xz  y; 1  f  2i  2 j  k
z z  0,1,2 

The equation of the tangent plane is: 2x +2(y – 1) + z – 2 = 0.


 2x + 2y + z = 4
Tangent Planes and Normal Lines to Surfaces
Exercise 277. Find equations for the tangent plane and the normal
line at the point P0(0, 1, 2) on the given surface:
cosx – x2y + exy + yz = 4.
Solution. The equations of the normal line at P0(0, 1, 2) are:
x = 2t.
y = 1 + 2t
z=2+t
Tangent Plane to a Surface z = f(x, y) at
(x0, y0, f(x0, y0))

The plane tangent to the surface z = f(x, y) of a differentiable


function f at the point P0(x0, y0, z0) = (x0, y0, f(x0,y0)) is
fx(x0,y0)(x – x0) + fy(x0,y0)(y – y0) – (z – z0) = 0
Tangent Planes to Surfaces
Exercise 278. Find an equation for the tangent plane that is tangent
to the given surface z = ln(x2 + y2) at the given point (1,0,0).

f 2x
Solution. fx   2 ; f x 1,0,0   2
x x  y 2
f 2y
fy   2 ; f y 1,0,0   0
y x  y 2

The required equation of the tangent plane is:


2(x – 1) – z = 0
 2x – z = 2
Tangent Planes to Surfaces
Exercise 278. Find an equation for the tangent plane that is tangent
to the given surface z = ln(x2 + y2) at the given point (1,0,0).
Tangent Planes to Surfaces
Exercise 279. Find an equation for the tangent plane that is tangent
to the given surface z = 4x2 + y2 at the given point (1,1,5).

f
Solution. fx   8 x; f x 1,1,5  8
x
f
fy   2 y; f y 1,1,5  10
y

The required equation of the tangent plane is:


8(x – 1) + 2(y – 1) – (z – 5) = 0
 8x – 8 + 2y – 2 – z + 5 = 0
 8x + 2y – z = 5
Tangent Planes to Surfaces
Exercise 279. Find an equation for the tangent plane that is tangent
to the given surface z = 4x2 + y2 at the given point (1,1,5).
Tangent Lines to Curves
Exercise 280. Find parametric equations for the line tangent to the
curve of intersection of the surfaces x + y2 + 2z = 4 and x = 1 at the
point (1, 1, 1).
Solution. Let f(x, y, z) = x + y2 + 2z and g(x, y, z) = x.
The tangent line is orthogonal to both f and g at the given point
P0 and therefore parallel to v = f  g .
Only remain to find the gradients.
f|(1,1,1) = (i + 2yj + 2k)|(1,1,1) = i + 2j + 2k = <1,2,2>.
g|(1,1,1) = (i + 0j + 0k)|(1,1,1) = i = <1,0,0>.
i j k
v  1, 2, 2  1,0,0  1 2 2  0i  2 j  2k = 0, 2, 2
1 0 0

Reqiured parametric equations of the tangent line:


x = 1; y = 1 + 2t; z = 1 – 2t
Tangent Lines to Curves
Exercise 280. Find parametric equations for the line tangent to the
curve of intersection of the surfaces x + y2 + 2z = 4 and x = 1 at the
point (1, 1, 1).
Tangent Lines to Curves
Exercise 281. Find parametric equations for the line tangent to the
curve of intersection of the surfaces x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 – z = 0 at
the point  2, 2, 4  .
Solution. Let f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 and g(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 – z .
The tangent line is orthogonal to both f and g at the given point
P0 and therefore parallel to v = f  g .
Only remain to find the gradients.
f  2 , 2 ,4   2 xi  2 yj  0k  2 , 2 ,4 = 2 2i  2 2 j  0k = 2 2, 2 2,0

g  2 , 2 ,4 
  2 xi  2 yj  k  2 , 2 ,4  = 2 2i  2 2 j  k = 2 2, 2 2, 1
i j k
v  2 2, 2 2,0  2 2, 2 2, 1  2 2 2 2 0  2 2i  2 2 j  0k = 2 2, 2 2,0
2 2 2 2 1
Reqiured parametric equations of the tangent line:
x  2  2 2t; y  2  2 2t; z4
Tangent Lines to Curves
Exercise 281. Find
parametric equations
for the line tangent to
the curve of
intersection of the
surfaces x2 + y2 = 4 and
x2 + y2 – z = 0 at the
point  2, 2, 4  .

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