Oxford EAP

A course in English for Academic Purposes

PRE-INTERMEDIATE / B1

Richard Storton

Answer Key

3
 Contents

1 LEARNING  PAGE 003

2 SYMBOLS  PAGE 007

3 ETHICS  PAGE 011

4 FACTS  PAGE 016

5 ENVIRONMENT  PAGE 020

6 SCIENCE  PAGE 025

7 LANGUAGE  PAGE 030

8 FORMATION  PAGE 035

9 HEALTH  PAGE 040

10 LOCATION  PAGE 045

Audio CD track listing  Page 050

UNIT 1  Learning
ACADEMIC FOCUS: PRESENTING FACTUAL INFORMATION

DISCUSSION 2 and 3   1.1–1.3

1 Answers
Speaker 1  b  Speaker 2  c  Speaker 3  a
Answers
1 apply 4 attend
2 accept 5 complete
TASK 2  Understanding key information
3 enrol 6 graduate
1   1.1
3
Answers
Sample answers 1 Welcomes the students
1 This is a fact. HESA Higher Education statistics for 3 Explains what her department does
2014 show that over 200,000 UK students study 5 Explains where students can find her
business and administration as a first degree.
13.2% of undergraduate degrees and 29% of taught
higher degrees are business-related. The next most
2   1.2
popular course is biological sciences, which attracts
around 155,000 UK students. Future employment Answers
opportunities are often cited as reasons for this choice. 1 make the transition to university easier
2 This is a fact. University World Rankings 2013–2014 2 people coming from a big city and professional
shows seven of the top ten universities are in the backgrounds; finding people with the same interests
USA. For more current results, refer to http://www. 3 a community and a place to call home
timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/.
This may be because US universities are well-funded
and highly competitive institutions.
3 This is an opinion. There is some evidence in TASK 4 Noting key information
sociological studies that this is true. However, evidence
1   1.3
is limited. One key finding is that university students
who pay for their education tend to have fewer
distractions – they are either working or studying. Answers
4 This is a fact. Most recent data from the OECD suggests Life in the UK 3 p.m. Room 8A 7A
that the dropout rate in China is 3%, compared to 54% Work and Visas 4 p.m. Lecture Hall 2 1
in the USA and 32% in the UK. Factors influencing this Walking Tour 4.45 p.m. 4.30 p.m. meet in main reception
could be the level of challenge at US universities and
Library information centre
the cost of education.
Monday–Friday 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday–Thursday 9 a.m. to
9 p.m.; Friday 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.

2
1A   Listening & Speaking 
Answers
Presentations (1) 1  c  2  d  3  a  4  b

TASK 1  Understanding the main idea

TASK 5 Taking notes on factual information
1
1   1.4
Answers
Answers
1 prospective students and parents
1 Level 2, 8.30–5.30, Mon–Fri
2 tours around the campus, introductions to the facilities,
overviews of different courses, etc. 2 Closed til Thurs at 9
3 important dates, course syllabuses, accommodation 3 20% off fares, from Student’s Union
details, etc. 4 Taylor Building, opposite Student’s Union, reg by 28 Sept.

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 1  Learning 003

TASK 6 Identifying questions asking for 2 1 students from around Europe travelled to the first
information universities in Bologna, Paris, and Oxford
2 the United States started to attract students and
3   1.5 professors from around the world
3 universities in a number of other countries started to
Answers encourage more students from overseas
1 Is there 4 What time’s 4 popular Western universities were becoming more
like businesses
2 can I 5 happens if
5 overseas branch campuses are a big part of the
3 do I 6 do you growing internationalization of higher education

1B  Reading Textbooks (1) Answers

a share of the global education market which is tertiary
b number of students who enrol in foreign universities
TASK 2  Understanding topic, purpose, and
annually
main idea
c proportion of students in UK universities who are foreign
1 d different nationalities represented at the University of
Oxford
Answers e University of Oxford academic staff from outside UK
1  a  2  b  3  a f percentage of global international students in the US
g the proportion of foreign students within the total
2 number of US students

Answers 4
a the international nature of higher education
b to describe a changing situation in higher education Answers
a Today, many universities around the world have a large
3 proportion of foreign students. For example, around
20% of the students at universities in the UK are now
from another country … Other countries which have a
Answer high proportion of foreign students include Australia,
Statement 3 contains the main idea. While 1 may be true, New Zealand, Japan, and some European countries such
there is no reference to the subjects taught at universities. as Luxembourg and Switzerland. The United States has
2 may be true as well, but there is historical reference over 20% of the world’s international students …
to university cooperation without comparison to today.
b The largest numbers of international students are from
Paragraph 1 outlines the growth and increased mix of the
China, the USA, and Western Europe.
international student body.

TASK 5  Using present and past simple and

TASK 3 Identifying factual information in a
progressive forms
text
1
1 and 2
Answers
Answers
1 increased 10 is becoming
1 Recent research suggests that in the region of four
million tertiary-level students enrol each year in 2 doubled 11 was studying
universities outside their native country; 900 years 3 doubled 12 started
ago; Over the centuries; In the early part of the 20th 4 is increasing 13 left
century; Today; Towards the end of the 20th century;
5 are experiencing 14 finished
Today; around 20% of the students at universities in
the UK; come from over 140 countries; make up one- 6 vary 15 became
third of the student body; over 40% of the university’s 7 is 16 is
academic staff; over 20% of the world’s international 8 put 17 left
students; less than 5%; By the 1990s; today
9 are changing 18 works

004  Unit 1  Learning © Oxford University Press 2016

 1C   Writing (1)  Simple TASK 3 Identifying parts of a simple
sentence (2)
sentences 1

TASK 1  Understanding simple sentence Answers

structure 1 at Oxbridge
2 in 1982
1
3 in China; every year
4 in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Answers
Sentence Subject Verb Object
1 China has over 4,000 TASK 4  Writing simple sentences
universities
and colleges 1
2 More than attend higher
fifteen million education
students institutions
Sample answers
3 Chinese have varied 1 MIT has 32 academic departments.
universities teaching 2 Many international students study at UK universities.
and research 3 The US academic year starts in September.
programmes
4 The most popular degree course at UK universities is
4 Chinese higher is expanding —
education business and management studies.
5 Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman University is the
largest women-only university in the world.
2
6 The Imperial University of Peking changed its name to
Peking University in 1912.
Answer
1 Sentence 4.

TASK 2 Identifying parts of a simple

1C   Writing (2)  Compound
sentence (1) sentences
1
TASK 1  Recognizing compound sentences
Answers
1
Subject Verb Object Complement
1 400 studied law — Answers
students
1 students and the government
2 King Saud has about 40,000 —
University students 2 up to £9,000 for EU students; higher for non-EU
students
3 Harvard and are — Ivy League
Yale universities 3 parents, sponsors, or loans
4 Most offer a range of —
universities qualifications
5 The was — the world’s TASK 2  Writing compound sentences
University of first university
Bologna 1

Answers
1  b  2  c  3  a

Answers
1  and  2  or  3  but

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 1  Learning 005

3
1E   Academic Language
Answers
1 In the late 19th century, more and more adults wanted
Check
to continue their education but (they) didn’t have the
opportunity. TASK 1  Present and past simple and
2 A new University Extension programme offered courses progressive forms
to the general public, and people from many different
backgrounds attended. 1
3 People could attend courses in Oxford or (they could)
arrange for courses in their own towns. Answers
4 The programme had several name changes but (it) became 1 is 9 are
the Department for Continuing Education in 1990. 2 goes 10 is
5 Today, the department runs over 800 courses, and over 3 was trying 11 attracts
15,000 students from 18 to 80 enrol on courses each
4 didn’t have 12 is
year.
5 established 13 received
6 Students can take full-time courses or (they can) study
part-time. 6 became 14 are
7 changed 15 is expanding
8 is entering

1D  Vocabulary
TASK 2  Writing simple sentences
TASK 1 Identifying academic vocabulary 1
1 Answers
1 S = King Saud University; V = is; C = the premier
Answers university; A = in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1 proportion 6 fund 2 S = It; V = is; C = the oldest university; A = in Saudi
2 trend 7 achieve Arabia
3 phenomenon 8 goal 3 S = The university; V = has; O = about 40,000 students
4 institutions 9 available 4 S = It; V = has; O = students; A = from a number of
5 expand different countries
5 S = Tuition; V = is; C = free; A = at the university

TASK 2  Vocabulary-building: identifying verbs

and nouns TASK 3  Writing compound sentences
1 1

Answers Answers
1 A: verb; B: noun 5 A: verb: B: noun 1 The department has fifteen teaching staff and there
are three research fellows.
2 A: verb; B: noun 6 A: noun; B: verb
2 Steve Jobs studied at Reed College, Oregon, but he
3 A: noun; B: verb 7 A: noun; B: verb
dropped out after six months.
4 A: verb; B: noun
3 You can study on campus or (you can study) online.
4 I needed a score of 6.5 at IELTS but I only got 6.0.
5 Students can do a research project or (they can do) a
literature review.
6 There are two semesters and each semester is fourteen
weeks long.
7 We can eat in the refectory or (we can eat in) the café.
8 Internet access is free but you need a password from
the office.

006  Unit 1  Learning © Oxford University Press 2016

UNIT 2  Symbols
ACADEMIC FOCUS: DEFINING AND EXPLAINING

DISCUSSION TASK 3  Understanding definitions of technical

terms
1
1 and 2   2.2
Answers
1 a noun Answers
2 /ˈkɒnsept/ 1 1 b  2  c  3  e  4  a  5  d
3 an idea or a principle that is connected with something 2 is another word for; is when; is a XXX which; is a type
abstract of; means
4 He can’t understand the basic concepts of mathematics.
3 and 4   2.3

Sample answers
2A   Listening & Speaking  Al-Kindi – Arab philosopher; focus on complex ciphers
Frequency analysis – 13% of all letters; X, Y, and Z rare
Lectures (1) The ‘personality’ of Q – followed by ‘U’; often at beginning
of word

TASK 1  Preparing for a lecture

1 TASK 4  Practising spoken definitions

Answers 1
a Dear David, I hope you are well.
Answers
b each letter is substituted with the following letter in
the alphabet 1  b  2  d  3  a  4  c  5  e

2
TASK 2  Understanding the main ideas in a
Sample answers
lecture
1 Taking notes is when you write down the key points
1 and 2   2.1 and supporting ideas a person says or writes.
2 A lecturer is another word for a university teacher.
Answers 3 A seminar is a type of class for discussing ideas.
As you give feedback, note that option 1 provides a key 4 History is a subject which involves the study of past
term and 2, a topic area which helps to define it. While it events.
would provide an interesting socio-cultural connection, 5 Self-study means being responsible for your own
option 3 is less likely to be covered in an academic lecture learning.
focusing on the history of cryptography.

3   2.2
TASK 5  Understanding spoken definitions and
Answers explanations
1 replacing each original letter in a text with a different 1   2.4
character
2 replaced each letter with the letter three places further Answers
down the alphabet, e.g. A → D
1 is another word for 4 is; which
3 cryptographers started to use many different keys in a
2 is when you 5 is a type of
message
3 explain; is 6 means
4 guess the meaning of the rest of the ciphertext

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 2  Symbols 007

 2B  Reading Textbooks (2) TASK 4  Writing definitions and explanations
1
TASK 1  Previewing the topic of a text
Answers
1 1 define; as 4 This means that
2 In other words 5 is another term for
Answers 3 is defined as
1 Student’s own answers.
2 Note that Roman numerals are often used to suggest 2
importance (in recurring grand events like the Olympic
Games) or timelessness.
Sample answers
Photograph 1: 23. (The image is taken from the Los
Angeles Memorial Coliseum, home of the 1984 Olympic 1 A few people are tri-lingual. In other words, they can
Games.) speak three languages.
Photograph 2: five minutes to three. (The image is of a 2 Deciduous trees are defined as trees which lose their
traditional clock face.) leaves in autumn.
Photograph 3: 45. (The image is taken from the 2011 3 Many people suffer from dyscalculia. This means that
American Football Super Bowl, where Pittsburgh they have difficulty with numbers and mathematics.
Steelers played the Green Bay Packers.)
4 Prime numbers are defined as numbers that can only be
3 Student’s own answers. divided by 1 and themselves.

TASK 2  Reading for detail TASK 5  Understanding meaning from context

1 1

Answers Answers
1 symbol for ‘one’ written repeatedly 1  b  2  a
2 Roman, Mesopotamian, Ancient Indian
3 modern Chinese 2
4 horizontal bars
5 handwritten Sample answers
2 a A dot is another term for a small round mark.
6 three
3 c Enumeration means identifying the number of
7 new numerals made it easier to tell difference between something.
numbers 4 d A chronoscope is defined as a device for measuring
small amounts of time.
5 b Replication is another term for copying something
TASK 3 Identifying definitions and exactly.

explanations
3
1
Answers
Answers 1 more than a century ago
1 a sign or symbol that represents a number 2 enumerating dots on cards
2 the ability to determine the number of something 3 less than half a second on average
without counting 4 one second
5 over a second
2 and 3

Answers
2 a using the same number of bars as units when
counting
b people are unable to distinguish between numbers
when there are more than four bars together.
3 Definitions: … is a XXX that represents; … is defined as
XXX
Explanations: This means that …; In other words …

008  Unit 2  Symbols © Oxford University Press 2016

2C   Writing (1)  Simple 2C   Writing (2)  Extended
definitions definitions
TASK 1  Completing simple definitions TASK 1  Understanding simple definitions (2)
2 and 3 1

Answers Answers
Symbol 1 means ‘at’. You can find symbol 1 in email 1 A pictogram represents an idea or concept visually. An
addresses. ideogram replaces a word.
Symbol 2 means ‘no entry’. It’s found on road signs. 2 Symbols 4–6 are pictograms.
Symbol 3 means ‘female and male’. They are often used in
a scientific context. 2
Symbol 4 means ‘No telephones’. You can find it on the
doors of banks or cinemas. Answers
Symbol 5 means ‘restaurant’ or ‘place to eat’. It is often which represents an idea or concept; which is used in place
found in public places like stations. of a word
Symbol 6 means ‘Thumbs up’ or ‘like’. You can find it on
many social media websites.
TASK 2  Writing simple definitions using
prepositional phrases
TASK 2  Understanding simple definitions (1)
1
1
Sample answers
Answers 1 Ecology is the study of the natural world.
1 symbol; represents 2 A cellar is an underground room for storing food and
2 which; horse drink.
3 is; which 3 A memory stick is a device for storing data.
4 A bus is a mode of transport with lots of seats for
transporting passengers.
TASK 3  Writing simple definitions using 5 A drill is a tool for making holes in wood, brick, or metal.
relative clauses
1 TASK 3 Identifying extended definitions
Answers 1
1 A degree is a qualification which / that you get from a
university. Answers
2 A carnivore is an animal which / that eats only meat. 1 Sign language is a system Pof communication Rthat is
3 A hierarchy is a system which / that organizes people or used by deaf people.
things into levels of importance. 2 A postcode is a group Pof letters and numbers Rwhich
4 A vegan is a person who / that doesn’t eat animal indicates an address.
products. 3 A lynx is a species Pof wild cat Pwith black spots and
5 A logo is a symbol which / that a company uses as its long pointed ears.
special sign. 4 A bibliography is a list Pof sources Rwhich you put at the
6 A thermometer is a device which / that measures end of an essay.
temperature.
7 A settlement is a place where people live.

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 2  Symbols 009

TASK 4  Writing extended definitions TASK 2  Collocations (1):  Verbs and nouns
1 1

Sample answers Answers

1 Greenhouses are buildings with glass roofs and walls 1 follow 5 carried out
that people use to grow plants. 2 make 6 reached
2 Shorthand is a method of quick writing that uses 3 gave 7 calculate
symbols and abbreviations.
4 set 8 used
3 Uranium is a chemical element that can produce large
amounts of energy.
4 A stenographer is an employee of a court of law who
writes what is said in court.
5 A Dalmatian is a breed of dog with a black spotted coat
2E   Academic Language
which is often kept as a pet.
Check
TASK 5  Writing sentences with a definition TASK 1  Definitions and explanations
and/or explanation 1
1 and 2
Answers
Answers 1  means  2  which  3  term  4  type  5  when
1 2 of origin
3 for the area 2
4 that the car is from
5 of manufacture
Answers
6 which give the car its unique identity
1 A: What is cryptography?
2 aA car number plate is ba sign cwhich distinguishes it B: It’s the study of making and breaking codes.
from other cars. It is attached to the front and back 2 A: What does auditorium mean?
of a car. aThe letters on the far left (e.g. GB) show B: It’s the place where a theatre audience sits.
b
the country cof origin. aThe first two letters of the 3 A: Can you explain what a first draft is?
number (e.g. FE) are ba code cfor the area cthat the car B: It’s the first version of something that you write,
is from. aThe two numbers (e.g. 07) indicate bthe year such as an essay.
c
of manufacture. aThe three letters at the end (e.g. 4 A: What does orca mean?
GVX) are brandom letters cwhich give the car its unique B: It’s another name for a killer whale.
identity.

TASK 2  Definitions using defining words and

phrases
2D  Vocabulary
1
TASK 1  Academic verbs Answers
1 1  b  2  d  3  c  4  a  5  f  6  e

Answers 2
1 distinguish between 4 shown
2 increased 5 determine Answers
3 derive from 6 occur 1 Intelligence is defined as the ability to understand,
learn, and think.
2 A metre is defined as the distance travelled by light in
0.000000003335 of a second.
3 A phoneme is a symbol that represents one of the
sounds of a language.
4 Obesity is defined as having excessive body fat that
may damage health.
5 Basic is one of the earliest computer languages.
6 Ageing can be defined as the process of physical
deterioration of the body.

010  Unit 2  Symbols © Oxford University Press 2016

UNIT 3  Ethics
ACADEMIC FOCUS: DESCRIBING AND EXPLAINING

DISCUSSION 2   3.2

1 Answers
1 Fairness is defined as following the rules.
Answers
2 Integrity means playing the sport in the correct spirit.
1  legal  2  ethical
3 Respect is polite behaviour towards someone or
something you think is important.
2 and 3
3   3.2
Answers
2 1 rules  2  gifts  3  agreement  4  respect
Answers
1 their behaviour has an effect on others who may copy it
2 the agreed ethics of a society affect how a

3A   Listening & Speaking  sportsperson behaves

Presentations (2) TASK 4 Noting examples

TASK 2  Understanding the main idea 1–3   3.3

1   3.1 Answers
1 for example
Answer 2 1 faking an injury; using performance-enhancing
1 Sportsmanship drugs; unfair play like time-wasting
2 teams playing for a draw
3 children and young people
2   3.1

Answers
TASK 6 Identifying requests for repetition and
Gamesmanship Sportsmanship clarification
Definition the principle the principle that
that winning is the goal is not just 1   3.4
everything to win, but to win
with honour
Answers
What sport any sport amateur sport
a  1, 4  b  2, 3  c  5
it relates
to
Why it some people some people
happens believe it is the believe competition TASK 8  Describing a concept
responsibility of the is important, but
referee to enforce that sport must 1   3.6
the rules / they are be practised in an
not breaking a rule if environment of
Answers
the referee does not honesty and respect
catch them 1 today and tomorrow
2 plant another for future use
3 economics

TASK 3  Understanding supporting details 4 resources limited + population growing

1   3.2

Answers
fairness; integrity; respect; responsibility

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 3  Ethics 011

 3B  Reading Textbooks (3) TASK 4  Recognizing noun phrases using
adjectives and nouns
TASK 1  Preparing to read a text 1 and 2

1 Answers
1 moral values (adjective + noun)
Answer 2 basic principles (adjective + noun)
b
3 legal obligations (adjective + noun)
4 child labour (noun + noun)
2
5 overseas factories (adjective + noun)

Answers 6 offshore companies (adjective + noun)

1 rules; behave 7 clear statements (adjective + noun)

2 beliefs 8 corporate culture (adjective + noun)

3 feel
3
4 law

Answers
a aspect, practice, code, issues, policy, standards
TASK 2  Understanding ideas in a text
b conduct, strategy, activities, ethics, organizations
2 and 3

Answer TASK 5  Using noun phrases in descriptions

3 Items 1–4 are covered in the text. While the author
draws attention to the ethical issues which concern big 1
business, there is no reference to or evaluation of how
unethical business activities should be dealt with. Answers
1 public 6 ethical
2 international 7 corporate
TASK 3  Understanding the role of supporting 3 business 8 staff
detail 4 high 9 business
5 business
1

Answers 2
Statement 1 matches main idea 3.
Answers
Statement 2 matches main idea 4.
1 business partners 6 modern art
Statement 3 matches main idea 1.
2 staff training 7 repetitive work
Statement 4 matches main idea 2.
3 a difficult decision 8 gender issues
4 a skilled workforce 9 a detailed business plan
2 and 3
5 international law 10 eco-friendly products
Sample answers
5 People sometimes stop buying products or using
services of companies who are known to be unethical;
unethical companies are sometimes fined or punished
in some other way.
6 Ethical practices can be used as part of a company’s
marketing; ethical products are popular with young
people who might become long-term brand users.
7 Most companies are concerned about the amount of
energy they use as this is expensive and potentially
damaging to their reputation.

012  Unit 3  Ethics © Oxford University Press 2016

3 2

Answers Answers
1 Some restaurants use out-of-date food ingredients. 1 the 5 Ø 9 Ø 13 the
2 Unskilled workers are usually cheaper to employ. 2 Ø 6 a; the 10 a 14 a
3 It is a good business strategy to take care of the local 3 Ø 7 a 11 the 15 the
environment. 4 the 8 Ø 12 the 16 the
4 In most countries, the use of child labour is an illegal
practice. 3
5 UK law doesn’t allow cigarette advertising.
6 Many clothing factories are located where there is Answers
cheap labour. 1 In the UK, medical ethics committees protect the rights
7 Many company directors have to make difficult of people in medical research trials.
decisions. 2 Most hospitals have a medical ethics committee.
8 Big international organizations usually have clear 3 Before starting a medical trial, a research team must
values and ethical codes of conduct. submit a detailed plan of the research.
4 The research team must also prepare an information
leaflet for potential participants.
5 The leaflet needs to include information about the
3C   Writing (1)  Sentences possible risks involved.

using articles 6 Medical ethics committees are independent of both the

research team and the organization which is funding
the research.

TASK 1  Previewing the theme of a writing

task
2 3C   Writing (2)  Sentences
Answer using noun phrases
The writer agrees. Their view is expressed in sentence 1,
the topic sentence of the paragraph. TASK 1  Previewing the theme of a writing task
3 3

Answers Answers
Sentence 2 – defines a key term which supports the 1 the act of copying other people’s work or ideas without
writer’s view. acknowledgement
Sentence 3 – explains the relevance of the key term. 2 all published and unpublished material
Sentence 4 – offers evaluation. 3 Latin plagiarius, meaning ‘kidnapper’

TASK 2  Using articles TASK 2  Using determiners

1 1

Answers Answers
Sentence 1: 1 This
researchers – zero article, general sense 2 their
a code of ethics – indefinite article, countable 3 a writer’s / another person’s
Sentence 2: 4 a writer’s / another person’s
research ethics – zero article, general, uncountable
5 these
Sentence 4:
6 their
a clear set of rules – indefinite article, countable
Sentence 5:
the people – definite article, plural

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 3  Ethics 013

2
3D  Vocabulary
Answers
1 The study of ethics concerns moral standards and how TASK 1  Style: Academic vs informal vocabulary
we apply these standards. This (subject) is common in
most university philosophy departments. 1 and 2
2 Edward Jones (2014) claims that plagiarism has become
more common. His findings were based on a study of Answers
over 100 institutions. 1 1 is concerned with
2 examines
3 The law in most countries allows research that uses
3 consider
animals. However, this is only allowed when there isn’t
4 covers
an alternative research technique.
5 participate in
4 ‘Declaration of Authorship’ forms should be completed 6 outlines
by all students. These should be attached to all essays 7 summarizes
or assignments. 8 state
5 Doctors sign an oath to declare that they will not 2 1 summarize
discuss their patients. 2 examine
6 Students must not plagiarize other people’s work. 3 outline
Those who do plagiarize may be expelled from their 4 participate in
university. 5 consider
6 state
7 be concerned with

TASK 3  Writing descriptive sentences

1 and 2 TASK 2  Collocations (2): Prepositions

Answers 1
1 A recent study has revealed that UK-based foreign
diplomats owe the British government over £500,000
Answers
in unpaid parking fines. 1 with 5 for
2 Nigerian, Turkish, and Afghan diplomats owe the largest 2 on 6 about
proportion of these unpaid fines. 3 to 7 between
3 Foreign Office staff are trying to persuade the guilty 4 on 8 in
diplomats to pay their debts.
4 However, many of those diplomats who were fined are
no longer in the country, which makes the task almost
impossible.
5 Also, diplomatic immunity means that no serving
3E   Academic Language
diplomat can face criminal prosecution.
6 However, all diplomatic staff are expected to obey the
Check
laws of the country they are in.
TASK 1 Noun phrases (1): Adjectives and
2 nouns

Sample answer 1
A recent study has revealed that UK-based foreign
diplomats owe the British government over £500,000 Answers
in unpaid parking fines. Nigerian, Turkish, and Afghan 1 WikiLeaks is an international, non-profit media
diplomats owe the largest proportion of these fines. organization which publishes secret information.
Foreign Office staff are trying to persuade them to pay 2 The WikiLeaks website was launched in 2006 by the
their debts. However, many are no longer in the country, Australian internet activist Julian Assange.
which makes this almost impossible. Also, diplomatic
3 WikiLeaks publishes sensitive, publicly unavailable
immunity means that no serving diplomat can face criminal
information from anonymous sources.
prosecution. However, all of them are expected to obey
the laws of their host country. 4 The organization has released a number of significant
documents which have become front-page news items.
5 It always publishes original, unedited documents to
support any new information it releases.

014  Unit 3  Ethics © Oxford University Press 2016

TASK 2 Noun phrases (2): Articles
1

Answers
1 A 7 the 13 The 19 an
2 a 8 The 14 the 20 Ø
3 a 9 the 15 the 21 Ø
4 the 10 Ø 16 a 22 Ø
5 Ø 11 a 17 a 23 Ø
6 The 12 Ø 18 an

TASK 3 Noun phrases (3): Cohesive

determiners
1

Answers
1 The 5 the other team’s
2 their 6 their
3 This 7 These
4 the 8 The

Answers
undergraduate students
preliminary tournaments
the national finals
an ethical problem
the other team’s answers
the winning team
the next round
These knock-out stages
an overall winner
the annual meeting of the Association for Practical and
Professional Ethics

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 3  Ethics 015

UNIT 4  Facts
ACADEMIC FOCUS: COMPARING AND CONTRASTING

4A   Listening & Speaking  3   4.4

Lectures (2) Answers

USA 3,830
Eritrea 1,530
TASK 1  Predicting the content of a lecture
3   4.1
TASK 5  Using the language of comparison
Answers
1
Western countries, e.g. USA, Canada, and Australia, have
more food than population needs.
Answers
Developing world, e.g. Bangladesh, Sudan, and Ethiopia,
1 advanced 4 better
don’t have enough to feed the population. Hunger,
malnutrition, and starvation can occur. 2 as cheap as 5 more intensive than
3 higher than

TASK 2 Noting down key facts and figures 2

1   4.2 Sample answers

1 Ways of storing food today are better than in the past,
Answer when there was a lot of waste.
b 2 Fuel prices now are higher, making the transport of
food more expensive.
2   4.2 3 Calorie consumption in the 20th century was not as big
as it is in the 21st century.
Answers
1 faster than 3 better
2 greater than 4 more efficient than TASK 6  Presenting information – referring to
visuals

TASK 3 Identifying comparison in visuals 1   4.5

1   4.3 Answers
a  1  b  4  c  2  d  3
Answers
Asian food production higher than Latin America 2 and 3   4.5
Latin American food production similar to North America
African food production not as high as other parts of the Answers
world 2 a today I’m going to talk about
b As you can see from the graph
c This chart compares
2   4.3 d You will notice that
3 1 c  2  d  3  a  4  b
Answers
a droughts, poor food supply management and
distribution
b needed to import food from abroad

016  Unit 4  Facts © Oxford University Press 2016

 4B  Reading Textbooks (4) TASK 5 Identifying similarities and differences
in a text
TASK 1  Discussing the topic of a text 1

1–3 Answers
a Paragraph 2 c Paragraph 1
Answers b Paragraph 4 d Paragraph 3
1 1 Swimming 4 Cycling
2 Football 5 Basketball
3 Running 2

Answers
TASK 2  Understanding main points of 1 unlike 4 similar to

comparison 2 like 5 different from

3 not the same
1

Answers TASK 6  Expressing similarities and differences

Author of the study: Guest
Date of publication: 2007 1
Focus of the study: (members of) two men’s
college soccer teams Answers
Results of the study: In the USA, sport is seen as an 1 different from 4 differ
opportunity to test self and 2 similar to 5 Unlike
develop abilities. 3 not the same 6 like
In Malawi, sport is seen as a
chance to display abilities. 2
Method of collecting data: observing and interviewing the
participants Answers
1 Unlike the USA, Japan is a collectivist culture.
2 2 Football today is different from the football played 100
years ago.
Answer 3 Sport and business are similar to each other.
Statement 3 contains the main idea. 1 may be true, but
4 Sporting ethical codes differ around the world.
isn’t mentioned here – the focus is on sport participation in
general and not specific sports. Again, 2 may be true, but 5 Malawi is similar to its neighbour, Zambia.
this information isn’t presented here. Note that students 6 American football and soccer are not the same.
may infer this from the fact that sport is formalized in the 7 Professional sport is not the same as amateur sport.
US education system.

Answers
4C   Writing (1)  Writing
a It showed that the reasons for doing sport are not the
same in the USA and in Malawi.
connected sentences
b Competition was the main motivation for 70% of US
respondents, whereas no Malawian players mentioned it. TASK 1 Identifying comparison and contrast
2
TASK 3  Reading for specific details Answers
1 and 2 1 the most popular; also
2 Both; In contrast
Answers 3 highest; lowest; This is also the case
1 a to show ability; for health; to unite the nation; a
4 By comparison
good way to avoid trouble
b competition; to test self; to develop abilities; to stay
away from crime; to improve self; to be creative
2 to solve social problems

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 4  Facts 017

TASK 2  Using language to show similarity and 2 and 3
difference
Answers
1 2 a 3  b  5  c  1  d  4  e  2
3 higher; compared to; While; in contrast; also
Answers
1 However 3 By comparison
2 In contrast 4 Similarly; also TASK 3  Completing a description of visual
information
2 and 3
1
Answers
2 1 b  2  d  3  a  4  c Answers
3 1 Research has shown that about one-third of the 1 Participation in a range of leisure activities by age
male adult global population smokes. In contrast,
2 Overall both age groups had high participation rates in
only about a quarter of women do.
most leisure activities, with some notable exceptions.
2 According to United Nations statistics, the
worldwide average life expectancy for males is 65.7 3 Watching TV
years. However, it is 70.1 years for females. 4 Gardening, Going to the cinema
3 There are about 6.5 million land species. By
comparison, approximately 2.2 million species live in 2
the seas and oceans.
4 Poland ended its communist rule in 1989. Similarly,
Answers
communism was abandoned in a number of
European countries in the early 1990s. 1 compares 4 In contrast
2 shows 5 compared to
3 also
TASK 3  Writing comparison and contrast
sentences
1 4D  Vocabulary
Sample answers
1 There are 8,400 universities in India. By comparison, TASK 1  Vocabulary related to trends
China has 1,050.
1
2 22% of females in the UK work in administrative jobs. In
contrast, only 5% of males do similar work.
Answers
3 The optimum temperature for growth for bacteria A is
1 significant 4 increase
20°C. However, for bacteria B it is 35°C.
2 growth 5 rate
4 The population of Australia is 23.2 million. This is also
the population of the Ivory Coast. 3 varied 6 dramatic

TASK 2  Prepositions in statistics

4C   Writing (2)  Describing 1
visual data Answers
1 to 4 At
TASK 1  Using visual information in writing 2 of; in 5 of
3 Over
1

Answer
b

018  Unit 4  Facts © Oxford University Press 2016

TASK 3  Vocabulary-building: Antonyms
1

Answers
1 uncompetitive; unproductive; uncreative; unpopular;
uninterested; unsuccessful
2 inefficient; informal
3 high (low); different (same)

Answers
1 unpopular 5 low
2 uninterested 6 unsuccessful
3 unproductive; uncreative 7 same
4 informal

4E   Academic Language
Check
TASK 1  Describing similarity and difference
1

Answers
2 similarities / differences 6 different
3 differences / similarities 7 same
4 unlike 8 similar
5 both

TASK 2  Comparative adjectives

1

Answers
1 more popular than; as popular as
2 more dangerous than / as dangerous as
3 heavier than
4 more valuable than; as valuable as
5 as successful as
6 faster than; as fast as / faster than

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 4  Facts 019

UNIT 5  Environment
ACADEMIC FOCUS: EXPRESSING STANCE

DISCUSSION 2

2 Answers
1 collapse (n) a sudden or complete failure of something
Answers
2 shortage (n) a situation when there is not enough of
a positive d positive something
b positive e negative 3 resources (n) the things people have or can use
c negative

3 TASK 2 Identifying a main argument

Answers 1   5.1
1  c  2  a, d  3  b, e
Answers
1 its environment
2 species of animals
5A   Listening & Speaking  3 overfishing

Lectures (3) 2   5.1

Answer
TASK 1  Previewing vocabulary in a lecture
b
1
3 and 4   5.2
Sample answers
Easter Island, Pacific Ocean – also known as ‘Rapa Nui’ by Answers
Polynesians, this was discovered by Europeans on Easter Main argument – more than one factor caused collapse of
Sunday 1722. Linguistic and archaeological evidence Easter Island civilization.
suggests that people lived on the island from CE 400. It
Evidence – trees were cleared for agriculture, affecting the
is still unclear if these people came from South America
local environment; rats were introduced by settlers and
or other Polynesian islands. The civilization is famous for
these ate palm nuts, rapidly destroying the remaining palm
examples of stone work – carved statues and stone heads,
tree population.
which are most likely representations of ancestors. At its
height the population was around 9,000. By 1887 it had
fallen to slightly over 100. 5
Mayan civilization, Mexico – established in 1800 BCE,
the Mayans lived in Mesoamerica (nowadays Mexico Answers
and Guatemala). During the Classic Period, CE 250–900, a Early researchers
Mayans lived in large-scale urban environments. During b Modern archaeologists
this period the population was several million. The Mayans
had a sophisticated writing system to transmit cultural
understanding.
Norse settlement, Greenland – discovered and colonized by
TASK 3  Understanding different stances
Eric the Red in CE 985. It was named Greenland in order
1   5.3
to make it attractive to potential settlers. Norse people
stayed there for around 500 years. This was used as a
base for further exploration westwards to Newfoundland Answers
and, probably, North America. a Technocentric thinkers
b Ecocentric thinkers

020  Unit 5  Environment © Oxford University Press 2016

2   5.3 TASK 2 Identifying the main arguments in a
text
Answers
1 view 4 view 1 and 2
2 According to 5 believe that
Answers
3 In their opinion 6 In their view
✓ Paragraph 2 states ‘Research data showed that
the problem of smoke pollution was moved to the
3 entrances and exits of university buildings.’
✗ Paragraph 4 states ‘Staff member Z expressed the view
Sample answers that it was wrong to force people to smoke outside in
1 The ecocentric view is that only resources that can be very cold weather.’
replaced / renewables should be used.
✗ Paragraph 5 states ‘the most obvious solution is to
2 Technocentrics believe that economic growth is provide designated area within buildings … over half of
positive. all respondents favoured this solution.’
3 In the opinion of ecocentric theorists, the Earth is a
resource for every species. 3
4 According to technocentric thinkers, shortages in
resources will be solved by technology. Answers
1 stopped smoking
2 pollution
TASK 4 Identifying stance and supporting 3 visual
evidence 4 ban
1 and 2  5 in a special pen in the car park
 5.4
6 stop smoking
Answers 7 support to stop
8 inside
The The Language
technocentric ecocentric used
view view
1 Sarah ✓ It seems to me TASK 3  Recognizing stance in a text
that … ; No, I
don’t agree. 1
2 Joel ✓ Yeah, I agree
with that. I Answers
think that … d, e, b, a, c
3 Hasan ✓ Yes, but …; I
would argue 2
that …
Answers
3   5.4 1 staff member X who commented …,
2 According to staff member Y, …
Answers 3 The majority view, however, was that …
Sarah: not enough food; increased food production 4 Staff member Z expressed the view that …
Joel: deep-water drilling, etc.; oil from places like Arctic 5 … is clearly not a satisfactory solution; Perhaps then the
Hasan: can’t continue using limited resources, not most obvious solution is …
sustainable

TASK 4  Expressing stance

5B  Reading Journals 1

Answers
TASK 1  Preparing to read about a new topic 1 view 4 commented

2 2 notes 5 clearly / perhaps

3 perhaps / clearly
Answer
3 a social study

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 5  Environment 021

2 3 

Answers Sample answers

1 Harper noted that the results of the experiment were 1 thought / probable / likely
inconclusive. 2 suggests / indicates
2 According to Mathau, there is clearly insufficient 3 thought
evidence that ETS is harmful.
4 thought / probable / likely
3 The majority view was that there wasn’t enough
5 suggests / indicates
evidence to change the policy.
4 One view is that the opinions of non-smokers are given
too much weight.
4
5 Another view is that their opinions aren’t considered
Sample answers
enough.
1 It is probable that the universe began to exist about 15
6 The change in the attitude of the smokers themselves
billion years ago.
is perhaps the most significant fact. / Perhaps the most
significant fact is the change in the attitude of the 2 There are thought to be around a million insect species
smokers themselves. on Earth.
3 A recent discovery suggests that many dinosaurs had
feathers.
4 Recent research indicates that genetic factors influence
5C   Writing (1)  Sentences human personality more than environmental factors.
5 It is likely that by the end of the century many homes
expressing stance will produce their own electricity. / By the end of the
century, it is likely that many homes will produce their
own electricity.
TASK 1  Previewing a writing task 6 The Japanese giant spider crab is thought to live for up
to 100 years.
1 and 2

Answers
1 trees were cleared to create grazing land
2 a It has been changed by human activity as well as
5C   Writing (2)  Writing a
climate change.
b Early humans lived in a wider range of environments
stance paragraph
than previous research suggested.
TASK 1 Identifying stance

TASK 2  Using hedging language 1

1 Answer
The writer agrees with the statement.
Answers
It is likely that; The discovery indicates that; 2
This also suggests that
Answers
2 1 The stance is clear – expressed in the opening sentence
of the paragraph.
Answers 2 The supporting examples draw on knowledge of an
1 indicate environment beyond Earth, so are appropriate to the
2 were always thought to be task.
3 suggests
4 It is possible that
5 indicates
6 it is likely that
7 indicates

022  Unit 5  Environment © Oxford University Press 2016

TASK 2 Identifying hedging language 5D  Vocabulary
1 and 2
TASK 1  Vocabulary related to research
Answers
1 fact 1
2 fact
3 claim – the two polar ice caps appear to be made …
Answers
1 effects 5 measure
4 claim – there may also be a very small amount of water …
2 existing 6 factor
5 claim – It appears that about 2% …
3 conduct 7 contributed
6 claim – It seems that this is the same …
4 range 8 conditions
7 claim – This could mean that …

TASK 3  Using hedging verbs and modal verbs TASK 2  Vocabulary-building: Noun suffixes

1 1

Answers Answers
relocation, majority, agreement, activity, suggestion,
1 A volcanic eruption in the Antarctic could cause sea
statement
levels to rise considerably.
2 Drought seems to be the major problem in parts of sub-
Saharan Africa. 2
3 The surface of the planet Mercury appears to be
covered in craters. Answers
4 The first tools used by humans may be over 2.5 million 1 minority 4 ability
years old. 2 contribution; education 5 management
5 The brain can use up to about a fifth of the body’s total 3 improvement
energy consumption.
6 It appears that university applications are increasing.
7 It seems that population growth in China is slowing TASK 3 Nouns and verbs with the same form
down.
1

Answers
TASK 4  Writing a paragraph expressing stance
1 a noun; b verb
1 and 2 2 a verb; b noun
3 a noun; b verb
Answers
1 the writer agrees
2 shows, will be a consequence, are at risk, will have to
build, will only be possible, have completely failed

Sample answer
New research suggests that widespread flooding could
be a consequence of global warming in Europe by as soon
as 2050. It appears that tens of millions of people are
at risk, and dozens of cities across Europe may have to
build defences to protect against rising sea levels. This
kind of construction may only be possible if we use new
technologies to our advantage. During previous floods,
traditional methods of dealing with the problem seem to
have failed.

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 5  Environment 023

5E   Academic Language
Check
TASK 1  Expressing stance
1

Answers
1 Greenpeace says that there may be just 10,000 blue
whales worldwide.
2 Most experts’ view is that deforestation must slow
down.
3 Evans (2014) believes that many species may soon
become extinct.
4 According to Peterson, humans must one day colonize
another planet.
5 Smith (2012) notes that the research findings are
inconsistent.
6 Harris and Jones claim that the survey findings are not
reliable.
7 The most important research was perhaps that of
Roberts and Hick.
8 A number of species clearly risk losing their habitats.

TASK 2  Agreeing and disagreeing

1

Answers
1 think 7 right
2 don’t agree 8 but
3 seems 9 agree
4 don’t think 10 think
5 to me 11 and
6 think

TASK 3 Hedging
1

Answers
1 Average life expectancy could soon be over 100.
2 It seems that the number of different natural habitats is
decreasing.
3 The results of the study appear to be inconclusive.
4 Many of the world’s rainforests may one day disappear
completely.
5 It appears that the physical workplace greatly affects a
worker’s performance.
6 Humans seem to be destroying much of the planet.
7 It is likely that there will be a manned trip to Mars
before 2050.
8 Global temperatures are thought to be rising faster
than ever.

024  Unit 5  Environment © Oxford University Press 2016

UNIT 6  Science
ACADEMIC FOCUS: PERSPECTIVE

DISCUSSION 3

2 Sample answers
Aerogel
Answers a improves insulation – could be used in extreme cold /
1 economic 4 industrial heat, e.g. oil and gas exploration
2 medical 5 social b improves insulation – could be used to make thermal
clothing
3 environmental
c improves insulation – reduced risk of burns from metals
d light and strong – could be used in developing car /
plane parts

6A   Listening & Speaking  Graphene

a high strength-to-weight ratio – could be used in
Lectures (4) manufacture of windmill blades or aircraft components
b thin, lightweight, and flexible – could be used to create
‘smart’ clothing which incorporates technology
TASK 1  Preparing for a lecture c flexible – screens on mobile devices would be
unbreakable
1
d lightweight – cheaper to transport than more traditional
materials
Answers
Gecko tape
1 conductive (adj) able to conduct electricity, heat, etc.
a flexible – could be used to join mechanical parts
2 stable (adj) steady, firm, and unlikely to change
b sticks to surfaces – could be used on sports shoes to
3 flexible (adj) able to bend easily without breaking
improve grip
4 isolate (v) separate sth physically from other things
c sticks to surfaces – could be used by rescue workers to
climb
2 d sticks to surfaces – could improve tyres
Answers
a Gecko tape
b Aerogel
TASK 2 Noting down the main ideas in a
c Graphene
lecture
1   6.1

Answers
1 atom 5 1961
2 very flexible 6 2000–2004
3 strong 7 computers
4 conductive 8 smartphones

Sample answer
Graphene could be used instead of silicon in computer
chips as it conducts energy and information faster. This
would speed up business. Graphene can be used in 3D
printing, helping businesses demonstrate their product
designs. Graphene is strong, lightweight, and flexible, so
storing products should be easier and cheaper.

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 6  Science 025

3   6.2 TASK 7  Recognizing perspectives in a
presentation
Answers
1 thinner 1 and 2   6.5
2 one layer
Answers
historical (positive), commercial (positive), practical
(positive), environmental (negative), visual (negative)
TASK 3  Recognizing different perspectives in
a lecture 3   6.5
1 and 2   6.3
Answers
Answers 1 Historically 4 environmental
industrial – using a more industrial process, so that it can 2 commercially 5 visually
be used to create new products 3 practical
chemical – breaking graphite down chemically in a liquid
solution
commercial – from a commercial perspective, this
represents a much better solution 6B  Reading Textbooks (5)
TASK 4  Expressing perspectives TASK 1  Previewing the theme of a text

1 1

Answers Answers
1 industrially 3 Environmentally A Biology

2 in political terms 4 Militarily B Chemistry

C Physics

TASK 5  Using abbreviations

TASK 2  Understanding the main ideas of a
1 text
Sample answers 1–3
1 Research led by lge team @ Durham Uni.
2 approx 300 interviewed Answers
3 3 US W. Coast states, i.e. Washington, Oregon, California 2 a, b, d, f, g

4 Seattle study tested 20 diff metals 3 Paragraph 1  b

5 Roman alphabet not used in Arabic, Russian, Japanese, Paragraph 2  a

etc. Paragraph 3  d
Paragraph 4  f
2   6.4  Paragraph 5  g
Sample answers
1 examine diff precious metals, e.g. silver + gold
2 Ph.D Material Science UCLA
TASK 3 Identifying perspective language
3 4 yrs science, i.e Physics / Chemistry 1 and 2

Answers
TASK 6 Taking notes on key perspectives 1 historical (paragraph 3) – historically

1  2 health (paragraph 4) – as far as our health is concerned

 6.3
3 environmental (paragraph 4) – in terms of the
Answers environment
1 Uni 4 etc. 4 global (paragraph 4) – from a more global point of view
2 diff 5 e.g. / incl 5 ethical (paragraph 5) – from an ethical perspective
3 i.e.

026  Unit 6  Science © Oxford University Press 2016

TASK 4  Using perspectives to understand the 3 and 4
content of a text
Answers
1 and 2 Positive
Historical: most significant element; used for trade,
Answers decoration, etc; helped economies measure strength

Paragraph Perspective Positive / Supporting idea Engineering: many uses; protects from radiation
Negative / Example Environmental: reflects heat radiation; reduces energy
/ Neutral costs and carbon emissions
3 Historical Positive one of oldest Negative
disciplines, Ethical: miners affected by chemicals and pollutants; poor
some elements working conditions
(e.g. gold +
copper) known
+ analysed for
centuries, others
(e.g. copernicum)
discovered very 6C   Writing (1)  Topic
4 Social Neutral
recently
health: greater
sentences
(health, life expectancy,
environment, safe water,
etc.) medicines,
TASK 1 Identifying topic sentences
fertilizers
1
environment:
pollution, esp. in
less developed Answer
countries. Chemical reactions and processes occur at different
globally: speeds.
increased CO2
leads to global 2
warming
5 Ethical Negative pharmaceutical Answers
companies
charging high 1 fast – sodium azide and potassium nitrate reacting to
prices; weapons create nitrogen gas; slow – reaction to produce ethyl
ethanoate
2 An example of … is …; For instance

TASK 5  Using perspective language 3

1
Answer
Answers b
1 From a historical 4 Technically
2 As far as safety 5 factually
4
3 terms of value 6 From an educational
Answers
Sentence 3  b
2
Sentence 4  c
Answers Sentence 5  a
1 Historically 4 Environmentally
2 Physically 5 From a social perspective
5
3 in terms of engineering 6 Ethically
Answer
c, d, a, b (c is the topic sentence)

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 6  Science 027

TASK 2  Writing topic sentences 2

1 Sample answer
From such analysis, it seems that people with a high level
Answer of odour awareness experience more health problems if
One common example of a chemical reaction is oxidation. they are surrounded by negative smells.

2
TASK 4  Writing a paragraph using topic and
Sample answer concluding sentences
It is important to take care with the chemicals at home in
case they produce strong reactions. 1

Answers
a  1  b  4  c  3  d  2
6C   Writing (2)  Topic and
concluding sentences
6D  Vocabulary
TASK 1  Recognizing topic and concluding
sentences TASK 1  Vocabulary-building: Adjective and
1–3 adverb formation
1
Answers
1 c Answers
2 There seem to be significant individual differences in
people’s awareness of the smells around them. Noun Adjective Adverb
3 b commerce commercial commercially
emotion emotional emotionally
politics political politically
TASK 2  Understanding paragraph structure history historical historically

1 industry industrial industrially

psychology psychological psychologically
Answers technology technological technologically
a  2  b  1  c  3  d  4 chemistry chemical chemically
machine mechanical mechanically
2

Answers 2
Main idea: useful to measure odour awareness
Answers
Extra information: a team at Utrecht developed a
1 commercial 5 industry
questionnaire to measure odour awareness
2 Psychologically 6 Historically
3 chemistry 7 Technologically
TASK 3  Writing concluding sentences 4 political 8 mechanical

1
TASK 2  Vocabulary-building: Multi-part verbs
Answer
c 1

Answers
1 find out 4 break down
2 make up 5 set up
3 looking into 6 looking at

028  Unit 6  Science © Oxford University Press 2016

6E   Academic Language
Check
TASK 1  Abbreviations in note-taking
1

Answers
Study at Heidelberg Uni on lucid dreaming, i.e. dreams
which dreamer is aware of. Approx 300 participants
questioned; used LD for diff reasons, e.g. solving problems,
getting new ideas, increasing performance. Also LD v
useful in sports training: learning new techniques, making
sm improvements in performance.

TASK 2  Expressing perspective

1

Answers
1 From a physics perspective, ‘light’ is a series of particles
moving through air.
2 Pong was the world’s first commercially successful
video game.
3 In terms of safety, Finnair is the number one airline.
4 Scientifically speaking, the experiment was a great
success.
5 As far as cost is concerned, solar energy is the most
economical method.

TASK 3 Topic and concluding sentences

1

Answers
1  d  2  b  3  c  4  f  5  a  6  e

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 6  Science 029

UNIT 7  Language
ACADEMIC FOCUS: SUMMARIZING AND PARAPHRASING

7A   Listening & Speaking  TASK 5  Organizing notes into summaries

Lectures (5) 1   7.3

Answers
TASK 1  Previewing the topic of a lecture a what influences parents’ choice of name + how name
influences character or prospects
2 b these have particular significance / meaning
c men named after character trait or thing they had
Answers done; names could change during lifetime due to
a denote c prospects development of character / significant life events
b ancient d trait
2

TASK 2  Understanding the main idea of a Sample answers

lecture 1 to choose their children’s names
2 the child’s character or prospects
1 and 2   7.1 3 particular significance and meaning
4 their character developing or significant life events
Answers
1 personal names in different cultures
4   7.4
2 defining terms
3 Native Americans in the United States Sample answers
4 Han Chinese in China • Naming Apache women
5 examples relate to significance of names in society named after character trait or significant action; often
named after things in nature / familiar to tribe
6 given names • Differences between Apache men’s and women’s names
different roles in society; women more domestic, with
fewer significant life events than men.
TASK 3  Understanding signposting in a lecture
5
1 and 2   7.1
Sample answer
Answers
Apache women were also named after character traits or
1 In today’s lecture 4 Finally significant actions, as well as sometimes being named
2 First 5 main focus after familiar natural objects. As women had domestic
3 After that 6 first roles in society, their names usually reflected this.

TASK 4  Using notes to complete a summary TASK 6  Understanding a short spoken

summary
1 and 2   7.2
1   7.5
Answers
1 1 family / tribal 4 patronymic Answers
2 geographical 5 Netherlands and Japan 1 personal names, surnames, by-names
3 occupational
2 historical, legal, cultural
Sample answers 3 meaning of names is less culturally important
2 1 a particular group 5 father
2 family / tribal 6 administrative
3 geographical 7 recent
4 patronymic 8 Japan

030  Unit 7  Language © Oxford University Press 2016

2   7.5 TASK 4  Understanding cohesion within a text

Answers 1 and 2
1 I’d like to talk about
Answers
2 Then 1 a looked
3 Finally, in my conclusion b have seen
2 a past simple
b present perfect

7B  Reading Textbooks (6) TASK 5 Identifying key features of a summary

TASK 2  Understanding the main idea in a text 1

1 Answers
1 Language is an essential tool for gaining knowledge.
Answer 2 The concluding sentence provides an element of
Statement 1, given by the topic sentence in Paragraph 3 hedging, by drawing attention to factors which could
affect this ‘essential tool’, e.g. the user’s perspective.
3 By referring to the author, ‘Dombrowski (2013) states’,
TASK 3 Identifying key facts in a chapter and using a direct quotation, ‘a bridge between
personal knowledge and shared knowledge’.
summary
1 2 and 3 

Answer Answers
Paragraph 1 includes information a and b. The summary is Paragraph 1 uses all the key features.
indicated by the phrase ‘At the beginning of this chapter …’ 1 Dombrowski (2013)
Different functions of language are then listed.
2 Less important details, such as what makes language
Information c is not included in Paragraph 1. ‘Positive so human and different (Paragraph 4), are omitted here.
opportunities’ suggests a focus on benefits, but these are
3 ‘a bridge between personal knowledge and shared
only referred to, and not summarized.
knowledge’
4 Opinions are attributed to the author.
2
5 Dombrowski states; Dombrowski says.

Answer
The bulleted statements in Paragraph 2 fulfil function a.
Some students may select option c, but this is included as
TASK 6  Summarizing information in a text
a limitation, rather than being the focus of all the bullet 1
points.

Answers
3
1 In recent years emotions have become the subject of
study for scientists researching the brain and how we
Answer learn.
Main idea c is present in Paragraph 3, given in sentence 2 Defines key terms included in the study of emotions,
2. The limitations of language were highlighted in the e.g. emotional intelligence, refers to theories exploring
previous paragraph and are referred to here to ensure the the study of emotional intelligence, and provides
text flows. The connection between language and thought examples of the role emotional intelligence plays in
is provided as an example, to support the main idea. interacting with others.
3 The author refers to Howard Gardner’s book and
4 paraphrases his ideas.

Answers 2 and 3
1  b  2  a  3  c
Sample answer
Dombrowski (2013) suggests that the scientific study of
emotion is important for research into both the brain and
learning.

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 7  Language 031

4 3

Answers Answers
a the definition of emotional intelligence, the further Synonymous words and phrases
explanation of how emotional intelligence operates considerable / great(ly)
b the list of seven different intelligences since 1945 / more recently
a large number of / many
Changes in word form
TASK 7  Summarizing a reading text influence / influenced
1 relating / -related
Changes in structure
Sample answer Japanese has borrowed / have entered the Japanese
Dombrowski (2013) suggests that the scientific study language
of emotion is important for research into both the brain Words from English / English words
and learning. As Dombrowski notes, Gardner (1984)
highlighted the importance of emotional intelligence in
understanding how people develop and interact. This
theory can also be used to define and explain a number TASK 3  Paraphrasing sentences
of social relationships which affect our understanding of
ourselves.
1 and 2

Answers
1 The study observed (synonym) the behaviour (change

7C   Writing (1)  Paraphrasing to word form) of older brothers or sisters (synonym)

when they interacted (synonym) with a baby sibling
(synonym).

TASK 1  Previewing a writing task 2 When they start (change to word form) school, the
majority (synonym) of children have the linguistic
3 (change to word form) ability (synonym) to be
successful.
Answers 3 The study investigated (synonym) how planning (change
to word form) affected the performance (change to word
a differences between spoken and written code; extensive
form) of a second language speaking task.
grammatical system affected by sociolinguistics
b Chinese on Old Japanese; English on technical
vocabulary since 1945
TASK 4  Paraphrasing a paragraph
1
TASK 2 Noticing paraphrasing
Answers
1 and 2
a sentence 1 c sentence 3
Answers b sentence 4 d sentence 2
1 1 Japanese so difficult to learn ➔ hardest languages to
learn; One major reason ➔ This is primarily because 2 and 3
2 considerable differences ➔ very different
3 sentence 2 Sample answer
2 ‘politeness and formality’, as these represent ‘technical’ The Sumerian language, which originated around 4000 BC
aspects of the language because they refer to and was used across most of the Middle East, is thought
sociolinguistic markers to be the world’s first written language. It stopped being
spoken in 2000 BC, but the written form was used for a
further 2,000 years.

032  Unit 7  Language © Oxford University Press 2016

 7C   Writing (2)  Citation 2

Answers
TASK 1  Analysing sources 1 expressed 5 put forward
2 follows 6 perform
1
3 displays 7 define

Answers 4 fall into

a  1  b  4  c  5  d  2  e  3

2 TASK 2  Using synonyms in paraphrasing

1
Answers
1 author, year of publication, page number Answers
2 author, year of publication 1  b  2  e  3  f  4  a  5  c  6  d

2
TASK 2  Referring to sources
Sample answers
1 and 2
1 special meaning

Answers 2 strong connection

1 1 c  2  a and b 3 a difficult job

2 b argues, c states

TASK 3  Practising reporting verbs 7E   Academic Language

1 Check
Answers
TASK 1  Signposting language
1  c  2  d  3  f  4  a  5  b  6  e
1

TASK 4  Writing citations Answers

1  b  2  d  3  a  4  c  5  h  6  g  7  e  8  f
1

Sample answers
1 a Dombrowski (2013) states that understanding of
TASK 2  Referring back in a text
the emotions of others and ourselves is now known 1
as emotional intelligence.
b Dombrowski (2013) says emotional intelligence is
‘our ability to understand our own emotions and the Answers
emotions of others.’ 1 We have already seen that
2 See Student’s Book page 160. 2 As we have seen
3 You will recall that
4 We saw in Chapter 2 that
5 At the beginning of this chapter we looked
7D  Vocabulary
TASK 1  Collocations (3): More verb and noun TASK 3 Paraphrasing
collocations 1
1 Sample answer
Economies such as the United States are changing from
Answers
industrial to knowledge- and service-based economies.
1  d  2  c  3  b  4  a  5  f  6  e  7  h  8  g At the same time, manufacturing is moving to low-wage
countries.

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 7  Language 033

TASK 4 Citation
1

Answers
1 Foster (1996) has shown that learners who plan tasks
generally attempt more complex language.
2 Mitchell (2009) concludes that ‘over 50 species in the
region are at risk of extinction.’
3 Dictionaries which contain grammatical information are
generally more popular with learners of English than
dictionaries with no grammar content (Jones, 2008).
4 Gerrard (2014) points out that the internet is a useful
research tool.
5 Sangarun (2014) argues that ‘the economy needs to
return to innovation and production’.

034  Unit 7  Language © Oxford University Press 2016

UNIT 8  Formation
ACADEMIC FOCUS: DESCRIBING SEQUENCE AND PROCESS

DISCUSSION TASK 3 Identifying the sequence of events in

a narrative
1
1   8.2
Answer
c, a, b, e, d, f Answers
1 gasoline
2 sea water

8A   Listening & Speaking 

3 make vessel lighter
4 five hours

Presentations (3) 5 twenty minutes

6 seabed soft and featureless; reported seeing a flat fish
(disputed)
TASK 1  Predicting the content of a
presentation 2 

1 and 2 Answers
1 i b
Answers ii a
a  1  b  2  c  4  d  3  e  6  f  5 2 a = past simple for main event, up to then + past
perfect for earlier event
b = while + past continuous for background event, past
TASK 2 Noting down key facts simple for main event

2   8.1
TASK 4  Using past narrative tenses
Answers
1 2,500 km 1 and 2   8.3
2 11 km below surface
Answers
3 Pacific
1 reached 7 were concerned
4 twenty
2 after 8 reduced
5 when two plates of Earth’s crust meet
3 had begun 9 had originally planned
6 1875
4 while 10 When
7 a rope
5 was descending 11 had completed
8 1951
6 cracked 12 returned

Answers TASK 5  Describing past events

1 11 km under the Pacific, near Guam 1   8.4
2 one tectonic plate was forced under another
3 earthquakes and tsunamis occur Answers
4 new forms of life 1 to confirm the Trieste’s findings; to find out more about
5 the depth of the trench deep-sea environments
2 two and a half hours on the seabed
3 terrain was soft and flat; saw no fish, only small
crustaceans

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 8  Formation 035

2 TASK 4 Identifying key language for
sequencing steps
Answers
2 (had) made 6 was able 1
3 piloted 7 was driving
Answers
4 took 8 observed
1 A happens first
5 had reached 9 saw
2 A and B happen at approximately the same time
3 B happens first
4 A happens first
8B  Reading Textbooks (7) 5 A happens first

2
TASK 2  Understanding key information in a
text Answers
1 As 4 Once
1
2 When 5 in turn
Answers 3 then
1 it is much closer to us
2 large nuclear reactors
3 the temperature is very high
TASK 5  Putting stages in a process in
4 the material in the star is very dense
sequence
5 Atoms in the gas 2
6 radiated out into space
7 gravitational energy Sample answer
8 too much hydrogen has been burnt When hydrogen atoms in a star fuse together, they
produce helium. As the amount of hydrogen in the star
reduces, the amount of helium increases. The helium
atoms sink to the centre of the star and the hydrogen
TASK 3  Understanding a description of a atoms remain in a shell around it. The temperature in the
process core of the star rises and when it has reached a certain
temperature, the helium atoms fuse together. The energy
1 radiated by the helium burning causes the star to expand
and to change colour from yellow to red. In this phase of a
Answers star’s life, which lasts only a few million years, the star is
1 Paragraph 3 called a ‘red giant’. When all the hydrogen has been used
up, the core of the star collapses and it becomes a ‘white
2 Paragraph 2
dwarf’.
3 Paragraph 4

2 and 3 TASK 6  Critical thinking – analysing a text

Answers 1 and 2
2 1 gas 9 radiates
2 collapses 10 heat Answers
3 gravity 11 light
1 Comparisons with other processes (Stars are essentially
4 into kinetic energy 12 stable
like large nuclear fusion reactors); sequencing words
5 increases 13 gravitational energy
(as, once, this in turn); the passive voice (is made up of,
6 Nuclear fusion 14 hydrogen
are converted into, are attracted to, is converted into,
7 fuse together 15 core of star
is generated, is radiated away, be pulled into, must be
8 heats up 16 changes
balanced, has been burnt)
3 1 begins, are attracted, begins to collapse, accelerates,
is converted, increases, has reached, fuse together,
releases, causes, is generated, is radiated
2 present simple (active and passive); present perfect
simple
3 Time adverbials: As, Once, in turn, etc.

036  Unit 8  Formation © Oxford University Press 2016

8C   Writing (1)  Sentences 2

using passives Answers

1 Paper was originally made from a mixture of plant
materials.
TASK 1  Previewing a writing task 2 Today, most paper is made from wood.
3 Worldwide, about 300 million tonnes of paper are
1
produced each year.
4 About a third of this is manufactured from recycled
Answers
paper.
1 space
5 Around 70% less energy is required to recycle paper
2 light compared with making it from raw materials.
3 gravity
3
2
Sample answers
Answers 1 Passive – the subject ‘paper’ is more important here,
1 dying stars and the agent has already been established in the
2 gravity (pulling in) preceding sentence.
3 nuclear reactions (at the core of the star) 2 Passive – ‘manufacturers make’ is obvious, and not a
strong collocation.
4 becomes the stronger force
3 Active – the focus on ‘paper industry’ provides broader
5 collapses completely
lexical range.
6 in 1964
4 Passive – the focus should be on amount, ‘They’ is a
potentially unclear referent.
5 Active – foregrounds the process, which is the focus
TASK 2  Recognizing the passive voice here, rather than energy consumption, which is a new
topic.
1 and 2

Answers
1 was first used, are formed, is maintained, is produced, is
compressed 8C   Writing (2)  Describing a
2 Black holes are formed by dying stars.
This outward pressure is produced by nuclear reactions
process
in the core of the star.
In both sentences the agent is required to make it clear TASK 1  Analysing a written process
who, or what, causes the stages in the process to occur.
Without them the description lacks enough detail to be 1
meaningful.
Answers
a The writer has not selected a suitable topic, as the
TASK 3  Using the passive voice essay title asks for ‘a process which has changed the
surrounding environment’ and the final sentence says
1 ‘the final product has no risk for the environment’.
b The essay title has been appropriately addressed,
Answers as the stages are clearly outlined. However, it is not
immediately clear how the method has changed the
2 is formed 9 was invented
surrounding environment.
3 are released 10 is made
4 travels 11 allows 2
5 is thought 12 is opened
6 are / were made 13 is released Answers
7 formed 14 allows Step 2: salt water is rapidly heated and while being
8 was first produced subjected to high pressure, boils quickly
Step 3: vapour is collected
Step 4: process repeated
Step 5: water vapour cools to form liquid water

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 8  Formation 037

TASK 2  Recognizing features of a process TASK 2  Using verbs to describe a process
description
1
1
Answers
Answers 1 attracted 4 reaches; becomes
Passive: heat is used; it is then rapidly heated; 2 generated 5 converted
is subjected to high pressure; vapour 3 stored; released 6 causes
which has been produced; salt is
removed; process is repeated; the salt
has been removed; vapour is cooled;
softening agents are not usually used TASK 3  Word formation: Describing dimensions
Present simple: salt water enters; this causes; only 1 and 2
water vapour remains
Present perfect: once the water has boiled, the vapour Answers
which has been produced; the salt has
1 Adjective Noun
been removed
Sequencing words: first, then, once, after, finally deep depth
long length
2 and 3 high height
wide width
Answers
2 1 uses 6 This causes heavy weight
2 First 7 is removed big size
3 Then 8 Once 2 1 depth 3 weight
4 causes 9 is collected 2 high 4 size; wide
5 Next 10 Finally

Sample answers
3 8E   Academic Language
Passive: holes are drilled; electrical currents are
sent; fluid … is pumped; is removed; is Check
collected; gas is piped
Present simple: fracking uses water; this causes; gas TASK 1  Past narrative tenses
begins to flow
Sequencing words: first, then, next, once, finally 1

Answers
1 discovered 8 invented
8D  Vocabulary 2 was growing 9 had been
3 noticed 10 realized
4 appeared 11 had been used
TASK 1  Prepositions of place
5 had become 12 was
1 6 had forgotten 13 was first turned
7 had developed 14 was used
Answers
1 below 5 on
2 onto 6 around TASK 2 The passive voice
3 to 7 inside
4 away from; towards 8 to
1

Answers
2 are manufactured 5 is grown
3 are emitted 6 was invented
4 were discovered

038  Unit 8  Formation © Oxford University Press 2016

TASK 3 The passive voice and narrative
sequencing words
1

Answers
1 begins 8 are added
2 First 9 After
3 When 10 has been refined
4 has been extracted 11 then
5 Next 12 Finally
6 requires 13 is transported
7 are removed

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 8  Formation 039

UNIT 9  Health
ACADEMIC FOCUS: CAUSE AND EFFECT

9A   Listening & Speaking  TASK 4  Critical thinking – evaluating evidence

Lectures (6) 1

Sample answers
TASK 1  Preparing for a lecture 1 Environmental factors – taste and sound associations
from childhood, e.g. pleasant taste of sweets,
1 and 2 unpleasant taste of vegetables, songs learnt at school,
music they played repeatedly
Answers Physical differences – brains are cross-wired, more than
1 3 taste  5  smell one part of brain activated by sensory signals
2 Neuro-imaging tests have been inconclusive; scans
Sample answers sometimes show two areas of brain lighting up, and
2 music (hearing); blue light (sight); salt (taste); a warm sometimes only one.
surface (touch); flowers (smell)

TASK 5  Understanding cause and effect

TASK 2  Understanding key ideas relationships
1 and 2   9.1 1 and 2   9.3
Answers
Answers
1 mixed up
1 1 because 4 owing to
2 an extrasensory response 2 Therefore 5 so that
3 see a colour 3 due to; because of
4 book 2 1 cause 4 cause
5 taste something unrelated 2 cause 5 effect
6 see a certain shape or colour 3 cause; cause

3 and 4   9.1
TASK 6  Using cause and effect language
Answers
1 true – understanding why it occurs could help us to 1 and 2
understand how our brains process sensory stimuli
2 false – most synaesthetes find these associations Answers
pleasant rather than unpleasant 1 because 4 due to / owing to
2 so that 5 so that
3 due to / owing to
TASK 3  Recognizing key cause and effect
relations
1–3   9.2

Answers
1 A: physical; brain structure
B: environmental
2 1 from experiences from their childhood
2 more than one part of the brain being activated by a
single stimulus

040  Unit 9  Health © Oxford University Press 2016

TASK 7  Using questions to respond to lecture 2
content
Answers
1   9.4
Asthma a condition where lungs
become inflamed
Answers
positive / negative effects of synaesthesia Main symptoms breathing problems:
(effects) wheezing, coughing,
the number of senses that can be mixed shortness of breath
the most common types of synaesthesia
Possible causes of 1  living in an industrial area
asthma attacks 2 a family history of asthma
2   9.4 or other allergies
3 exposure to tobacco smoke
when young
Answers
1 not sure 3 Can you tell Known causes of Sudden changes in weather
asthma attacks
2 didn’t understand 4 Does anyone know
Connection between None
asthma and pollen
count according to
TASK 8  Asking questions about a presentation research
topic
3 and 4
1–3   9.5, 9.6
Answers
Answers
1 lungs become inflamed
1 1 a condition which affects the brain’s ability to control
the normal sleep-wake cycle 2 shortness of breath / wheezing
2 affects one in every 200 people of all ages 3 living in an industrial area, a family history of the
3 narcoleptics are unable to sleep properly at night condition, childhood exposure to tobacco smoke
and they tend to fall asleep during the day; 4 sudden changes in weather
interrupted sleep causes tiredness; difficulties with 5 no
concentration; can cause hallucinations

TASK 4 Identifying cause and effect

relationships in a text
9B  Reading Textbooks (8)
1 and 2
TASK 2  Understanding the structure of a text Answers
1 and 2 1 1 b  2  c  3  a  4  d
2 2 leads to
Answers 3 are caused by
4 were not a result of
a  3  b  1  c  2  d  4  e  5

3
TASK 3  Understanding cause and effect within Answers
a longer text 1 Hospital admissions for asthma increased in October.
(effect) The number of asthma attacks rose. (cause)
1
2 People think there is more pollen in the air. (cause)
People link the amount of pollen to their asthma
Answers attacks. (effect)
1  swollen lining  2  mucus  3  tight muscles
3 Asthma attacks occur in greater numbers during
October. (effect) Autumn is the season when people
catch colds and flu. (cause)

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 9  Health 041

4
9C   Writing (1)  Cause and
Sample answers
1 The number of asthma attacks rose. As a result,
effect connections
hospital admissions increased in October.
2 People think there is more pollen in the air. Due to this, TASK 1  Analysing cause and effect in a
they link the pollen count to asthma attacks. paragraph
3 Asthma attacks occur in greater numbers in October
because autumn is the season when people catch colds 2
and flu.
Answers
1 sudden feeling of danger
TASK 5  Using verbs to express cause and 2 chemical signal to adrenal glands
effect 3 adrenaline
4 a increased heart rate, b faster breathing
1
5 alert

Answers
1 causes; results 3 mean
TASK 2  Recognizing cause and effect
2 leads 4 caused
1 and 2
2
Answers
Answers 1 1 a cause, b effect
1 One in five car accidents is caused by drivers not paying 2 a cause, b effect
attention. 3 a cause, b effect
4 a effect, b cause
2 A serious mistake in their calculations resulted in some
surprising statistics. 2 is usually a result of; The reason for this is; in turn; As a
consequence; As a result
3 Ice melting in the mountains led to the large amount of
water in the rivers.
3
4 Increased internet access means that more and more
people are searching for the causes of illnesses online.
Sample answer
5 Exercising gently does not cause stress to the muscles
and joints. An unexpected feeling of fear or danger often causes
adrenaline to be released into the body. The hypothalamus
sends signals to the adrenal gland and as a result
adrenaline is released. As a consequence, both heart rate
TASK 6  Critical thinking – examining the ideas and breathing increase. Muscles also tighten and eyes
in a text become wider. The reason for this is to make the body
alert and ready to react.
1

Answers TASK 3  Varying cause and effect language

1 Large numbers of patients reported that their asthma
attacks were caused or made worse by pollen in the air. 1
2 It is important to establish causal links (or a lack of
them). Answers
1 consequence 4 effect
2 consequences for 5 reason for
3 a result of

042  Unit 9  Health © Oxford University Press 2016

2 TASK 3  Using cause and effect language in a
paragraph
Sample answers
1 Increased global temperatures are possibly a result of 1
global warming.
2 Low life-expectancy is an effect of high levels of Answers
childhood poverty. 1 a consequence 4 caused by
3 There are reactions in the nervous system as a result of 2 As a result 5 results in
a drop in blood sugar. 3 due to 6 cause
4 A lot of healthcare is now delivered outside the hospital
and as a result, hospital stays are shorter.
5 Reduced energy levels are a consequence of high TASK 4  Writing a paragraph including cause
protein intake.
and effect language
1

9C   Writing (2)  Cause and Sample answer

effect paragraphs
Malaria, caused by the Plasmodium parasite, leads to an
infection in the liver.

TASK 1  Analysing a cause and effect 2

paragraph Sample answers
3 1 Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease which
leads to thousands of deaths each year.
Answers 2 Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite which
a sentence 3 d sentence 2 humans contract as a result of being bitten by an
infected female mosquito.
b sentence 1 e sentence 5
3 The parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the
c sentence 4 liver, which results in a liver infection.
4 The parasite causes red blood cells to burst by growing
in them and as a consequence the body becomes more
TASK 2  Recognizing cause and effect infected.
language in a paragraph 5 The WHO sees malaria as a serious global health
risk and as a result publishes a World Malaria Report
1 annually.

Answers
condition which causes; condition is caused by; as a result
of the body; This results in glucose; in turn leads to; cause
complications; cause diabetes; due to a combination
9D  Vocabulary
2 TASK 1  Collocations (4): Adjective + noun

Sample answers 1
1 Blood sugar levels rise as a result of diabetes.
Answers
2 The reason glucose builds up is because insulin is not
used effectively. 1 deep 5 high

3 Nerve damage is caused by high blood glucose. / 2 harder 6 certain

High blood glucose can be the cause of nerve damage. 3 serious 7 certain
4 Blindness can be a consequence of damaged nerves. 4 strong
5 Scientists believe diabetes is the result of genetic and
environmental factors.
TASK 2  Recognizing the meaning of homonyms
1

Answers
1  a  2  b  3  b  4  b  5  a  6  b  7  a  8  b

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 9  Health 043

9E   Academic Language
Check
TASK 1  Cause and effect language
1

Answers
1 lead 8 because
2 result 9 result
3 means 10 due
4 cause 11 result
5 caused 12 lead
6 due 13 result
7 due 14 Because

Sample answers
1 Shale gas extraction leads to possible chemical and
radiological pollution.
2 Excessive and prolonged overeating can result in
obesity.
3 Sales rose by over 200% as a result of a successful
advertising campaign.
4 There are fewer cases of sun-related medical conditions
due to increased public awareness.
5 Dementia is caused by damage in the brain.

044  Unit 9  Health © Oxford University Press 2016

UNIT 10  Location
ACADEMIC FOCUS: ARGUMENT

10A   Listening & Speaking  4   10.2

Lectures (7) Answer

Supporting the local economy

TASK 1  Previewing the topic of a lecture

2   10.1 TASK 3  Summarizing main arguments and
supporting evidence
Answer
1   10.3
Responsible tourism can be defined as tourism
which minimizes the negative economic, social, and
environmental impacts on the host country. Answers
1 benefits economically; makes a positive contribution
3   10.1 2 traveller gets closer to culture of their destination

Answers 2   10.3
1 the amount of energy resources consumed in global
travel Answers
2 local communities and environments from the negative 1 more tourism brings more money into region; traveller
impact of mass tourism gets that ‘feel good’ effect
3 the amount of overseas travel 2 The more a traveller respects a culture, the more likely
it is that they get closer to it, and see parts of it that
outsiders don’t usually see.

TASK 2 Identifying main arguments and

supporting evidence
TASK 4 Identifying structure in an argument
1   10.2
1 and 2
Answers
Answers
1 the place they are visiting
1 a 2  b  4  c  1  d  5  e  3
2 the local economy 2 1 Air travel is becoming cheaper and easier, the
3 their impact on the environment number of people who want to travel is increasing,
especially from emerging economies …
2 2 … responsible tourism can be defined as tourism
which minimizes the negative economic, social, and
environmental impacts on the host country.
Answers
3 It should also make positive contributions to the
a  2  b  3  c  1 conservation of the country’s natural and cultural
heritage. And in addition, responsible tourism should
3 benefit the local people by involving them positively
in the tourist industry and ensuring that they’re paid
Sample answers fairly.
4 So responsible tourism has three main aims. First
1 know what to wear at religious sites; how to greet
of all, to reduce the amount of energy resources
someone politely
consumed in global travel. Second, to protect the
2 don’t stay in a hotel owned by a multi-national; use local communities from the negative impact of mass
local guides or services tourism. And thirdly, to limit the amount of overseas
3 rent a bicycle; use a company that doesn’t waste travel.
resources 5 Extracts 2 and 3

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 10  Location 045

TASK 5 Identifying language for developing an TASK 2  Understanding an argument text
argument
2
1 and 2   10.4
Answer
Answers Both 1 and 2 are provided in the final paragraph. Preceding
1 First of all paragraphs define, outline, and develop arguments for and
against before the author evaluates them in summary.
2 also
3 In addition (Furthermore is also correct)
4 Furthermore (In addition is also correct)
TASK 3 Identifying arguments in a text
1
TASK 7  Making concessions within arguments
Answer
1   10.5 Paragraphs 4 and 5

Answers
2
Speaker’s view on Tutor’s response
travelling Sample answer
Elena People don’t travel Agree By concisely mentioning opposing arguments, the author
to learn about other can evaluate and address them with more extensive
cultures; they travel to sit supporting evidence that directly challenges them. Note
on beach or relax by pool that the author uses a number of features to reduce
Carsten Responsible travel means Disagree the strength of the opposing argument – in paragraph 3,
people just stay at home while the extremely small percentage of service sector
jobs is mentioned specifically, the more substantial
manufacturing job losses are described as a vague
3 ‘greater’; in paragraph 5 the concern that offshoring will
grow in the future is dismissed as an irrational ‘worry’,
Answers contradicted by a more legitimate ‘basic principles of
Elena: I understand why you say that, but actually I don’t economics’.
agree …
Carsten: Yes, I see what you’re saying. Although I’m not 3
convinced.
Tutor: There is some truth in that, yes, but …; Well, I realize Answers
that it might look like that …; Although …
Subject Criticism Author’s response
Effect on loss of There is evidence to suggest
jobs domestic that this is not the case.
jobs Although some jobs are lost,
10B  Reading Textbooks (9) studies have shown that
numbers aren’t great.
Types of job lost are
TASK 1  Previewing the topic of a text low-skilled, leaving more
opportunity for high-skilled
1 jobs to grow domestically.
Trend for will But this concern ignores a
Answers offshoring increase in basic principle of economics –
future and developing countries become
1  b  2  a  3  c lead to richer, workers there demand
more job higher salaries. This leads to
2 losses less affordable wages and
eventual reshoring.
Answers
1 company
2 operations
3 country

046  Unit 10  Location © Oxford University Press 2016

TASK 5 Identifying connected arguments in a 3 and 4
text
Answers
1 a labour costs can be kept low – figures given to show
contrast; difficulty in protecting intellectual property –
Answers example of fake goods given
1 although 3 but
2 however 4 despite

10C   Writing (1)  Main body

TASK 6  Using linking words
paragraphs
1

Answers TASK 2 Identifying arguments and supporting

1 even though 4 even though ideas
2 On the one hand 5 Despite 1
3 Although
Answers
2 a The writer agrees with the statement
b economic, ethical, health and safety, legal,
Sample answers environmental
1 Although unemployment levels decreased, they were
still greater than twelve months previously. 2 and 3
2 Air travel is becoming more frequent. However, it is at
the same time also becoming more expensive. Answers
3 Despite having many benefits, vaccines have many
common and serious side effects. Despite having many Argument Supporting evidence /
common and serious side effects, vaccines have many example
benefits. People often employed This may include low pay
4 Nuclear energy is very clean. On the other hand, there under unfair or even illegal and long working hours;
is always the risk of some form of environmental working conditions child labour.
contamination. Businesses ignore health There have recently been a
5 Even though there is a consistent decline in oil and safety standards number of instances where
buildings have collapsed,
production globally, production (of oil) in some regions
injuring and killing many
is booming. / Even though production of oil in some
people.
regions is booming, there is a consistent decline in (oil)
production globally. Natural resources can be destruction of forests and
mismanaged pollution
6 Tourism worldwide is having a positive economic
impact. However, it is at the same time putting greater Economic benefits not Landowners and local
stress on local environments. distributed evenly in the business people often
country profit from foreign
investment. However,
while they become richer,
TASK 7  Evaluating arguments and their the local workforce is often
being exploited and the
evidence poor get poorer.
1 and 2

Answers
1 a labour costs can be kept low; goods can be produced
cheaply
b a perceived lack of quality in products made
overseas; delays to orders; difficulty in protecting
intellectual property
2 However; On the one hand; Even though

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 10  Location 047

TASK 3 Identifying essay structure 10C   Writing (2)  Openings
1
and conclusions
Answers

Paragraph Part of essay Function

TASK 1  Previewing a writing task
1 Introduction Introduces the 5
topic and makes a
concession to the
Answers
opposing viewpoint
while stating aims
Argument Supporting
2 Main body Outlines arguments evidence /
against offshoring example
from ethical
1 Wealth Foreign SE Asian
perspective
investment countries have
3 Main body Outlines arguments brings wealth seen substantial
against offshoring and economic economic growth
from legal perspective growth to poorer due to foreign
4 Main body Outlines arguments countries investment and
against offshoring international trade
from environmental 2 Competition Keeps consumer cheaper clothing
perspective prices low and manufactured
5 Main body Outlines arguments quality high in E Asia more
against offshoring commonplace in
from socio-economic west
perspective 3 Cultures More cultural greater
6 Conclusion Makes a concession to awareness and interconnectedness
opposing viewpoint acceptance means cultural
and restates stance respect and
cooperation

Answers TASK 2  Analysing opening paragraphs

Additive (e.g. also) Contrastive (e.g. while)

1 and 2
in addition; furthermore; even though; however;
also; as well as while
Answers
1 c, b, a
2 a this essay will argue
b While there are

TASK 4  Analysing a concluding paragraph

1–3

Answers
1 c, a, b
2 All features are in common
3 In conclusion; To conclude

048  Unit 10  Location © Oxford University Press 2016

 10D  Vocabulary TASK 2  Linking words (2): Contrast
1
TASK 1  Formal and informal vocabulary
Answers
1 1 But 5 However
2 On the one hand 6 Even though
Answers 3 On the other hand 7 even if
1 negative 4 briefly
4 even though 8 despite
2 wider 5 various
3 address 6 concern

Answers
1 There have been a number of cases where buildings
have collapsed.
2 Globalization is likely to increase even more.
3 By showing respect, both the traveller and the host can
benefit from tourism.
4 Critics of offshoring say that it damages the economy
of the company’s native country.
5 So, in summary, the benefits of offshoring are generally
greater than its disadvantages.

TASK 2  Using common prefixes

1

Answers
1  a  2  f  3  d  4  e  5  b, c

Answers
1 mispriced / overpriced 4 recreated
2 overpopulated 5 interrelated
3 multi-skilled 6 misspelled

10E   Academic Language

Check
TASK 1  Linking words (1): Addition
1

Answers
1 and 6 In addition
2 Furthermore 7 and
3 First of all 8 As well as
4 Also 9 also
5 First of all 10 Furthermore

© Oxford University Press 2016 Unit 10  Location 049

AUDIO CD TRACK LISTING

TRACK UNIT TRANSCRIPT AND

NUMBER NUMBER EXTRACT NUMBER

1 1A Listening & Speaking 1.4 Extract 4

2 1A Listening & Speaking 1.5 Extract 5

3 2A Listening & Speaking 2.4 Extract 4

4 3A Listening & Speaking 3.4 Extract 4

5 3A Listening & Speaking 3.6 Extract 6

6 4A Listening & Speaking 4.5 Extract 5

7 5A Listening & Speaking 5.4 Extract 4

8 6A Listening & Speaking 6.4 Extract 4

9 7A Listening & Speaking 7.5 Extract 5

10 9A Listening & Speaking 9.3 Extract 3

11 9A Listening & Speaking 9.4 Extract 4

12 9A Listening & Speaking 9.5 Extract 5

13 9A Listening & Speaking 9.6 Extract 6

14 10A Listening & Speaking 10.5 Extract 5

050  AUDIO CD track listing