PROPÓSITOS DE PERÍODO

GUÍA # 1

TEMA: 1. Comparative and superlative form of adjectives.

EVALUACIÓN: 1. Usa los comparativos y superlativos de manera correcta en textos incompletos.

OBJETIVO: Afianzar el conocimiento de la temática dada.

ENSEÑANZAS: Comp. Lingüística: inferir, interpretar.

Comp. Pragmática: escribir, organizar

Comp. Sociolingüística: preguntar y responder significativamente .

Question: Describe your favorite place.

Answer:

The cinema is big and closed. It also has many seats, a projection booth and of course a huge

screen. In it you can see all the films that are projected from the projection booth. There is one

person in each chair and the floor is full of popcorn. You can hear everything great because no

matter how much you talk you hear the movie more.

In 3D movies you have to wear special glasses, in normal you don't have to wear them because you

get dizzy if you wear them. Popcorn tastes great and soda quenches your thirst. Everything smells

great because it smells like butter with salt from the popcorn. When I touch the seat I feel that there

is nothing more than food, drink and the movie, at the end of the sea the movie that the sea ends up

liking me and that's why I like cinema so much.

A) Put the adjectives between brackets in the correct form. Comparative, superlative or
equality.

1. My brother has a (tidy) ____tidier___________ room than me.

2. Australia is (big) ______bigger_________than England.

3. I'm (good) ________better_______now than yesterday.

4. She's got (little) ______little_________money than you, but she doesn't care.

5. He thinks Chinese is (difficult) ___is the most difficult____________language in the world

6. Valencia played (bad) ____worse___________than Real Madrid yesterday.

7. Cats are not (intelligent) ______smarter_________as dogs.

8. Show me (good) ___your good____________restaurant downtown.

9. (Hot) ___the hottest____________desert of all is the Sahara and it's in Africa.

10. Who is (talkative) ______the most talkative_________person in your family?

B) Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).

1. My house is (big) __bigger_____than yours.

2. This flower is (beautiful) ________is more beautiful______than that one.

3. This is the (interesting) ______ most interesting____book I have ever read.

4. Non-smokers usually live (long) ______longer______________than smokers.

5. Which is the (dangerous) ____ most dangerous________animal in the world?

6. A holiday by the sea is (good) ________more a good____________than a holiday in the
mountains.

7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) _____more expensive_______than a beer.

8. Who is the (rich) _______richest_____________woman on earth?

9. The weather this summer is even (bad) ___________worse_________ than last summer.

10. He was the (clever) _______smartest_____________ thief of all.

C) Read through this text about Prague and decide on the best answer for each blank. There
are three possibilities for each one. Write the correct letter in each box.
Prague is one of the (1) _____________ popular tourist destinations in Europe. After all the
political changes of the early 1990's, the capital of the Czech Republic began to take advantage of
its beautiful cultural and architectural heritage to attract (2) _____________tourists than ever before

Prague is a (3) _____________city than many people imagine and it is (4) _____________easy to
move around this wonderful city on foot. Public transport is (5) _____________in Prague than in
(6) _____________other European cities but it is often (7) _____________to walk, enabling you to
appreciate marvelous buildings you might have missed if you had been sitting on a bus or a tram.

(8) _____________ people leave the city of Prague without commenting on the superb food and
drink available here. Eating out here is a (9) _____________than it used to be but you can still have
a three course meal for around $15 without any problems.

1. a. more X b. most c. very

2. a. bigger b. more X c. many

3. a. smaller b. more small c. smallest X

4. a. very b. more X c. such

5. a. very cheap b. more cheap X c. cheaper

6. a. every b. most X c. more

7. a. better X b. more good c. most good

8. a. few X b. much c. little

9. a. very cheaper b. little more expensive c. little cheaper X

HOMEWORK:

Links enviados para realizar deben retornar con evidencias (capturas de pantalla)

Realizar los ejercicios de los siguientes link

https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_04_012e?cc=us&selLanguage=en
https://www.ejerciciosinglesonline.com/new-exercises/ex-comparative-superlative/

https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/comparatives-and-superlatives

https://www.learnclick.net/quiz/963

Listening link and answer the questions.

https://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/learners/grammar-and-vocabulary/grammar-lessons/my-
favourite-country-comparatives-and

DESARROLLO

https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_04_012e?cc=us&selLanguage=en

1. My sister thinks she's more intelligent (intelligent) than me, but I don't agree!

2. Avatar is probably the worst (bad) film I've seen!

1. What is the wettest (wet) month of the year in England?

2. Do you think the Harry Potter films are better (good) than the books?

3. Who is the most powerful (powerful) person in your country?

4. I think Men in Black 1 was funnier (funny) than Men in Black 3.

5. Is Angelina Jolie older (old) than Sandra Bullock?

6. John is the nicest (nice) person that I know.

https://www.ejerciciosinglesonline.com/new-exercises/ex-comparative-superlative/

COMPLETE THE ADJECTIVES USING THE COMPARATIVE FORM

1. It´s too noisy here. Can we go to a quieter (quiet) place?

2. The hotel was bigger (big) than that in which we stayed last year.

3. Your work is better (good) than mine.

4. The accident could have been worse (bad) than it was.

5. I was more nervous (nervous) in my exam yesterday than Mark.

6. I´d like to have a faster (fast) car. The one I have now is really old.

7. Last week it was really hot. Today is colder (cold) than then.

WHICH IS CORRECT?

1. We have an older brother who lives in Miami.

2. Her illness is more serious than what the doctors expected.

3. I like warm weather. If the weather is colder, I will get sick.

4. This dress is more beautiful than that one.

5. He is richer than Arthur.

6. This road is farther than the motorway.

7. Was the TV programmer worse than the film?

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING THE SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE

ADJECTIVES

1. It´s a very nice house. It´s the nicest house in the street.

2. This is a cheap restaurant. It´s the cheapest I´ve ever been.

3. It was a very valuable painting. I´m sure it was the most valuable painting in the gallery.

4. She´s a very good tennis player. Her trainer says she is the best.

5. He´s a very dangerous criminal. The police says he is the most dangerous in the country.

6. We should buy him a beautiful present. Last year we gave him the most beautiful gift of all in
his birthday.

4. WRITE THE COMPARATIVE OR SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES IN

THESE SENTENCES

1. She was a very intelligent student. She was the most intelligent girl in her class.

2. It´s a very old castle. Experts argued it is the oldest in Britain.

3. I´m going to sleep on the sofa. The floor is more uncomfortable (uncomfortable) than it.

4. This new job is more important (important) for me than the last I had.
5. Living in the countryside is healthier (healthy) than living in town.

6. These instructions were the most difficult (difficult) ones I have ever read.

https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/comparatives-and-superlatives

Q1 of 10

My mother is ____ than my father.

A. old
B. older X
C. the oldest
D. the old

Q2 of 10

What is ____ movie you have ever seen?

A. funny
B. funnier
C. the funniest X
D. the funny

Q3 of 10

That movie was bad, but it wasn't ____ I have ever seen.

A. baddest
B. worsest
C. worse
D. the worst X

Q4 of 10

Rachel's hair is not as ____ as Sarah's.

 A. long X
B. longer
C. the longest
D. more long

Q5 of 10

Yesterday's exam was ____ than the one last month.

A. difficult
B. difficulter
C. the difficultest
D. more difficult X

Q6 of 10

Peter is as ____ as Alex.

A. fast X
B. faster
C. the fastest
D. the faster

Q7 of 10

I think Mary is ____ woman I have ever seen.

A. beautiful
B. the most beautiful X
C. the beautifulness
D. the beautifuler

Q8 of 10

Her room is only a little bit ____ than mine.

A. bigger X
 B. the bigger
C. big
D. he biggest

Q9 of 10

He is ____ when he is playing football.

A. the happier
B. happiest X
C. the happy
D. happyest

Q10 of 10

Michael's house is ____ from the train than Betty's.

A. far
B. the furthest
C. the farther
D. further X

https://www.learnclick.net/quiz/963

1) Mount Everest is.................... Mountain in the world.

A. the highest X

B. highest

C. the most high

D. the higher

2) Rome is .................. than London.

A. older

B. oldest
C. older X

D. more old

3) My sister is older................. Me.

A. then

B. that

C. of

D. than X

4) Italian food is................. Than English food.

A. more good

B. gooder

C. better X

5) This is the................. Book I've ever read.

A. best X

B. better

C. goodest

6) Becky is ...................... than Tanya.

A. more intelligent X

B. intelligenter

C. much intelligent

7) The weather today is.................... Than yesterday.

A. worse X

B. worst
C. badder

D. more bad

8) English is ................... than Chinese.

A. easier X

B. more easy

C. easer

9) Norway is the ................... country I've ever visited.

A. cleaner

B. cleanest X

10) What's the .................. city you've ever been to?

A. most beautiful X

B. more beautiful

https://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/learners/grammar-and-vocabulary/grammar-
lessons/my-favourite-country-comparatives-and

1 PARTE

1. penny has worked in two countries

b. false
2. she likes the weather in japan and Mexico
a. true
3. food is very important to penny
a. true
4. she doesn’t think that there are many types of food in brilain
b. false
5. she ate lots of sushi in japan
a. true
6. she did’t learn any Japanese
b. false
7. Mexico is her favourite country because of the food
c. false

2 PARTE

1. Kangaroos can jump higher than me. (High)

2. Mexican food is spicier than Japanese food. (Spicy)

3. This is the most comfortable sofa in the shop. (Comfortable)

4. Russia is the biggest country in the world. (Big)

5. Indian food is the spiciest food I have tasted. (Spicy)

6. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (High)

7. Trains are more confortable than buses. (comfortable)

8. Buckingham Palace is much bigger than my house. (big)

9. The more he practiced English grammar, the better he got. (Good)

3 PARTE

R/: Mexico is hotter than Britain

R/: Japan was colder than Mexico

R/: It’s the sunniest country

R/: The more I learned the more difficult it got

GUÍA # 2

TEMA: 2. Review: past simple vs. past progressive.

EVALUACIÓN: 2. Distingue expresiones relacionadas con valores sociales en tiempo

pasado.

OBJETIVO: Afianzar el conocimiento de la temática dada.

ENSEÑANZAS: Comp. Lingüística: inferir, interpretar.

Comp. Pragmática: escribir, organizar

Comp. Sociolingüística: preguntar y responder significativamente.

Question:

What did you do yesterday? What were you doing in your last holidays?

On Saturday I got up early to clean my house, take the dog for a walk and went to the
supermarket. It was a very busy day, since I also had to do some homework and prepare
what I needed for school during the week, since I don't have time from Monday to Friday. I
went to bed a little early on Saturday, just after I finished watching a comedy movie on TV.

On Sunday I woke up at 9 o'clock, finished cleaning the house, and listened to my favorite
music while doing it. For lunch I had spaghetti, which I love, and I finished doing my
English and math homework. I took time to watch television because I had to go to bed
early because the next day was Monday. I did that last weekend.

EXERCISES

A) Fill the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the Simple Past or
past continuous (progressive): look at the example:

Example: *yesterday evening I_________ (work) hard till late because I________ (have) a
difficult task to do.

*yesterday evening I worked hard till late because I had a difficult task to do.

a) We ___went_______ (go) down to the road at 100 km/h when the wheel___fell______
(fall) off.

b) She nearly__almost had____ (have) a heart attack when she__looked_______ (see) the
lion.

c) My mother___puts_____ (get) dress when she ___fills____ (fill) a pain in her chest.

d) I__saw_______ (see) Carol at the party. She ___wearing________ (wear) a beautiful

dress.

e) (You/watch) T.V when I__arrived_____ (arrive)?

B) Complete the text using the correct tense of the verb in parenthesis, past simple or
past continuous (progressive)

Sandra worked for a telecommunications company. She ___started___ (start) in

telemarketing; then__she became____ (became) the IT manager assistant. She __is___
(be) responsible for all the costumers’ services within the company in terms of needs. In
2002 she _ married____ (get married) and ______left_____ (go) with her husband to
Canada to do a Post Graduate Diploma in IT. She ____returned__ (come) back last year
and now __works___ (work) only part time at a multinational Company. She
____spends_____ (spend) the rest of the day with her twins. In the future she __will
find__ (find) her own company where she will offer a variety of computerized services.

C) Read the text and answer the questions.

A HAPPY VISITOR

It is Thursday. It is raining today. It is a rainy day. Anna is inside the house. Anna is
watching TV. Anna is watching TV inside the house. Anna cannot go outside. It is raining
outside. Anna is bored. Wait! Anna hears someone at the door. Someone is at the door of
her house. Anna opens the door. What does Anna see? Anna sees a dog. The dog is small.
Anna sees a small dog. The dog is wet. The dog is wet from the rain. "Aww! You are all
wet!" Anna says to the dog. "You are very cute!" "Mom!" Anna says. "Yes dear?" says
Anna's mom.

"There is a dog here! There is a dog at the door!" Anna says. "What?" says Anna's mom?
"A dog?" Anna's mom comes to the door. Anna's mom sees the wet dog. The wet dog looks
cute. "Can we keep it?" asks Anna. "Yes, we can," says Anna's mom. The dog is happy.

1. According to the reading we can infer that the season is:

A. summer

B. winter X

C. spring

2. We can think that the rain prevents Ana from going outside because:

A. she might get cold

B. she can get wet and get sick X

C. she doesn’t like the water

3. Why is the dog happy?

A. He likes girls

B. He was sad before

C. He finally gets a home and stops getting wet X

D) Complete the missing words in the text, past simple or past continuous
(progressive).

Hannah met Jamie in the summer of 2004. It was Hannah’s 21st birthday and she and her
friends went to a club. They wanted to dance, but they didn’t like the music so Hannah
went to speak to the DJ. ‘This music is awful,’ she 1. _________. ‘Could you play
something else? The DJ looked at her and said ‘Don’t worry; I have the perfect song for
you.’

Two minutes later he said: ‘The next song is by Coldplay. It’s called Yellow and it’s for a
beautiful girl who is dancing over there.’ Hannah knew that the song was for her because
she 2. ____________a yellow dress. When

Hannah and her friends left the club the DJ 3. __________ At the door. ‘Hi, I’m Jamie,’ he
said to Hannah.

‘Can I see you again?’ So Hannah gave him her phone number.

Next day Jamie phoned Hannah and invited her to dinner. He took her to a very romantic
French restaurant and they talked all evening. After that Jamie and Hannah saw each other
every day. Every evening when

Hannah finished work they met at 5.30 in a coffee bar in the High Street. They were madly
in love.

One evening in October, Hannah 4. ______ At work. As usual she was going to meet Jamie
at 5.30. It was dark and it was raining. She looked at her watch. It was 5.20! She was going
to be late! She ran to her car and got in. At 5.25 she 5. ____________ Along the High
Street. She was going very fast because she was in a hurry.

Suddenly, a man ran across the road. He was wearing a dark coat so Hannah didn’t see him
until it was too late. Although she tried to stop, she 6. ________ the man. Hannah panicked.
She didn’t stop and she drove to the coffee bar as fast as she could. But when she arrived
Jamie wasn’t there. She phoned him, but his mobile was turned off, so she waited for ten
minutes and then went home.

Two hours later a police car arrived at Hannah’s house. A policewoman knocked at the
door. ‘Good evening,

Madam,’ she said, ‘Are you Hannah Davis? I’d like to speak to you. Can I come in?’

1. a. said X b. was saying c. Will say

2. a. is wearing b. was wearing c. wears X

3. a. waits b. will wait c. was waiting X

4. a. was X b. to be c. is

5. a. is driving b. was driving X c. are driving

6. a. will hit b. was hitting X c hit

HOMEWORK:

Links enviados para realizar deben retornar con evidencias (capturas de pantalla)

Trabaja los siguientes link: past simple vs past progressive (continuous)

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_progressive.htm

http://www.spraz-ila.de/grammar/ingquiz1.htm

DESARROLLO

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_progressive.htm

1. We were sitting at the breakfast table when the doorbell rang.

2. He met a lot of friendly people while he was working in California.
3. When they left the museum, the sun was shining.
4. The students were playing cards when the teacher came in.
5. While the children were sleeping, their parents were watching TV.
6. It started to rain while she was watering the flowers in her garden.
7. When I opened the door, it was raining.
8. While Henry was having a drink at the bar, his wife was swimming in the sea.
 9. He heard a loud bang while he was talking to his friend.
10. While he was taking a shower, his dogs were eating his steaks.

PROPÓSITOS DE PERÍODO

GUÍA # 3

TEMA: 3. Presenta perfecta.

EVALUACIÓN: 3. Identifica información relevante en un texto de interés general empleando el

presente perfecto.

OBJETIVO: Afianzar el conocimiento de la temática dada.

ENSEÑANZAS: Comp. Lingüística: inferir, interpretar.

Comp. Pragmatic: scriber, organizer

Comp. Sociolingüística: preguntar y responder significativamente.

Question: What have you done this year?

Answer:

at the beginning of this year I went to visit my grandparents then, I traveled to Cartagena, in January
I visited my friends and family members, on February 12th was the return to classes which is my
last year in school.

EXERCISES

A) Complete using the correct form of the auxiliary in present perfect, according to the
person.

I ____have____ (have/has/had) traveled two times to Bogota before I moved there Carlos
__had___ (have/has/had) never seen that something like that before that day When she saw the
UFO she told us that she __had_____ (have/has/had) never felt that way I __had____
(have/has/had) visited my cousin four times since the accident I like math but I ____have_____
(have/has/had) have problems understanding the exercises until the teacher explained me.

B) Complete the sentences with the present perfect using the verb in bracket.

a. I _____invited______ (invite) Maria and Gloria to my party. I hope they can come.

b. The movie ______start______ (start) be quiet.

c. I __do___ (do) my homework. Can I go out now?

d. Joe ___writes________ (write) to Sarah three times this week. He really likes her.

e. We ____have____ (have) four tests this week. It’s not fair.

C) Complete the following conversation. Use Present Perfect.

Interviewer: Good morning Sir. I'd like to ask you a few questions if I may.

Jack: Well, I'm waiting to catch my flight so I guess I can answer a few questions.

Interviewer: Thank you Sir. First of all, how often __do___ (have) you___trips______ (travel)?

Jack: I __have___ (have) traveling____ (travel) since three years.

Interviewer: Where ____did____ (had/have) __travel______ (travel) last summer?

Jack: I____had____ (had/have) ___travel_____ (travel) to Austin, Texas.

Interviewer: ... and where did you fly on your last trip?

Jack: I flew to Portland, Oregon. I__haveing____ (have) already __been_____ (be) there three
times!

Interviewer: Really! ___have___ (have) you ___enjoy____ (enjoy) those travelling for business?

Jack: Yes, although I (had/have) __have to______, __prefer to_______ (prefer) staying in the
office.

Interviewer: What do you like most about travelling? Jack: I like visiting new cities and trying out
new food.

Interviewer: Is there anywhere you would like to visit that you __have not_____ (have not)
___visited____ (visit) yet?

Jack: Yes, I'd like to go to Hawaii! I love going to the beach!

Interviewer: Thank you very much for your time today. Jack: You're welcome. My pleasure.

D) Building a story:

Take a look at this comic strip.

Analyze consciously what is the situation.

Write the story according to the situation and some questions using present perfect and its structure.

Niño: ¿15 dólares un vaso?¡

Calvin: así es, ¿quieres uno?

Niño: ¿¡cómo justificas un precio de 15 dólares!?

Calvin: oferta y demanda

Niño: ¿¡dónde está la demanda?!¡No veo demanda alguna!

Calvin: ¡hay montones de demanda!

Niño: ¿sí?

Calvin: ¡seguro! ¡Como único accionista de esta empresa, yo demando una ganancia monstruosa de
mi inversión!

Calvin: ¡y como presidente y ejecutivo jefe de la compañía, demando un salario anual exorbitante!

Calvin: ¡y como mi propio empleado, demando un elevado sueldo por hora y toda clase de
beneficios en la compañía! ¡Y luego tienes los gastos generales y los costos de producción!

Niño: ¡pero si parece que acabaras de echar un limo en agua sucia!

Calvin: bueno, tengo que reducir los gastos en alguna parte si quiero ser competitivo

Niño: ¿Qué pasa si enfermo por beber eso?

Calvin: ¡”el comprador debe precaverse” es el lema de nuestra empresa! Yo tendría que cobrar más
si siguiéramos los reglamentos sanitarios y ambientales!

Niño: estás loco. Iré a casa a beber cualquier otra cosa

Calvin: ¡seguro! ¡Quítame el trabajo!¡ustedes los anti-comerciales arruinan la economía!

Calvin: necesito que me den un subsidio

¿because the price of lemonade is so high, according to Calvin?

R/: for the number of lawsuits that Calvin explains to the boy.

¿because the boy did not buy the lemonade from Calvin?

R/: because the child seemed an injustice the high price of lemonade and for the bad

products of which it was thrown.

E) Make a text where you talk about Coronavirus and give your point of view. Use present
perfect.

As things are going, it is necessary to measure the impact of the Chinese coronavirus on the
different economies, since the Chinese economy constitutes 17% of the total world GDP. It is
worrying that in a short time there are repercussions on the stock exchanges with variations above
1,000 points, in the United States, fluctuations in the price of a barrel of oil below $ 50 and negative
changes in the Asian markets. and Europe with WTI oil results at very low levels to date, adding
China's growth expectation below 6%.

The presence of the virus made China stop purchases of oil from Colombia, the country's main
export product and the one that contributes the most to the national treasury. Colombia has
benefited from the fall in oil prices and the rise in the dollar due to the domino effect on exports and
imports, with a dollar over 3,500 pesos, this impact is circumstantial, that is, there is a direct
relationship between China, oil and our weight. La economía colombiana en estos momentos
coyunturales no depende tanto del petróleo sino del consumo interno, de la inversión de las
empresas y no tanto de las exportaciones, un aumento en la tasa de cambio puede terminar
aumentando la inflación, mientras el sistema financiero sea más desarrollado, no es utópico afirmar
que se vislumbra un mercado financiero afectado por la incertidumbre de los inversionistas.

HOMEWORK:

Links enviados para realizar deben retornar con evidencias (capturas de pantalla)

Realizar los ejercicios de los siguientes link

https://agendaweb.org/exercises/verbs/present-perfect-multiple

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_perfect_statements.htm

DESARROLLO

https://agendaweb.org/exercises/verbs/present-perfect-multiple

1. Why ______ so much rice today?

A. have you ate

B. has you eaten
C. have you eaten X
D. has you ate

2. They ______ the meeting time.

A. haven't forgot
B. hasn't forgot
C. hasn't forgotten
D. haven't forgotten X

3. Mum ________ to Spain before.

A. has never driven X

B. has never drove
C. have never drove
D. have never driven

4. You _________ the train tickets.

A. haven't bought X
B. hasn't bought
C. hasn't buyed
D. haven't buyed

5. She ________ a horse before.

A. have not ridden X

B. have not rode
C. has not ridden
D. has not rode

6. _____ the letter?

A. Have your dad wrote

B. Have your dad written
C. Has your dad written X
D. Has your dad wrote

7. The woman ______ her book.

A. haven't readen
B. hasn't read X
C. haven't read
D. hasn't readen
8. _____ in a balloon?

A. Has your wife ever flown X

B. Have your wife ever flew
C. Have your wife ever flown
D. Has your wife ever flew

9. _____ her lately?

A. Have you saw

B. Have you seen X
C. Has you seen
D. Has you saw

10. How much coffee ________ today?

A. have you drunk X

B. has you drank
C. have you drank
D. has you drunk

11. The movie _____. Please be quiet!

A. have began
B. has begun X
C. have begun
D. has began

12. Who ____ my bike?

A. has stole
B. have stolen
C. have stole
D. has stolen X
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_perfect_statements.htm

Karen has sent me an e-mail. (to send)

Dave and Pat have visited the museum. (to visit)

I have been at the pet shop. (to be)

They have already packed their rucksacks. (to pack)

Marcus has had an accident. (to have)

We have done the shopping for our grandmother. (to do)

I have just cleaned my bike. (to clean)

Emily has painted her room. (to paint)

Lisa and Colin have gone to a concert. (to go)

My friends have given up smoking.