DYNAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Presented by:

ARYA M.J

ROLL NO :11020077

Department of Civil Engineering

GISAT Engineering Collage ,Kottayam-686034

 ABSTRACT

Although we live in a Dynamic Universe filled with movement, the design methodology that
has been given to Architecture is clearly static: buildings look the same all the time. As an
approach to "Dynamic Architecture", the design of a building with a changing geometry is
examined in an attempt to explore factors that affect the design of this type of building. The
proposed building is 200 m in height and follows the shape of a "T", it has a movable
structure on its top that can rotate 360 degrees. Because of the changing geometry of the
building due to the rotation of the upper part, two assumptions can be made in the analysis: a.
that the changing geometry drastically changes the dynamic behaviour of the building, or b.
that the changing geometry doesn't affect at all the dynamic behaviour. Since the movement
will be slow, the structural analysis can be quasi-static. The cantilevered structure acts as a
concentrated mass on the top of the building which is an important factor to consider against
seismic load. The design of the connection of the movable structure to the building is a
critical aspect so it can move but at the same time be fixed to the building. A correct
assumption of the modelling of this connection os critical in the structural analysis. Due to
the rotation of the upper part, special emphasis has to be made in the torsional effects of the
whole structure.

CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION

Dynamic buildings are known as rotating skyscrapers. The rotation of these buildings
started with the desire to see the view around us, of adjusting our self to the season, to follow
the sun, of having a house part of nature.Buildings are different things as they are the shell
around our space and should be therefore satisfying our needs, therefore they should make
sense being designed and built according to a specific list of preferences. They are
economical feasibility, functionality, environmentally sound, quality and engineering,
maintenance. Above all a building has to be economically feasible. If our homes are not
feasible they do not have the basis to be our shelter, we cannot afford them, we cannot
maintain them. Functionality means buildings should offer us the best possible benefits and in
order to have the most convenient space to live in and to consider all practical aspects of life.
Also buildings are to be sustainable. They should be made of natural materials, they should
be pure of transmission of electrical waves and as much as possible save energy. This is
sustainability. Engineering and quality are the most important elements in planning buildings.
Engineering means the shell around our space, the structural aspects, good quality product,
the method of construction and therefore also the human conditions of the construction
worker, the cost and time of construction. The last most important thing in a building is its
capability for maintenance. Today buildings are done as by the ancient Egyptians, when
something goes wrong with the construction or anything else, we have to break the walls and
then to plaster the wall and paint it.If it is in the bathroom we may also face the problem of
not finding the same tiles. It is all about time that buildings will be able to have easy
maintenance and service and offering a proper quality of life to people.

The concept ofdynamic architecture towers to give also sense of time, of movement to
life, rotating apartments may give a different sense to our life and create a different space
around us. We should consider the sustainability impact of our home to the environment and
the influence of nature on our space of life. If environment is ignored our life is in danger.
This is exactly what is happening today on our planet, so buildings should be
environmentally friendly, they should be built in an ecological method to prevent the cities
suffering during the construction time. Buildings should consume as little energy as possible
and should be made of clean natural materials, green as possible and can create energy as
well. Sustainable buildings will become the symbol of a new philosophy that will change the
look of our cities and the concept of living.Infact architecture should be equal to
sustainability.

Thus dynamic architecture buildings keep modifying their shape. As each floor rotates
separately, the form of the building changes constantly and may not see the same building
twice. Dynamic architecture marks a new era in architecture. This new approach based on
motion dynamics is in fact a challenge to traditional architecture. Dynamic architecture
buildings will become the symbol of a new philosophy that will change the look of our cities
and the concept of living. The homes we live in and the way we live are also set to change
drastically with this innovative architecture.

DYNAMIC ARCHITECTURE
 Dynamics is a branch of mechanics that is connected with the effect of forces
on the movements of objects. Now a day’s architecture is seen as something static, since
buildings remain on the same place and their configuration doesn’t change at all. The concept
of movement in a building is known now as Dynamic Architecture. Dynamic Architecture
buildings modify their shape constantly; living in a dynamic Universe it makes sense that the
future in building design will follow this example.

Buildings that follow a Dynamic Architecture modify their shape constantly.

This creates a visual attraction immediately caught by the human eye, which focuses its
attention in movement while being surrounded in a static environment.

Dynamic Architecture involves the fourth dimension: time. Change and

adaptability to a changing environment will be premises to follow in the shape of design.
Looking towards the future makes sense that buildings following a dynamic approach will
shape the cities. Cities having a dynamic approach will change the skyline in an innovative
and unusual way.

EXAMPLE OF DYNAMIC ARCHITECTURE

In the world there are some structures that change their configuration. Some floors
in the top of landmarks buildings rotate but this is done within the structure of the building,
no movement can be seen from the exterior from the structure. This has been done mainly as
tourist attractions in which rotating restaurants that have a 360 degree view of a city gather a
lot of attentions (examples are the rotating restaurant in the top of the CN Tower in Canada,
or the one in the top cylinder of the World Trade Center Building in Mexico City (fig.3)).
 But in the case of bridge, rotation follows functionality. Sometimes these structures
have to rotate to allow a path for ships due to their low clearance. Bridges are the closest
example to what the “T” Tower will look like structurally. Since bridges are usually
cantilevered from the center pylon and follow the most optimal structural shape (figure 4).
 PRESENT OF DYNAMIC ARCHITECTURE
The most recent work made in the field of “Dynamic Architecture” appeared in the news in
March 2007.It is the work of the Italian Architect David Fisher that proposes an apartment
building in Dubai in which every floor rotates from a central core (figure 5).Each floor
consists of a separate module that the owner can rotate at will or follow a particular
configuration in synchronization with the whole building.

He was just awarded a patent publication for rotatable building structures

[12](see Appendix 1).Although the mechanisms he uses for rotation are a common standard
in the machinery industry and simply adapted to the bigger scale of building: clearly there is
no innovation in his patent and he cannot claim his “invention” as “unique”.(fig 5).
 The project is based on three fundamental concepts:
1. DYNAMIC

2. GREEN

3. INDUSTRIALLY PRODUCED

DYNAMIC:
Each floor can rotate independently from the others allowing the building to change
its shape continuously.

GREEN:
It produces its own energy from the wind and sun.

INDUSTRIALLY PRODUCED:

It is made of prefabricated modules, then assembled on site

 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE BUILDING
Technically, the concept itself is not complicated; it would imply designing a
magnified structure of existing mechanisms such as tower cranes, and building bigger
bearings. The technical knowledge for building this type of structure is readily available since
it is a technology that has been proven to work in construction machinery for many years:
most of the cranes follow this principle since they need to allow rotation of this structure,
electricity and plumbing for hydraulic cylinders have to pass through it so the operator can
make the machinery work.

The design concept is simple, a 200 m tall skyscraper that follows the shape of the
letter “T”, the top is cantilevered to each side of the building (similar concept to tower crane
(figure 6)) while sitting on a roller bearing (figure 7 to 10) that will allow it to rotate at a
maximum speed of one complete turn per hour.
 A slewing gearbox (figure 11) will be the power source of movement for the roller
bearings of the structure. The German company Liebherr [6] produces some of them with
high standards in quality.
 1. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS

1.1.ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE RESPONSE OF THE ROTATIONAL

STRUCTURE

1.1.1 FIRST ASSUMPTION

The rotation of the top part will significantly change the period of the structure,
because of the changing orientation of the elements. The moment of inertia is included in the
stiffness of the elements, and the moment of inertia is dependent on the orientation of the
element. Then the orientation of the rotational part will be critical aspect to consider in case
an earthquake hits the building, since forces in elements could be amplified.

1.1.2. SECOND ASSUMPTION

Since the top mass is supported in bearing, the orientation is not critical since all
the mass could act as if it were lumped in the centroid. Then, the orientation of this structure
will not change the period of the whole building. In case an earthquake hits the building, the
response of the building will not vary significantly.
1.2. PRELIMINARY MEMBER SIZING
The process of the analysis involved a simple static analysis for dead and live load, just to get
an idea of the sizing of the member. These members were then revised for a dynamic
approach using a simplified model.

Doing a static analysis in RISA 3D, and applying a load

2
of 4.8 KN/m on the slabs (considering dead and live load), a preliminary column size of
W14 x 176 was obtained with a moment of inertia of inertia of 8.9 x 10 4 m4.
1.3. BRACINGS FOR THE BUILDING
To give lateral stability to the structure and to increase its stiffness, concentric
braced frames were added to the structure every three floors. The architectural design
considers the structure as part of the scheme, believing that when the structure is clearly
integrated on the architecture itself, it creates more appealing and interesting works. Bracing
that is show in the structure can be seen in work such as the Bank of China, in Hong Kong,
and the John Hancock Center of Chicago.
1.4. MODEL IDEALIZATION WITH LUMPED MASSES
Usually a structural analysis should begin with an idealization model to get some
insight on the behavior. For this thesis, a computer model was generated first and some
members’ sizes were set in an iteration process.

A simplified model (figure 19) with 20 lumped masses every three floors was done
to verify the sizing of members, based on a stiffness distribution that produce a linear profile
for the fundamental mode.

2. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

2.1. FUNDAMENTALS OF DESIGN

The first architectural model was focused on symmetry, since this
would facilitate structural efficiency. A concrete core that includes the stairs, elevators,
restrooms as well as service pipes would be accommodated in the center in the most
symmetrical and architecturally efficient manner. When reaching the top, only four elevators
continue its path across the rotating structure will sit on a roller bearing to allow for rotation.

2.2. ROLLER BEARING FOR THE ROTATIONAL CANTILEVERED

STRUCTURE
A bearing is a device to permit constrained relative motion between
two parts, typically rotation or linear movement [7].

For architectural and structural reason, the gear must be 16.2 m diameter, since
it must rest on the elevator and services core of the building. The mass of the rotating last
three floors will be supported on this bearing and loads will be transmitted to the ground
through the concrete core.

The German company Liebherr produces some of the biggest roller bearings in
the world, mainly because it is a company focused on the design of heavy construction
machinery. Their manufacturing range covers bearings up to 6 m diameter with individual
weights of up to 17,000 kg [6].

According to this company, dimensions and special designs can also be

provided to customer’s requirements [6]. The rotation can be programmed to follow the path
of the sun; solar panels will be installed in the roof of the rotational part of the building. So,
although the rotation would be even slower, this will translate into efficiency in the design of
the building by making it more sustainable.

The Prefabrication:

The construction method and therefore also the economical feasibility of these
buildings make them sustainable..These buildings are made of prefabricated units, custom-
made in a workshop, to fit very high quality standards. Such a process itself can guarantee
cost savings of up to 20%, a factor that will have a huge impact on the global real estate
industry. Compared to traditional buildings, Dynamic Architecture requires fewer people on
site, which means less risk of human casualties; construction is faster and cost is significantly
lower. Today, everything is produced in an industrial facility. How could we afford a
computer that would have been produced manually? They are produced in a facility that
allows low cost of local labour, efficient assembly system, easy quality control, easy
monitoring of time. Doing buildings on site, as we do since the pyramids, is as if we were
producing cars in the parking lot or an aircraft on the runway…Our building in fact are made
of preassembled units that arrive to the site completed of all finishing, equipment, plumbing
and air conditioning, ready for a fast and easy installation process. So these buildings are
feasible. I mentioned functionality – well, also the interior partition will be flexible if they
will ever exist… look how flexible is our digital part of life…why should we still live in a
medieval castle where the wall do not let us any freedom and we can modify them when our
way of life get changed. The prefabrication offer also environmental advantages, bringing
several “Green” benefits: Instead of having over 2,000 workers on a regular skyscraper of 60
floors, we will have 70 people. The industrialization of buildings gives also environmental
benefits: We can better control that materials used are properly ecological. The construction
workers are in a much better working environment. The construction site is ecologically
sound for the benefit of the city, it is clean, quiet, and there is no waste, minimal traffic, no
use of inflammable materials.

THE ROTATION

I think we all are aware that construction technology hardly changed in the
course of the years. It was clear to me on the other hand that we can use for this building, that
I tend to call “a machine for living”, many other technologies that exist in other fields. The
phases of design got me and our engineers, taking part in the design of the Rotating Tower,
very much involved with our “partners” industries such as Bosch. We tried to apply
technology existing in different fields such as air space, trains, massive machines and tools,
the large telescopes, bridges, off shore platforms and cranes. The rotation of the floors is done
with steel bearings and combination of air-cushion, allowing the floors to rotate smoothly and
with no vibrations.
There is limited power of about 4 KW required to rotate a floor. The drive system
is situated in the base of each floor so it cannot be seen and in the same time it allows easy
maintenance when required. The structure is based on a reinforced concrete core of about
22mt diameter that carries all the vertical loads. The floors will be all made of steel structure,
becoming a monolithic platform, with a cantilever up to about 15meters.The floors will be
connected to the core in a way that will allow a continuous rotation to either direction, with
no vibrations or noise. This architecture is revolutionary even in the way it’s built. It is in fact
the first building produced in a factory, apart from the concrete core. It's produced of
complete luxury units in a factory, including all plumbing, electrical, air conditioning and
installed on the concrete core right on location. This readymade implementation offers high
quality finishing, high quality control and the use of a very few workers on site, with a real
cost, life risks and time savings. Besides, this architecture made of single separated floors
offer higher seismic resistance than any other normal building. Dynamic Architecture is
designed for better living even before it's finished. The readymade technology allows a
revolutionary implementation which is the quickest way to build a tower: building time is
reduce from 30 to18 months .The revolutionary readymade technology, plus the fact that it
moves to the wind, allows the building to be 1.3Times more resistant to earthquakes.

ENGINEERING

Based on the structure and construction features of the Rotating Tower, it will be the
first skyscraper “produced” according to an industrial process. Apart from the central
concrete core (built “on-site ”using traditional techniques), 90% of the building consists in
prefab modules, assembled in an industrial park and transported to the building site to be
connected to the central core. This process will revolutionise the traditional building
techniques (see Figure 2).

Considering that each floor of the tower consists of factory-made modules that will
arrive at the building site with electrical, plumbing, air-conditioning systems ready for use,
the “Fisher Method” will provide a long series of advantages:
 CASE STUDY

THE ROTATING TOWER OF LONDON

ROTATING TOWER OF LODON

 It was designed by David Fisher.

 Its having 80 floors.
 Its height is 420 meters.
 The building itself produces electricity with the help of solar panels and wind
turbines.
 The turbines are located between each of the rotating floors. They could generate
up to 1,200,000 kilowatt-hours of energy

 The solar panels are located on the roof and the top of each floor.

 This project is characterized by three fundamental properties:

 Each floor will have the ability to rotate independently each of the other; this
rotation will impart to the tower a continuously changing shape.
 The production of its own energy from the wind, by wind-turbines, and from
the sun, by solar panels.
 The construction process of the tower will adopt a new technology based on
prefabricated modules which are assembled on site, apart from the central
concrete core which is built on site using traditional techniques. In other words,
90% of the building is produced in an industrial park, then transported to the
site and finally connected to the concrete core.

THE CORE

 It is defined as the spine of the building.

 The core is the only part built on site. The concrete core of about 22 meters
diameter.

 The floors will be connected to the core in a way that will allow a continuous
rotation to either direction, with no vibrations or noise.

 The units will be “hooked” to the core with a sequence of one floor a week,
allowing a saving about 30% over a construction time of a similar skyscraper.

 This new way of building, provides significant savings in terms of both

time and money. With fewer people on the job site and part of the
production totally industrialized, the tower is expected to cost about 23%
less than a traditional building.

 Slip form construction is the construction method used for the

production of core.
  Slip forming enables continuous, non-interrupted concrete structures
which have superior performance characteristics compared to piecewise
construction.

 Slip forming makes use of quick setting properties of concrete.

 Pile foundation in necessary for slip form construction.

ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

 The Dynamic Architecture building, which will be constantly in motion changing

its shape, will be able to generate electric energy for itself as well as for other
buildings .This energy will be produced by two kinds of resources.

 SOLAR PANELS

 WIND TURBINES

SOLAR PANELS

 Solar panels placed on the roof of each floor. They will only cover 20% of the
roof surface, but, taking the advantage from the roof rotation these panels would
be exposed to the sunlight for the maximum possible time. Solar energy can be
converted to electrical energy.

WIND TURBINES

 The wind turbines are the main source of energy production in the rotating
tower.
 About seventy wind turbines are fitted between each rotating floors.
 The turbine named Win Wind 3.0 MW is used in this tower to produce the
electric energy. 3MW is the rated power of the turbine. The blades are so
designed to achieve quite operation.
 The total energy produced by this inbuilt ‘powerhouse' every year will be worth
approximately seven million dollars.
  The turbines, situated in the space between the floors, have nothing to do with
the rotation of the floors. While the floors will rotate by electric power, the
turbines will rotate by the wind power and will be connected to a single
generator, one in each floor.

3. ADVANTAGES OF DYNAMIC ARCHITECTURE

1: COST AND CONSTRUCTION TIME

It has been calculated that in addition to the cost savings of up to 20% compared to those of
traditional building methods, the construction time will be reduced of 30%. The Method will
allow the completion of a70-floor skyscraper within 18 months (nowadays it would take
around 30 working months). Furthermore, the “assemblage” of the Rotating Tower would
require the presence of approximately 90 people (specialized workers, technicians and
engineers) in the building site, instead of over 2 000 people in the traditional ones.
The Method will turn the site into a place where the modules are only assembled because the
structural work has already been completed in the factory. The structural concept of the
building is very simple – intact, the only structural element is a single centre core made of
concrete .It is faster, less expensive then hundred of beams, columns and joints and also more
sound as it is quite a homogeneous structure with no wick connections.

2: CUSTOMIZATION

In addition, it will be possible to customise individual apartments according to owners' needs

and style. Due to the industrial process, the apartments will offer excellent design and an
endless variety of customizations (see Figure 3).I wish to underline that module, as a new
industrial structure, can easily offer luxury standards of living and excellent structure quality.
3: QUALITY CONTROLL
The quality standards, from the structural parts to the fittings and finishing,
can easily be guaranteed since the modules are manufactured in an industrialized structure,
and not in a building site where monitoring can be difficult (see Figure 4).

4: SAFETY IN THE WORKING PLACE

Another strong point of the “Fisher Method” is safety in the working place.
Building site workers will be able to operate in comfortable and functional environmental
conditions because the various assemblage (rather than construction) phases will follow
smart, Time-saving, well- organized sequences. The Industrialization of house-building in
fact is based on the optimization of the manufacturing cycle and will turn house-building
technique into an industrial model.
_

5: ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES

Thanks to this new Method, the Rotating Tower building site will
definitely offer outstanding Environmental advantages to the cities: traditionally huge,
polluted, unsafe building sites will become Smart Sites, comparatively smaller, ecological
and safer. Considering that the modules have been pre-assembled in the factory, all the
negative factors linked to traditional sites will disappear: big space around the building,
endless loading and unloading, debris, waste material, noise and traffic. The modules for the
Rotating Tower will be assembled in dedicated industrial parks where manufacturers of high
standard building materials will gather to work on the common project. The first industrial
park will be created in Italy, and it is easy to foresee that the most important Italian
manufacturers of interior design furniture and accessories will be the official suppliers of the
Rotating Tower apartments and hotels, giving a new impulse to “Made in Italy” brands. In
the future these dedicated industrial parks will become possible in any country where a
Rotating Tower wills be built.
6. OTHER ADVANTAGES

 MINIMUM ONSITE CONGESTION

 INDOOR CONSTRUCTION IS INDEPENDENT OF WEATHER
 MINIMUM WASTE IN SITE
 SPEED DELIVERY AND ERECTION

4. DISADVANTAGES OF DYNAMIC ARCHITECTURE

4.1. TECHNICAL ISSUES INHERENT TO THIS DESIGN

This design implies some technical issues. Some of them are

described below:

Since the top part will be seated on bearings, the structure of the building
has to be able to withstand the changing forces due to the rotation.

The rotating structure acts as a huge mass on the top of the building; this
makes the structure behave as an inverted pendulum which works in detriment rather than in
benefit of the overall structure.

Certain unbalanced loadings in the rotating part of the structure generate

torsion on it. Some critical load cases have to be analyzed for safety. An example of this
could be concentration of people in just one side of the cantilever due to a particular event.

4.2. PROBLEMS GENERATED BY HAVING A MASS IN THE TOP

Some considerations in the structural design. Having this rotational part in the top
of the building decreases the structural efficiency; the massive weight makes the building act
as an inverted pendulum and reduces the stiffness of the system [8].
 The rotation of the structure will be very slow, allowing for a quasi-static
approach in the analysis. A whole different approach would be used if the rotation was faster,
but for human comfort a fast rotation is neither feasible nor desirable (it could produce
dizziness in the occupants). Besides, visually speaking, a structure that rotate very fast would
be scary for people just by seeing it from outside (it could not rotate as radar, for example).

In the program RISA 3D [9], the base of the rotational structure was modeled
using pinned supports, since the bearings would restrain the vertical and horizontal
movements, though they are not able to carry bending moments. The top three floors of the
structure act as a concentrated mass. There are two assumptions that will be proved in the
structural analysis:

4.3. OTHER DEMARITS

 Maintenance of wind turbines is expensive

 This is the place for homes of ultra-rich

 Renovation is hard and expensive

 If one floor stops rotating, it will produce inconvenience to the whole architectural style

 Failure of wind turbines can produce catastrophic disaster

 If transportation cost (for prefabricated units) exceeds labor cost (by hiring thousands of
workers from poor countries and pay them little) it is a disadvantage.
A GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL TOWER – DUBAI:
The Dynamic Architecture building, which will be constantly in motion changing its
shape, will be able to generate electric energy for itself as well as for other buildings. Seventy
wind turbines fitted between each rotating floors as well as the solar panels positioned on the
roof of the building will produce energy from wind and the sunlight, with no risk of pollution.
The total energy produced by this inbuilt ‘powerhouse' every year will be worth
approximately seven million dollars. The turbines, situated in the space between the floors,
have nothing to do with the rotation of the floors. While the floors will rotate by electric
power, the turbines will rotate by the wind power and will be connected to a single generator,
one in each floor. The vertical axes turbine that we are presently developing Italy, are based
on mini-wings that according to our calculations will give about 200KW each. Wind in Dubai
at the heights of the turbine should be16mt/sec. Considering per year 2,300 Hr of 16mt/sec of
wind in Dubai; we expect to have 460,000KwH of energy produced by one turbine in one
year. As each family consume about 24,000KwH in a year, therefore one turbine should
supply energy for 19 apartments. Until our Mock up wind turbine, to be soon build in Italy,
will give its proves we are considering to supply wind energy only to 12 apartments. In our
tower we will have about 420 apartments and therefore 35 turbines will supply the energy
required forth entire tower. If we will have 70 turbines, situated in the 78 floors tower, we
will have the remaining 35turbines supplying energy to another tower of the same size. The
modern design of the building, the carbon fibre special shape of the wings and the “active
sound waves “will take care of the acoustics issues. Producing that much electric energy
without any implication on the aesthetic aspect of the building is quite a step in tapping
alternative energy sources. Furthermore, this energy will have a positive impact on the
environment and economy.
The horizontal turbines (see Figure 5) can handle wind power exactly as the traditional ones;
the only difference is that their axe is horizontal instead of vertical. Horizontal turbines are
simply inserted between the floors (from the 10th floor upwards) and are virtually invisible
since neither needs a pole nor a concrete foundation...Their maintenance is also easy: there
will be a dedicated elevator for all of them. The surplus of clean energy produced by the are
concerned (see Figure 6), they will be placed on the roof of each rotating floor. Even though
the panels will cover only a20% of its surface, the roof of each floor is exposed to
Sunlight thanks to the rotating system My Rotating Tower can be considered the first real
“green” building. (See Figure 7) Tower can thus light up the neighbourhood of the building.
As far as the photovoltaic panels ever before has a building been designed to produce much
more energy than it can use.
Not only due to their Dynamic Shape…but mainly as they may finally help us to enjoy
nature, and to see the sun through clean air, Appreciating the right colours of the sun set
slowly going down into the ocean…
 CONCLUSION
The design of dynamic buildings faces many challenges due to the changing
geometries of the structure. This thesis addresses some of the most critical aspects that have
to be considered in the design of this type of structures.

Even though the cantilevered structure at the top decreases the structural
efficiency, it is an interesting piece of Architecture that undoubtedly catches the human
attention. It was demonstrated that the rotation of the top structure doesn’t change the
stiffness of the whole building, maintaining a similar dynamic behavior and simplifying the
design considerations from a seismic approach.

The design has some challenges, such as assessing the most appropriate
distributions, whether in stiffness or damping, that would avoid a coupling of traditional and
rotational modes.

An interesting design strategy would be the implementation of a tuned mass

damper, acknowledging that we have an enormous cantilever to each side of the building.
The range of displacement of the mass for this tuned mass damper would be so big that it
could effectively counter balance the motion of the building using a small mass.