Laboratory Exercise

No 9
String
Function

1. Objective(s): ​The activity aims to introduce the use of

string function using C Language.

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs): ​At the end of

the laboratory exercise, the students should be able to:

2.1 Know the functionality of string functions. 2.2

Use string functions in solving different problem
solving.

3. Discussion (not more than 300

words):

In C Programming Language, a string is defined as consisting of a character array

that is terminated by a ​null ​character which is specified using ‘\0’ or zero.

String is considered as a sequence or series of characters and treated as a single

data item. A string includes letters, symbols and digits, and control character and
enclosed within the double quotes. Strings are used in programs to store and process
text data manipulation. String is a sequence or an array of characters, the data type
declared as char (character) in an array variable. The library routines for string
manipulation called <string.h>. Every time we want to use some of these string
functions, we are required to include this string function library to make our program
runs properly.

4.
Resources
:
Computer Unit with installed
BloodShed C++

5.
Procedure
:

5.1. Programming
Problems:

1. Write a program using standard functions that accepts a price of an item and
display its coded
value. The base of the
key is:

INFOTECHED

1234567890

Sample
Output:

Enter Price:
419.07
Coded:
OIE.DC

Source
Code:
#include
<stdio.h>
#include
<string.h>

int
main()
{
char
input[50];
char
incount; int
i;

printf("Enter coded price

value: ");
scanf("%s",&input);

incount=strlen(in
put);

for(i=0;i<incount;
i++) {

if(input[i]==
'1') {
printf("I"); } else
if(input[i]=='2')
{
printf("N"); } else
if(input[i]=='3') {
printf("F
");
} else
if(input[i]=='4')
{
printf("O"); } else
if(input[i]=='5') {
printf("T"); } else
if(input[i]=='6') {
printf("E"); } else
 if(input[i]=='7') {
printf("C"); } else
if(input[i]=='8') {
printf("H"); } else
if(input[i]=='9') {
printf("E"); } else
if(input[i]=='0') {
printf("D"); } else
if(input[i]=='.') {
printf("."); }

} return 0; } ​2. Create a program using string function that determines if the input word

is a palindrome. A
palindrome is a word that produces the same word when
it is reversed.

Sample
Output:

Enter Word:
CITE

It is not a
Palindrome!

Enter Word:
HANNAH
It is a
Palindrome!
 Source
Code:

#include
<stdio.h>
#include
<string.h>

int
main()
{
char a[100],
b[100];

printf("Enter
Word: "); gets(a);

strcpy(b, a); // Copying input

string strrev(b); // Reversing
the string

if (strcmp(a, b) == 0) // Comparing input string with the

reverse string
printf("It is a
 Palindrome!"); else
printf("It is not a
Palindrome!");

return 0; } ​3. Create a program that counts the occurrences of each

vowel in the input string.

Sample
Output:
Input string: Go!
TIP-CITE

Output: A = 0 E = 1 I = 2 O = 0
U= 0

Source Code: ​#include <iostream> #include <string>

#include <iomanip> using namespace std; void
calculateVowels(string text, int& a, int& e, int& i, int&
o, int& u) {
for (int c = 0; c <
text.size(); c++) {
if ( text[c] == 'a' || text[c]
== 'A')
{a++;} else if ( text[c] == 'e;' ||
text[c] == 'E')
 {e++;} else if (text[c] == 'i'
|| text[c] == 'I')
{i++;} else if (text[c] == 'o' ||
text[c] == 'O')
{o++;} else if ( text[c] == 'u' ||
text[c] == 'U')

{u++;} } } ​int

main() {​
string text; cout << "Enter some text:" ;
getline(cin, text); int a(0), e(0), i(0), o(0),
u(0), non_space_characters;
calculateVowels(text, a, e, i , o , u); cout
<< "A:" <<a;
cout << "\nE:"
<< e; cout <<
"\nI:" << i; cout
<< "\nO:" << o;
cout << "\nU:"
<<u;

return 0; } ​4. Write a program that takes nouns and forms

their plurals on the basis of these rules:

a. If a noun ends in “y”, remove the “y” and add

“ies”. b. If a noun ends in “s”, “ch” or “sh”, add “es”.
c. In all other cases, just add “s”. Output
Source
Code:

#include<iostrea
m>
#include<conio.h
>
#include<string.h
> using
namespace std;
int main() {
int length;
char
str1[20];
char str2[20]; cout<<"Input a word: "; gets(str1);
length = strlen(str1); if
(str1[length-1]=='x'||str1[length-1]=='h'||str1[length-1
]=='s'){ strcpy(str2, str1);
strcat(str2,"e
s"); }
else
if(str1[length-1]=='f'){
strncpy(str2, str1,
(length-1)); strcat(str2,
"ves"); }
else
if(str1[length-1]=='y'){
if(str1[length-2]=='a'||str1[length-2]=='e'||str1[length-2]=='i'||str1[length-2]
=='o'||str1[length- 2]=='u'){
strcpy(str2, str1);
strcat(str2, "s"); }
else{ strncpy(str2, str1, (length-1));

strcat(str2, "ies"); } ​}
else{ strcpy(str2,
str1); strcat(str2,
"s"); }
cout<<"\nIt's plural form is:
"<<str2;

_getch
();
return
0; }
5. ​Write a program that was read in a sentence and print the word that was used
most frequently in the sentence. There will be less than twenty words per sentence.
Ignore punctuation. Case is insensitive.

Sample Outputs: ​Input: A good cook could cook as much cookies as

a good cook who

could cook
cookies.

Output:
cook
Input: Which witch is
which?

Output:
 which

Source
Code:

#include
<iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace
std;

int
main()
{
string current;
string previous =
"0";

while
(cin>>current){
if(previous ==
current)
cout << "Repeated Word: " << current << "\n";

previous = current; } ​}

6. Write a program that inputs a password and ​REJECTED ​the prints​, ​if the
password is rejected, or ​ACCEPTED​. In order to increase security, the network
manager has introduced some new rules concerning passwords:
a. Passwords must be between 5 and 12 characters in length. b.
Passwords must consist of a mixture lowercase letters and numerical digits
only, with at
least one of each. c. Passwords must not contain any sequence of characters
immediately followed by the
same
sequence.

Sample
Output:

Input:
cucumb3er7

Output:
REJECTED
Source Code:
#include
<iostream>
#include
<cstdlib> using
namespace std;

void verification(bool& try_newpassword, char& verify1, char& verify2, char& verify3,

char& verify4, char& character); int main() { ​int count=0; char

​ password, verify1 = 'n',
verify2 = 'n', verify3 ='n', verify4 ='y', character ='n'; bool try_newpassword;

cout << "Please enter your choice of

password: ";

verification(try_newpassword, verify1, verify2, verify3,

verify4, character); char wait; cin >> wait; return 0;

} ​void verification(bool& try_newpassword, char& verify1, char& verify2, char& verify3,

char& verify4, char& character)
​ { ​char password; int
​ count; do ​{ cin.get(password);

if
(isupper(passwor
d)) verify1 = 'y';

if
(islower(passwor
d)) verify2 = 'y';

if
(isdigit(passwor
d)) verify3 = 'y';

if
(isalpha(passwor
d)) verify4 = 'y';
else character =
'y';

count ++; }while

(password != '\n');

if ((verify1 == 'y' && verify2 == 'y') && (verify3 == 'y' && character == 'y')

&& (count > 12)) { ​{ cout << "ACCEPTED"; }​ ​try_newpassword = false; }​

else {​ ​if (verify1 == 'n')

cout <<
"\nREJECTED\n";

if (verify2 == 'n') cout

<< "\nREJECTED\n";

if (verify3 == 'n') cout

<< "\nREJECTED\n";

if (character == 'n')
cout <<
"\nREJECTED\n";

if (count < 12) cout

<< "\nREJECTED\n";

} ​return; }​ ​6. Assessment (Rubric for

Laboratory Performance):

Source:
http://www.csulb.edu/colleges/coe/cecs/views/programs/undergrad/grade_pr
og.shtml
SYNTHESIS: Arpon, Felani Rachel ​Activity 9 for me is very helpful especially for our
project. At first when this was not yet introduced to us, whenever I am trying to create a
program with multiple variety of text I am trying to declare my variable as a string but
hat didn’t work. As we go on with our lecture, project and this activity I was now be able
to create and write even with just characters, numbers and even special characters. I
was really fascinated by it and it is really a great help and very useful in creating a
program.

Balog, Analyn ​In this activity we are able to use string and string function to make the
program run and correct. String is useful in this activity because it allows multiple
characters such as symbols, numbers and letters. Strings are very useful when
communicating information from the program to the user of the program. I admit that
these activity is little bit different from the past activities we had because it is quiet
difficult to understand the problem so with the process. Because of the teamwork of our
group we were able to finish it on time.

Bandola, Aila Marie ​In this activity we need to make a program using different string
concept. There is some kinds of string too. We used this code to our final project which
is a really helpful for us. It may be difficult but it’s fun to learn about it. One of the
challenging activities again especially we are just starting to learn the different concept
of functions but like other first codes, this may be hard to understand but I will surely
promise to understand it and perfect this program before the semester end.

Borja, Rose Anne ​In this activity, we are tasked to make functions in different ways like
for example a string function wherein we will enter a name or a word that if you spell it
inversely the word or the name will still be the same, or what do they call a Palindrome,
and another one is when we enter a number the program will output the answer with its
corresponding letter. All in all, everything was quite challenging because we are still not
used to functions, there is an idea in our minds but we don’t know how we would
execute it. But, through the help of some references we get to create the program.

Bongalosa, Chris Denyle ​In this activity, we need to make a program that can inverse
the spelling of the word you have entered so, if you entered your name inversely it can
get the right spelling of your name. We also need to make a program that will output
numbers when you enter letters since in C++ there is corresponding letter in every
number. The programs are pretty amazing but pretty hard also to make. We cannot
actually make it without references because of the helpful sites about C++ we are able
to make it.
 Laboratory Exercise No 10 One-Dimensional Array
1. Objective(s): ​The activity aims to introduce the use of one-dimensional array.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs): ​At the end of the laboratory exercise, the
students should be able to:
2.1 Recognize the importance of array in solving problem. 2.2 Design a program that
would support the functionality of arrays.
3. Discussion (not more than 300 words):
Array is a data structure that groups together entries of similar data type. An array is a
special type of variable, which can contain or hold one or more values of the same data
type with reference to only one variable name. In other words, the array variable has a
common name identifier and can hold many values at the same time, provided that they
have the same data type. Each element of the array is accessed by index. In C, all
arrays have zero (0) as the index of their first element.
Syntax:
element_type array_name[array_size];
where:
element_type
type of each elements array_name
name of the array array_size
number of elements the array will hold
4. Resources:
Computer Unit with installed BloodShed C++
5. Procedure:
5.1. Programming Problems:
1. Write a program using one-dimensional array that calculates the sum and average
of the five input
values from the keyboard and prints the calculated sum
and average.
Source
Code:

#include
<iostream> using
namespace std;

int
main()
{
int n=5, i; float num[100],
sum=0.0, average;

for(i = 0; i < n;
++i) {
cout <<"Enter number "<< i+1
<< ": "; cin >> num[i]; sum +=
num[i]; }

average = sum / n; cout <<

"Average = " << average;
cout<<"\nSum =
"<<sum; return 0; }
2. Write a program using one-dimensional array that accepts five input values from
the keyboard. Then it should also accept a number to search. This number is to be
searched if it is among the five input values. If it is found, display the message
“Searched number is found!”, otherwise display “Searched number is lost!”

Source
Code:

#include
<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace
std; #define
ARRAY_SIZE 5 int
main() {
int numbers[ARRAY_SIZE], i
,search_key; for (i = 0; i <
ARRAY_SIZE; i++) {
cout<<"Enter the Number "<< (i+1) <<"
: "; cin>>numbers[i]; }

cout<<"\nEnter the number to

search: "; cin>>search_key; /*
Simple Search with Position */
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE;
i++) {
if(numbers[i] ==
search_key) {
cout<<"Searched number is found!";
break; } if(i == ARRAY_SIZE - 1) {
cout<<"Searched number is lost!"; } }

3. ​Write a program that finds the lowest number of 10

input numbers.

Outp
ut:

Source
Code:

#include <bits/stdc++.h> using

namespace std; int lowest(int

arr[], int n) { ​int i, j, temp;

printf("Enter total number of
elements :"); scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d numbers :",n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++) {
 scanf("%d",&arr[i]); }​
int min = arr[0];
for (i = 1; i > n;
i--) if (arr[i] >
min) min = arr[i];
return min; }
int
main()
{
int arr[] = {0}; int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); cout << "lowest in given array is " <<
lowest(arr, n); return 0; } ​4. Write a program that will store 5 input numbers into an
array and sort these numbers in ascending

order
s.

Source
Code:

#include
<string.h>
#include
<stdio.h> int
main() {

char
str[100][100],temp[100]
; int i,j; printf("Enter 5
numbers : \n");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
scanf("%s",st
r[i]);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<5;j
++)
if(strcmp(str[i],str[j])>0){
strcpy(temp,str[i]);
strcpy(str[i],str[j]);
strcpy(str[j],temp); }
printf("\nAscending
Order : ");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("%s",str
[i]);
printf("\n\n");
return
0; }
5. Write a program that gets 10 input characters and store them in an array. The
program should print
the number of vowels found in
the array.
Source Code:
#include
<stdio.h> int
main() {
char str[1000], ch; int i, frequency = 0;
printf("Enter a string: "); gets(str); printf("Enter a
character to find the frequency: ");
scanf("%c",&ch); for(i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; ++i) { if(ch
== str[i])

++frequency; } printf("Frequency of %c = %d", ch, frequency); return 0; } ​5.2. Tracing:

Show the screen output of the following program segment. Write your answer in the box
provided. ​1. #include <stdio.h>
main
()
{ size;

int size=
x[5]={5,10,20,25 5;
};

int a, temp,
 a++)

x[a] = (1 + a) * 2
for (a=0;
– 1;
a<=size/2;a++)
for (a=0; a<6;
{
a++)
temp=x[a];
{ (b=0; a<=a-1;
x[a] =
b++)
x[(size-1)-a)]
printf(“\n
x[(size-1) –a)] =
”);
temp;
for (b=a; b<5;
}
b++)
for (a=0; a<=4;
printf(“%d”,
a++)
x[b]);
printf(“Element %d is %”,
}
a, x[a]);
utput
getch
();

2. ​#include
<stdio.h>

int
x[5];

int
a,b;

main
()

{ for (a=0; a<5;

 t

Outpu
getch(
);

6. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory

Performance):
 Source:
http://www.csulb.edu/colleges/coe/cecs/views/programs/undergrad/grade_p
rog.shtml
SYNTHESIS Arpon, Felani Rachel ​In this activity, I was fascinated by the program and
able to know all about one-dimensional array. For me our program was readable and
easy to understand for those can’t easily understand array and that is also with the help
of the formatting, lecture and problem that was instructed here.

Balog, Analyn ​In this activity we were dealing with one-dimensional array. Among
the arrays one-dimension is the simplest form. I learned how array works because of
this activity. It shows a structured collection of components often called array
elements that can be accessed individually by specifying the position of a component
with a single index value. I am so thankful that we were able to work as a team to
finish it.

Bandola, Aila Marie ​In this activity we create a programming using array with only
one-dimension. This one is easier than multiple dimensional arrays, I think. There
are problems that we really need a help of google to use as a guide which will help
us to run the program. Im glad that we learned something new by searching some
ideas about this topic. Dealing a problem like this will help us to use it for our final
project.

Borja, Rose Anne ​In this activity, we are to create a program that would use a
one-dimensional array. Well, for one we thought that it would just be easy, because it’s
not that too complicated because it’s just a one-dimensional array but as we dive into
the problems it’s actually not that simple. There are problems that asked us to create a
program that would let the user enter a word and then find the frequency of a specific
vowel and display the number of frequency it appeared. Again, through the help of
some references we get to have an idea how would the program would look like and
slowly starting to realize the function of an array.

Bongalosa, Chris Denylle ​In this activity, we need to make a program where we need
to use one-dimensional array. At first, I already knew that it will be really hard since,
array was actually hard to understand and to program. Of course again we need to
google it so that we can explore array and make this program possible. After searching
and brainstorming we are able to make the program. We are also able to learn and
understand array after this activity.
Laboratory Exercise No 11 Two-Dimensional Array
1. Objective(s): ​The activity aims to introduce the use of two-dimensional array.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs): ​At the end of the laboratory exercise, the
students should be able to:
2.1 Understand the concept and importance of a two-dimensional arrays. 2.2 Apply two
methods of passing a pointer to a two-dimensional array to a function for processing.
2.3 Construct a facilitated program that keeps track of the elements in an array. 2.4
Create a program that can handle multi-dimensional arrays in an organized and
well-facilitated form.
3. Discussion (not more than 300 words):
Arrays is not only limited to a one-dimensional arrays, ​column
it also allows two dimensional array or multidimensional array. With multidimensional
arrays storing like the format of spreadsheets or the matrix is possible but complexity of
the code must be considered if one will add a new dimension.
Syntax:
type array_name[2dim][1dim];
row
4. Resources:
Computer Unit with installed BloodShed C++
5. Procedure:
5.1. Programming Problems:
1. Write a program using two-dimensional arrays that computes the sum of data in rows
and
sum of data in columns of the 3x3(three by three) array variable n[3][3].
Sample Input /Output
dialogue:

4 7 9 = 20

531=9

8 2 6 = 16 17
12 16

SOURCE
CODE:

#include<iostream
>
 #include<conio.h>
using namespace
std;

main(void) { ​int

a[3][3]; int
​
i,j,s=0,sum=0
;

cout<<"Enter 9 elements of 3*3

Matrix \n"; for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++) cin>>a[i][j];

cout<<"Matrix Entered By you

are \n"; for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{for(j=0;j<3;j++)
cout<<a[i][j]<
<" ";
cout<<endl; }

for(i=0;i<3;i+
+)
{for(j=0;j<3;j
++)
s=s+a[i][j]; cout<<"sum of"<<i+1<<"
Row is"<<s;
s=0;
cout<<end
l; }
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<3;i+
+)
{for(j=0;j<3;j
++)
s=s+a[j][i]; cout<<"sum of"<<i+1<<"
Column is"<<s;
s=0;
cout<<end
 l; }
cout<<endl;
getch(); }
2. Create a program using two-dimensional arrays that determines the
highest and lowest of
the 12 input
values.

Sample
Output:

Enter twelve numbers: 4 19 20 11

9 88 21 10 14 79 12 30 The
highest is: 88 The lowest is: 4
SOUCE
CODE:

#include
<stdio.h> int
main() {
int i, n=12; float
arr[100], temp;

// Stores number entered by the

user for(i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
printf("Enter Number %d: ",
i+1); scanf("%f", &arr[i]); }

// Loop to store largest number to

arr[0] for(i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
// Change < to > if you want to find the smallest
element if(arr[0] < arr[i]) {
temp = arr[0];arr[0] = arr[i];arr[i] = temp; }

printf("Largest element = %.2f",

arr[0]);

printf("\nLowest = %.f", arr[i]); return 0; } ​3. Write a program that transposes

matrix. Program stores given matrix dimensions and every
​ single matrix element must
be given. Transposed matrix is the one with rows and columns switched.

Sample
Output:

Input number of rows <

50: 3 Input number of
columns < 50: 2 Input of
matrix elements : Input
element [0][0] : 1 Input
element [0][1] : 2 Input
element [1][0] : 3 Input
element [1][1] : 4 Input
element [2][0] : 5 Input
element [2][1] : 6

Matrix before
transposing: 1 2 3 4
56

Matrix after
transposing: 1 3 5
246
SOURCE
CODE:

#include
<iostream> using
namespace std;

int
main() {
int a[10][10], trans[10][10], r, c,
i, j;

cout << "Input number of rows <50:

"; cin >> r; cout<<"Input number of
columns <50: ";
cin >>
c;

// Storing element of matrix entered by user in array

a[][]. cout<< "Input of matrix elements: " << endl;
for(i = 0; i < r;
++i) for(j = 0; j <
c; ++j) {
 cout << "Enter elements [" << i + 0 <<"]["<< j + 0 <<"]"<<
": "; cin >> a[i][j]; }

// Displaying the matrix a[][] cout<<

"Matrix before transposing: "<<endl;; for(i
= 0; i < r; ++i)
for(j = 0; j < c;
++j) {
cout << " " << a[i][j]; if(j
== c - 1)
cout << endl<<endl; }

// Finding transpose of matrix a[][] and storing it in array

trans[][]. for(i = 0; i < r; ++i)
for(j = 0; j < c;
++j) {
trans[j][i]=a[i][j]; }

// Displaying the transpose,i.e, Displaying array

trans[][]. cout << "Matrix after tansposing: " << endl;
for(i = 0; i < c; ++i)
for(j = 0; j < r;
++j) {
cout << " " << trans[i][j]; if(j
== r - 1)
cout << endl << endl; }

return
0; }

6. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory

Performance):
 Source:
http://www.csulb.edu/colleges/coe/cecs/views/programs/undergrad/grade_p
rog.shtml
SYNTHESIS: ARPON, FELANI RACHEL ​In this activity I find it a bit similar to those
lessons that Sir taught /lectured us, and it is amazing doing it with my groupmates. In
doing activity 9 up to this it is like a stepping stone and practice for me to create a
program. It is like a training ground for every program that I can create.

BALOG, ANALYN ​In this activity is somewhat the same in the previous activity (activity
10), because in this one we deal with two- dimensional array. Which can hold a
maximum of 12 elements. It can be array as a table. It was a bit difficult because I am
not having such skills in programming. But I tried my best to help my groupmates to
finish the activity

BANDOLA, AILA MARIE ​In activity 10, we used only one dimensional array while in
activity 11, we used two-dimensional arrays. As what I said, it is more challenging than
the one dimensional array. We can do matrix and hold a maximum elements in this
program. Also, I learned that in two dimensional arrays, I will probably use a X and Y or
Row and Column. I don’t know if we will use this program to our final project but im
looking forward to perfect this arrays.

BORJA, ROSE ANNE ​In this activity, we are now tasked to use a two-dimensional
array, so because a one-dimensional is not really that really, how much more is the
two-dimensional array. We’ve observed that you should have to be good in analyzing, of
course that is an essential in programming, because we are now dealing with a two-
dimensional array. If I will compare it to the other activities this is really a difficult one
because before you would create a program you should have to be experienced in
making those kinds of program, so it’s really a challenge for us.

BONGALOSA, CHRYS DENYLLE ​If in activity 10 we just need to make

one-dimensional array, in this activity, we need to make not just one but
two-dimensional array. Since we are already able to make the one dimensional, we
really expect that it will be a lot easier but this program became very challenging. But,
all in all we are able to make it even it’s hard.