Guyana

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Not to be confused with the French overseas region of French Guiana. For other uses,
see Guyana (disambiguation).
Coordinates:  5°00′N 58°45′W

Co-operative Republic of Guyana

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: "One People, One Nation, One Destiny"

Anthem: "Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains"

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 Location of Guyana (dark green)
in South America (grey)

Capital Georgetown
and largest city 6°46′N 58°10′W

Official languages English
Recognised
10 indigenous languages[show]
regional languages

Vernacular Guyanese Creole

language

Other languages
6 languages[show]

Ethnic groups   39.8% Indian
(2012)  29.3% African
 19.9% Mixed
(including Dougla and Creole-
Mulatto)
 10.5% Indigenous Amerindian
 0.5% Others
(including Chinese, Portugues
e, other European)[1]

Religion  62.7% Christianity
 24.8% Hinduism
 6.8% Islam
 3.1% None
 2.6% Other[1]

Demonym(s) Guyanese
 Government Unitary presidential constitutional
republic[2]

• President Irfaan Ali (PPP/C)

• Prime Minister/First Vice Mark Phillips (PPP/C)
President
• Vice President Bharrat Jagdeo (PPP/C)
• National Assembly Manzoor Nadir (PPP/C)
Speaker
• Chief Justice Roxane George-Wiltshire (acting)
• Opposition Leader Joseph Harmon (AFC+APNU)

Legislature National Assembly

Formation
• Dutch Guiana 1667–1814
• British Guiana 1814–1966
• Independence from 26 May 1966
the United
Kingdom becoming Gu
yana
• Republic 23 February 1970
• Current constitution 6 October 1980

Area
• Total 214,970 km2 (83,000 sq mi) (83rd)
• Water (%) 8.4

Population
• 2018 estimate 786,391[3][4] (164th)
• 2012 census 747,884[5]
• Density 3.502/km2 (9.1/sq mi) (232nd)

GDP (PPP) 2020 estimate
• Total  $13.661 billion[6] (144th)

• Per capita  $17,359[6] (72nd)

GDP (nominal) 2020 estimate
• Total  $6.806 billion[6] (148th)

• Per capita  $8,649[6] (68th)

HDI (2019)  0.682[7]
medium · 122nd
 Currency Guyanese dollar (GYD)

Time zone UTC-4 (AST)

Driving side left

Calling code +592

ISO 3166 code GY

Internet TLD .gy

Guyana (pronounced /ɡaɪˈɑːnə/ or /ɡaɪˈænə/),[8][9] officially the Co-operative Republic

of Guyana,[10] is a country on the northern mainland of South America and the capital
city is Georgetown. It is part of the mainland Caribbean region maintaining its strong
cultural, historical, and political ties with other Caribbean countries and the Caribbean
Community (CARICOM). Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the
north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Venezuela to the west, and Suriname to the
east. With 215,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the third-
smallest sovereign state by area in mainland South America
after Uruguay and Suriname; it is also the second-least populous sovereign state in
South America after Suriname.
The region known as "the Guianas" consists of the large shield landmass north of
the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "land of many waters".
There are nine indigenous tribes residing in Guyana: the Wai
Wai, Macushi, Patamona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pemon, Akawaio and Warao.
Historically dominated by the Lokono and Kalina tribes, Guyana was colonised by the
Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century. It was governed
as British Guiana, with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s. It gained
independence in 1966, and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of
Nations in 1970. The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country's political
administration and diverse population, which
includes Indian, African, Amerindian, Chinese, Portuguese, other European, and
various multiracial groups. In 2017, 41% of the population of Guyana lived below
the poverty line.[11]
Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language. The
majority of the population, however, speak Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole
language, as a first language. Guyana is part of the Anglophone Caribbean.
CARICOM headquarters is in Guyana's capital and largest city, Georgetown. In 2008,
the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member.

Contents

 1Etymology
 2History
  3Geography
o 3.1Environment and biodiversity
 4Economy
o 4.1Summary
 5Demographics
o 5.1Largest cities
o 5.2Languages
o 5.3Religion
 6Government and politics
o 6.1Public procurement
o 6.2Military
o 6.3Human rights
 7Administrative divisions
o 7.1Regions and Neighbourhood Councils
 8International and regional relations
o 8.1Boundary disputes
o 8.2The Organisation of American States (OAS)
o 8.3Indigenous Leaders Summits of America (ILSA)
o 8.4Agreements which affect financial relationships
 8.4.1The Double Taxation Relief
(CARICOM) Treaty 1994
 8.4.2FATCA
 9Infrastructure and telecommunications
o 9.1Transport
o 9.2Electricity
 10Health
 11Education
 12Culture
o 12.1Landmarks
 13Wildlife
 14Sport
 15See also
 16Notes
 17References
 18Further reading
 19External links

Etymology[edit]
The name "Guyana" derives from Guiana, the original name for the region that formerly
included Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname (Dutch Guiana), French Guiana, and parts
of Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. According to the Oxford English Dictionary,
"Guyana" comes from an indigenous Amerindian language and means "land of many
waters".[12][13] The Co-operative Republic in the official name referred to co-operative
socialism.

History[edit]
Main article: History of Guyana

A map of Dutch Guiana 1667–1814

There are nine indigenous tribes residing in Guyana: the Wai

Wai, Macushi, Patamona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pemon, Akawaio and Warao.[14] 
Historically, the Lokono and Kalina tribes dominated Guyana. Although Christopher
Columbus was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and
Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account in 1596, the Dutch were the first Europeans to
establish colonies: Pomeroon (1581), Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627),
and Demerara (1752). After the British assumed control in 1796,[15] the Dutch formally
ceded the area in 1814. In 1831 the three separate colonies became a single British
colony known as British Guiana.

Map of British Guiana from 1896

Since its independence in 1824, Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the west of
the Essequibo River. Simón Bolívar wrote to the British government warning against the
Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land which the Venezuelans, as assumed
heirs of Spanish claims on the area dating to the sixteenth century, claimed was theirs.
In 1899 an international tribunal ruled the land belonged to Great Britain. [16] The British
territorial claim stemmed from Dutch involvement and colonization of the area also
dating to the sixteenth century, which was ceded to the British.
Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom as a dominion on 26 May
1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the
Commonwealth. Shortly after independence, Venezuela began to take diplomatic,
economic and military action against Guyana in order to enforce its territorial claim to
the Guayana Esequiba.[17] The US State Department and the US Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA), along with the British government, also played a strong role in influencing
political control in Guyana during this time.[18] The American government
supported Forbes Burnham during the early years of independence because Cheddi
Jagan was identified as a Marxist. They provided secret financial support and political
campaign advice to Burnham's People's National Congress, to the detriment of the
Jagan-led People's Progressive Party, which was mostly supported by Guyanese of
East Indian background.
In 1974, the Guyana government leased 1,500 hectares (3,800 acres) of land
to Peoples Temple, an American new religious movement, led by pastor Jim Jones. The
settlement, informally called "Jonestown", eventually grew to a population of about
1,000 people, mostly emigrated from the United States. In 1978, Guyana received
worldwide attention when 909 people died in a mass murder/suicide in Jonestown by
drinking cyanide-laced Flavor Aid. A day prior, U.S. congressman Leo Ryan had visited
and toured the settlement as part of an investigation. As he was preparing to leave at
the Port Kaituma airstrip, a group of Peoples Temple members pulled up and opened
fire on the visiting delegation, killing Ryan and four other people.
In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive
Treaty of the Union of South American Nations. The Guyanese government officially
ratified the treaty in 2010.

Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of Guyana

Kaieteur Falls is the world's largest single-drop waterfall by volume.

Rupununi Savannah

The territory controlled by Guyana lies between latitudes 1° and 9°N, and

longitudes 56° and 62°W, and is one of the world's most sparsely populated countries.
The country can be divided into five natural regions; a narrow and fertile marshy plain
along the Atlantic coast (low coastal plain) where most of the population lives; a white
sand belt more inland (hilly sand and clay region), containing most of Guyana's mineral
deposits; the dense rain forests (Forested Highland Region) in the southern part of the
country; the drier savannah areas in the south-west; and the smallest interior lowlands
(interior savannah) consisting mostly of mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian
border.
Some of Guyana's highest mountains are Mount Ayanganna (2,042 metres or 6,699
feet), Monte Caburaí (1,465 metres or 4,806 feet) and Mount Roraima (2,772 metres or
9,094 feet – the highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-
Venezuela tripoint border, part of the Pakaraima range. Mount Roraima and Guyana's
table-top mountains (tepuis) are said to have been the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle's 1912 novel The Lost World. There are also many volcanic escarpments and
waterfalls, including Kaieteur Falls which is believed to be the largest single-drop
waterfall in the world.[19] North of the Rupununi River lies the Rupununi savannah, south
of which lie the Kanuku Mountains.
The four longest rivers are the Essequibo at 1,010 kilometres (628 mi) long,
the Courentyne River at 724 kilometres (450 mi), the Berbice at 595 kilometres
(370 mi), and the Demerara at 346 kilometres (215 mi). The Courentyne river forms the
border with Suriname. At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands,
including the 145 km (90 mi) wide Shell Beach along the northwest coast, which is also
a major breeding area for sea turtles (mainly leatherbacks) and other wildlife.
The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderated by
northeast trade winds along the coast. There are two rainy seasons, the first from May
to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January.
Guyana has one of the largest unspoiled rainforests in South America, some parts of
which are almost inaccessible by humans. The rich natural history of Guyana was
described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by
naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell. In 2008, the BBC broadcast a
three-part programme called Lost Land of the Jaguar which highlighted the huge
diversity of wildlife, including undiscovered species and rare species such as the giant
otter and harpy eagle.
In 2012, Guyana received a $45 million reward from Norway for its rainforest protection
efforts. This stems from a 2009 agreement between the nations for a total of $250
million for protecting and maintaining the natural habitat. Thus far, the country has
received $115 million of the total grant.
Environment and biodiversity[edit]
See also: Category:Flora of Guyana, Category:Fauna of Guyana,
and Category:Orchids of Guyana

Satellite image of Guyana from 2004

Anomaloglossus beebei (Kaieteur), specific to the Guianas

The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana.

The following habitats have been categorised for Guyana: coastal, marine, littoral,
estuarine palustrine, mangrove, riverine, lacustrine, swamp, savanna, white sand forest,
brown sand forest, montane, cloud forest, moist lowland and dry evergreen scrub
forests (NBAP, 1999). About 14 areas of biological interest have been identified as
possible hotspots for a National Protected Area System. More than 80% of Guyana is
still covered by forests, those forest also contains the world's rarest orchids ranging
from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to montane and lowland evergreen rain
forests. These forests are home to more than a thousand species of trees. Guyana's
tropical climate, unique geology, and relatively pristine ecosystems support extensive
areas of species-rich rain forests and natural habitats with high levels of endemism.
Approximately eight thousand species of plants occur in Guyana, half of which are
found nowhere else.
Guyana has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. With
1,168 vertebrate species and 814 bird species, it boasts one of the richest mammalian
fauna assemblages of any comparably sized area in the world. Guyana is home to six
ecoregions: Guayanan Highlands moist forests, Guianan moist forests, Orinoco Delta
swamp forests, Tepuis, Guianan savanna, and Guianan mangroves.[20] The Guiana
Shield region is little known and extremely rich biologically. Unlike other areas of South
America, over 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine. Guyana ranks third in the
world with a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.58/10.[21]
The rich natural history of British Guiana was described by early explorers Sir Walter
Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and
Gerald Durrell.
In February 2004, the Government of Guyana issued a title to more than 4,000 square
kilometres (1×106 acres) of land in the Konashen Indigenous District declaring this land
as the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area (COCA), to be managed by
the Wai Wai. In doing so Guyana created the world's largest Community-Owned
Conservation Area.[22]
This important event followed a request made by the Wai Wai community to the
government of Guyana and Conservation International Guyana (CIG) for assistance in
developing a sustainable plan for their lands in Konashen. The three parties signed a
Memorandum of Cooperation which outlines a plan for sustainable use of the Konashen
COCA's biological resources, identifies threats to the area's biodiversity, and helps
develop projects to increase awareness of the COCA as well as generate the income
necessary to maintain its protected status.
The Konashen Indigenous District of Southern Guyana houses the headwaters of the
Essequibo River, Guyana's principal water source, and drains the Kassikaityu, Kamoa,
Sipu and Chodikar rivers. Southern Guyana is host to some of the most pristine
expanses of evergreen forests in the northern part of South America. Most of the forests
found here are tall, evergreen hill-land and lower montane forests, with large expanses
of flooded forest along major rivers. Thanks to the very low human population density of
the area, most of these forests are still intact. The Smithsonian Institution has identified
nearly 2,700 species of plants from this region, representing 239 distinct families, and
there are certainly additional species still to be recorded.
The diversity of plants supports diverse animal life, recently documented by a biological
survey organised by Conservation International. The reportedly clean, unpolluted waters
of the Essequibo watershed support a remarkable diversity of fish and aquatic
invertebrates, and are home to giant otters, capybaras, and several species of caimans.
On land, large mammals, such as jaguars, tapirs, bush dogs, giant anteaters, and saki
monkeys are still common. Over 400 species of birds have been reported from the
region, and the reptile and amphibian faunas are similarly rich. The Konashen COCA
forests are also home to countless species of insects, arachnids, and other
invertebrates, many of which are still undiscovered or unnamed.
The Konashen COCA contains a high level of biological diversity and richness that
remains in nearly pristine condition; such places have become rare on earth. This fact
has given rise to various non-exploitative, environmentally sustainable industries such
as ecotourism, successfully capitalising on the biological wealth of the Konashen COCA
with comparatively little enduring impact.

Economy[edit]
Main articles: Economy of Guyana and Agriculture in Guyana
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See also: List of Guyanese companies

A tractor in a rice field on Guyana's coastal plain

Graphical depiction of Guyana's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories (2017, very outdated, petroleum
dominates the exports since year 2020)

The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (production of rice

and Demerara sugar), bauxite and gold mining, deep water Crude oil, timber, shrimp
fishing and minerals. The sugar industry, which accounts for 28% of all export earnings,
is largely run by the company GuySuCo, which employs more people than any other
industry. Many industries have a large foreign investment. For example, the American
company Reynolds Metals and the British-Australian Rio Tinto's Rio Tinto Alcan
subsidiary are heavily invested in Guyana's mineral industry; the Korean/Malaysian
Barama Company has a large stake in the logging industry. Since 2015, foreign
companies have made several significant deep water oil discoveries.
Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labour, deficient infrastructure, and until
recently, sizable external debt. Low prices for key mining and agricultural commodities,
combined with troubles in the bauxite and sugar industries, had threatened the
government's tenuous fiscal position and dimmed prospects for the future. However, the
Guyanese economy has rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth
since 1999, thanks to an expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more
favourable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low
inflation, and the continued support of international organisations. In 2008, the economy
witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the global economic crisis. It grew 5.4% in
2011 and 3.7% in 2012. According to IMF projections, economic growth is expected to
be 53% in 2020 following the completion of the first off-shore oil project. [23]
The production of balatá (natural latex) was once big business in Guyana. Most of the
balata bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the Kanuku Mountains in the
Rupununi. Early exploitation also took place in the North West District, but most of the
trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods that involved cutting down
the trees rather than making incisions in them. Uses of balatá included the making
of cricket balls, the temporary filling of troublesome tooth cavities, and the crafting of
figurines and other decorative items (particularly by the Macushi people of the Kanuku
mountains).
Major private sector organisations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC) [24] and
the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI); [25]
The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007. A Value Added
Tax (VAT) replaced six different taxes. Prior to the implementation of the VAT, it had
been relatively easy to evade sales tax, and many businesses were in violation of tax
code. Many businesses opposed VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork
required; however, the Government has remained firm on the VAT. By replacing several
taxes with one flat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to
spot embezzlement. This was prevalent under the former PPP/C government who
authorised the VAT to be equal to 50% of the value of the good. [citation needed]
President Bharrat Jagdeo had made debt relief a priority. He convinced the International
Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
to write off US$800 million of debt, and millions more owed to industrial nations. Jagdeo
was lauded by IDB President Moreno for his strong leadership and negotiating skills. [citation
needed]

Summary[edit]

Thatched roof houses in Guyana

GDP (2019 estimate) Natural resources

$4.121 billion ($5,252 per capita)[6] bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp,
GDP growth rate fish, oil which was made known in May 2015.
86.7% (2020)[6][26] Exports
Inflation US$621.6 million (2006 estimate)
12.3% sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice,
Unemployment shrimp, molasses, rum, timber, citrus fruits.
11.0% (2007)[27] Imports
Arable land US$706.9 million (2006 estimate)
2% manufactured items, machinery, petroleum, food.
Labour force Major
trading
324,943 (2019)[28]
partners
Agricultural
Canada, US, UK, Portugal, Jamaica, Trinidad and
produce
Tobago, China, Cuba, Singapore, Japan, Brazil,
sugar, rice, vegetable oils, beef, Suriname (2009)
pork, poultry, dairy products, fish,
shrimp
Industrial
production
bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber,
textiles, gold mining

Demographics[edit]
Main articles: Demographics of Guyana and Guyanese people
Guyana's population density in 2005 (people per km2)

A graph showing the population of Guyana from 1961 to 2003. The population decline in the 1980s can be
clearly seen.

The chief majority (about 90%) of Guyana's 773,000 population lives along a narrow
coastal strip which ranges from a width of 16 to 64 kilometres (10 to 40 mi) inland and
which makes up approximately only 10% of the nation's total land area. [29]
The present population of Guyana is racially and ethnically heterogeneous, with ethnic
groups originating from India, Africa, Europe, and China, as well as indigenous or
aboriginal peoples. Despite their diverse ethnic backgrounds, these groups share two
common languages: English and Creole.
The largest ethnic group is the Indo-Guyanese (also known as East Indians), the
descendants of indentured laborers from India, who make up 43.5% of the population,
according to the 2002 census. They are followed by the Afro-Guyanese, the
descendants of slaves from Africa, who constitute 30.2%. The Guyanese of mixed
heritage make up 16.7%, while the indigenous peoples (known locally as Amerindians)
make up 9.1%. The indigenous groups include the Arawaks, the Wai Wai, the Caribs,
the Akawaio, the Arecuna, the Patamona, the Wapixana, the Macushi and the Warao.
  The two largest groups, the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, have experienced
[27]

some racial tension.[30][31][32]

Most Indo-Guyanese are descended from indentured laborers who migrated from North
India, especially the Bhojpur and Awadh regions of the Hindi Belt in the present day
states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand.[33] A significant minority of Indo-Guyanese
are also descended from indentured migrants who came from the South Indian states
of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.[34]
The distribution pattern in the 2002 census was similar to those of the 1980 and 1991
censuses, but the share of the two main groups has declined. Indo-Guyanese made up
51.9% of the total population in 1980, but by 1991 this had fallen to 48.6%, and then to
43.5% in the 2002 census. Those of African descent increased slightly from 30.8% to
32.3% during the first period (1980 and 1991) before falling to 30.2% in the 2002
census. With small growth in the overall population, the decline in the shares of the two
larger groups has resulted in the relative increase of shares of the multiracial and
Amerindian groups. The Amerindian population rose by 22,097 people between 1991
and 2002. This represents an increase of 47.3% or annual growth of 3.5%. Similarly, the
multiracial population increased by 37,788 persons, representing a 43.0% increase or
annual growth rate of 3.2% from the base period of 1991 census.
The number of Portuguese people (4.3% of the population in 1891) has been declining
constantly over the decades.[35]
Largest cities[edit]
Largest cities and towns of Guyana[36]

Rank Name Region Population

1 Georgetown Demerara-Mahaica 235,017

2 Linden Upper Demerara-Berbice 44,690

3 New Amsterdam East Berbice-Corentyne 35,039

4 Anna Regina Pomeroon-Supenaam 12,448

5 Bartica Cuyuni-Mazaruni 11,157

6 Skeldon East Berbice-Corentyne 5,859

 Largest cities and towns of Guyana[36]

Rank Name Region Population

7 Rosignol Mahaica-Berbice 5,782

Mahaica (village
8 Demerara-Mahaica 4,867
)

9 Parika Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 4,081

10 Vreed en Hoop Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 3,073

Languages[edit]
Main article: Languages of Guyana
English is the official language of Guyana and is used for education, government,
media, and services. The vast majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creole, an
English-based creole with slight African, Indian, and Amerindian influence, as their
native tongue.[37] In addition, the indigenous Cariban languages (Akawaio, Wai-Wai,
and Macushi) are spoken by a small minority of Amerindians. Guyanese
Hindustani and Tamil are retained and spoken by some Indo-Guyanese for cultural and
religious reasons.[citation needed]
Religion in Guyana (2012 census)[38]

  Pentecostal (23%)
  Anglican (5%)
  Seventh-day Adventist (5%)
  Methodist (1%)
  Other Christians[a] (21%)
  Roman Catholic (7%)
  Hindu (25%)
  Muslim (7%)
  Other (3%)
  Irreligious (3%)
Religion[edit]
Main article: Religion in Guyana
According to a 2002 nationwide census on religious affiliation, 57.4% of the population
was Christian, 28.4% was Hindu, 7.2% was Muslim, 1.9% adhered to other religions,
while 2.3% of the population did not profess any. [39]
Among Christians, most are Protestants (34.8%) or other Christian (20.8%), but there is
also a minority of Roman Catholics (7.1%). Among Hindus, Sanātanī (orthodox
Hinduism) is the major sect, along with a notable minority of those who follow the Arya
Samaj, and a smaller minority who follow the ISKCON, Sathya Sai Baba
movement, Chinmaya Mission, or Kabir Panth. Among Muslims, Sunni are in the
majority, while there are also Shia and Ahmadiyya minorities. Among other
religions, Rastafarianism, Buddhism, and the Baha'i faith are the most popular.

Government and politics[edit]

Main article: Politics of Guyana
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The State House, Guyana's presidential residence

The Supreme Court of Guyana

Guyana's parliament building since 1834

The politics of Guyana takes place in a framework of a presidential representative

democratic republic, in which the President of Guyana is both head of state and head of
government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the President
and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the President and the National
Assembly of Guyana. Historically, politics are a source of tension in the country, and
violent riots have often broken out during elections. During the 1970s and 1980s, the
political landscape was dominated by the People's National Congress.
In 1992, the first constitutional elections were overseen by former United States
President Jimmy Carter, and the People's Progressive Party led the country until 2015.
The two parties are principally organised along ethnic lines and as a result often clash
on issues related to the allocation of resources. In the General Elections held on 28
November 2011, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) retained a majority, and their
presidential candidate Donald Ramotar was elected as president.
On 11 May 2015, early general elections were held. A coalition of the A Partnership for
National Unity-Alliance for Change (APNU-AFC) parties won 33 of the 65 seats in the
National Assembly. On 16 May 2015, retired army general David A. Granger became
the eighth President of Guyana. However, on 21 December 2018, a vote of confidence
was called for, regarding terms under which the government granted a franchise for
offshore oil exploration. Legislator Charrandass Persaud defected from the coalition and
the vote failed, requiring new elections. The governing coalition litigated this result for
the entire 90 days allowed for new elections. New elections were held on March 02,
2020 and results were declared on August 03, 2020, with the People's Progressive
Party/Civic as the winner. Dr. Irfaan Mohamed Ali became the ninth President of
Guyana.[40]
Public procurement[edit]
Public procurement in Guyana is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission,
appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003. Due to lengthy delay in
identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed until
2016.[41]
Military[edit]
Main article: Guyana Defence Force
The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military service of Guyana.
Human rights[edit]
See also: LGBT rights in Guyana
Homosexual acts, as well as anal and oral sex are illegal in Guyana.[42] It is currently the
only country in South America that prohibits such acts. Engaging in such acts can
warrant life imprisonment, though it is not enforced. These laws can be difficult to alter,
as Guyana's Constitution protects laws inherited from the British Empire from
constitutional review.[43] However, cross-dressing has been legal since 2018, when a ban
was struck down by Guyana's court of last resort, the Caribbean Court of Justice.
[44]
 President David A. Granger (2015–2020) expressed support for these efforts. [45]

Administrative divisions[edit]
Regions and Neighbourhood Councils[edit]
Main articles: Regions of Guyana and Neighbourhood Councils of Guyana
Guyana is divided into 10 regions:[46][47]

N Pop. Pop. Density

Region Area km2
o (2012 Census) per km2

1 Barima-Waini 20,339 26,941 1.32

2 Pomeroon-Supenaam 6,195 46,810 7.56

3 Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 3,755 107,416 28.61

4 Demerara-Mahaica 2,232 313,429 140.43

5 Mahaica-Berbice 4,190 49,723 11.87

6 East Berbice-Corentyne 36,234 109,431 3.02

7 Cuyuni-Mazaruni 47,213 20,280 0.43

8 Potaro-Siparuni 20,051 10,190 0.51

9 Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo 57,750 24,212 0.42

 N Pop. Pop. Density
Region Area km2
o (2012 Census) per km2

10 Upper Demerara-Berbice 17,040 39,452 2.32

Total 214,999 747,884 3.48

The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils. [48]

International and regional relations[edit]

Boundary disputes[edit]

Map of Guyana, showing the Essequibo River and (shaded dark) the river's drainage basin. Venezuela claims
territory up to the western bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into
current-day Venezuela.

See also: Schomburgk Line and Borders of Suriname

Guyana is in border disputes with both Suriname, which claims the area east of the left
bank of the Corentyne River and the New River in southwestern Suriname, and
Venezuela which claims the land west of the Essequibo River, once the Dutch colony of
Essequibo as part of Venezuela's Guayana Essequiba.[49][50][51][52] The maritime[53]
[54]
 component of the territorial dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by the United
Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, and a ruling was announced on 21 September
2007. The ruling concerning the Caribbean Sea north of both nations found both parties
violated treaty obligations and declined to order any compensation to either party. [55]
When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire Cuyuni
River basin within the colony. Venezuela did not agree with this as it claimed all lands
west of the Essequibo River. In 1898, at Venezuela's request, an
international arbitration tribunal was convened, and in 1899 the tribunal issued an award
giving about 94% of the disputed territory to British Guiana. The arbitration was
concluded, settled and accepted into International law by both Venezuela and the U.K.
Venezuela brought up again the settled claim, during the 1960s cold war period, and
during Guyana's Independence period. This issue is now governed by the Treaty of
Geneva of 1966, which was signed by the Governments of Guyana, Great Britain and
Venezuela, and Venezuela continues to claim Guayana Esequiba.[56] Venezuela calls
this region "Zona en Reclamación" (Reclamation Zone) and Venezuelan maps of the
national territory routinely include it, drawing it in with dashed lines. [57]
Specific small disputed areas involving Guyana are Ankoko Island with Venezuela;
Corentyne River[58] with Suriname; and Tigri Area or New River Triangle[59] with Suriname.
In 1967 a Surinamese survey team was found in the New River Triangle and was
forcibly removed. In August 1969 a patrol of the Guyana Defence Force found a survey
camp and a partially completed airstrip inside the triangle, and documented evidence of
the Surinamese intention to occupy the entire disputed area. After an exchange of
gunfire, the Surinamese were driven from the triangle.
The Organisation of American States (OAS)[edit]
Guyana entered the Inter–American system in 1991. [60]
Indigenous Leaders Summits of America (ILSA)[edit]
With Guyana having many groups of indigenous persons and given the geographical
location of the country, the contributions of the Guyanese to the OAS respecting
indigenous people may be significant. [61]
The position of the OAS respecting indigenous persons developed over the years. "The
"OAS has supported and participated in the organisation of Indigenous Leaders
Summits of Americas (ILSA)"[62]
The Draft American Declaration of the Rights of the Indigenous Persons appears to be
a working document[63]
Agreements which affect financial relationships[edit]
The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994[edit]
At a CARICOM Meeting, representatives of Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana
respectively signed The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 on 19 August
1994.[64]
This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits,
interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.
FATCA[edit]
On 30 June 2014, Guyana signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of
America in relation to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA).[65] This Model
1 agreement includes a reference to the Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Clause
3) which was signed on 22 July 1992 in Georgetown, Guyana intending to exchange
Tax information on an automatic basis.
Infrastructure and telecommunications[edit]
Transport[edit]
Main article: Transport in Guyana

Cross-border bridge from Guyana to Brazil near Lethem

There are a total of 187 kilometres (116 mi) of railway, all dedicated to ore transport.
There are 7,969 kilometres (4,952 mi) of highway, of which 591 kilometres (367 mi) are
paved. Navigable waterways extend 1,077 kilometres (669 mi), including the Berbice,
Demerara, and Essequibo rivers. There are ports at Georgetown, Port Kaituma,
and New Amsterdam. There are two international airports (Cheddi Jagan International
Airport, Timehri and Eugene F. Correira International Airport (formerly Ogle Airport);
along with about 90 airstrips, nine of which have paved runways. Guyana, Suriname
and the Falkland Islands are the only three regions in South America which drive on the
left.
Electricity[edit]
Main article: Electricity sector in Guyana
The electricity sector in Guyana is dominated by Guyana Power and Light (GPL), the
state-owned vertically integrated utility. Although the country has a large potential for
hydroelectric and bagasse-fueled power generation, most of its 226 MW of installed
capacity correspond to diesel-engine driven generators. [66]
Several initiatives are in place to improve energy access in the hinterland. Guyana is
endowed with renewable energy resources and is likely to benefit greatly from the
energy transition. It is ranked no. 3 among 156 countries in the index of geopolitical
gains and losses after energy transition (GeGaLo Index). [67]

Health[edit]
Main article: Health in Guyana
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 67.39 years for both males and females in
2012.[68] The PAHO/ WHO Global Health Report 2014 (using statistics of 2012) ranked
the country as having the highest suicide rate in the world, with a mortality rate of 44.2
per 100,000 inhabitants.[69][70] According to 2011 estimates from
the WHO, HIV prevalence is 1.2% of the teen/adult population (ages 15–49). [71]

Education[edit]
Main article: Education in Guyana

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this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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Guyana lacks a critical mass of expertise in many of the disciplines and activities on
which it depends. At 88.5%, Guyana's literacy rate is the lowest in South America.[72]
The Guyanese education system is modelled on the former British education system.
Students are expected to take the NGSA (National Grade Six Assessment) for entrance
into high school in grade 7. They take the CXC at the end of high school. Schools have
introduced the CAPE exams which all other Caribbean countries have introduced.
The A-level system, inherited from the British era, is offered only in a few schools.

Culture[edit]
Main article: Culture of Guyana
See also: Literature of Guyana and Music of Guyana
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this
section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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Holidays

1 January New Year's Day

Spring Youman Nabi (Mawlid)

23 February Republic Day / Mashramani

March Phagwah
March / April Good Friday

March / April Easter Sunday

1 May Labour Day

5 May Indian Arrival Day

26 May Independence Day

First Monday in
CARICOM Day
July

1 August Emancipation Day

October / November Diwali

25 December Christmas

26 or 27 December Boxing Day

Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean, and has
historically been tied to the English-speaking Caribbean as part of the British Empire
when it became a possession in the nineteenth century. Guyana is a founding member
of the Caricom (Caribbean Community) economic bloc and also the home of the Bloc's
Headquarters, the CARICOM Secretariat.
Guyana's geographical location, its sparsely populated rain-forest regions, and its
substantial Amerindian population differentiate it from English-speaking Caribbean
countries. Its blend of Indo-Guyanese (East Indian) and Afro-Guyanese (African)
cultures gives it similarities to Trinidad and distinguishes it from other parts of the
Americas. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as
food, festive events, music, sports, etc.
Guyana plays international cricket as a part of the West Indies cricket team, and
the Guyana team plays first-class cricket against other nations of the Caribbean. In
March and April 2007 Guyana co-hosted the Cricket World Cup 2007. In addition to its
CARICOM membership, Guyana is a member of CONCACAF, the international football
federation for North and Central America and the Caribbean.
Events include Mashramani (Mash), Phagwah (Holi), and Deepavali (Diwali).
Landmarks[edit]

St George's Cathedral, Georgetown

 St George's Anglican Cathedral: A historic Anglican

Cathedral made of wood.
 Demerara Harbour Bridge: The world's fourth-
longest floating bridge.
 Berbice Bridge: The world's sixth-longest floating
bridge.
 Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Building:
Houses the headquarters of the largest and most
powerful economic union in the Caribbean.
 Providence Stadium: Situated on Providence on the
north bank of the Demerara River and built in time
for the ICC World Cup 2007, it is the largest sports
stadium in the country. It is also near the Providence
Mall, forming a major spot for leisure in Guyana.
 Arthur Chung Conference Centre:[73] Presented as a
gift from the People's Republic of China to the
Government of Guyana. It is the only one of its kind
in the country.
 Stabroek Market: A large cast-iron colonial structure
that looked like a statue was located next to the
Demerara River.
 City Hall: A beautiful wooden structure also from the
colonial era.
 Takutu River Bridge: A bridge across the Takutu
River, connecting Lethem in Guyana to Bonfim in
Brazil.[74]
 Umana Yana: An Amerindian benab, that is a
national monument built in 1972, for a meeting of the
 Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned nations (It was
rebuilt in 2016).
 Shell Beach: Approximately 140 km long beach. In
some parts beach consists of pure shells, very high
biological diversity. Important nesting site for 8
species of sea turtles.

Wildlife[edit]
Guyana is home to more than 900 species of birds; 225 species of mammals; 880
species of reptiles and more than 6,500 different species of plants. [75] Among these
wildlife categories the most notably famous are the Arapaima, which is the world's
largest scaled freshwater fish, giant anteater, the largest anteater, giant otter, the
world's largest and rarest river otter and lastly the most notably famous of birds, cock of
the rock (Rupicola rupicola).[76]

Sport[edit]
See also: Cricket in the West Indies

Providence Stadium as seen from the East Bank Highway

The major sports in Guyana are cricket (Guyana is part of the West Indies as defined for
international cricket purposes[77]), basketball, football, and volleyball.[78] Minor sports
include softball cricket (beach cricket), field hockey, netball, rounders, lawn tennis, table
tennis, boxing, squash, rugby, horse racing and a few others.
Guyana played host to international cricket matches as part of the 2007 Cricket World
Cup (CWC 2007). The new 15,000-seat Providence Stadium, also referred to as
Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for the
beginning of play on 28 March. At the first international game of CWC 2007 at the
stadium, Lasith Malinga of the Sri Lankan team took four wickets in four consecutive
deliveries.[79]
Guyana's national basketball team has traditionally been one of the top contenders at
the CaribeBasket, the top international basketball tournament for countries in
the Caribbean.
For international football purposes, Guyana is part of CONCACAF. The highest league
in their club system is the GFF Elite League. Guyana's national football team has never
qualified for the FIFA World Cup, however they qualified for the Caribbean Cup in 1991,
finishing fourth, and 2007. In 2019, they qualified for the CONCACAF Gold Cup for the
first time, after finishing 7th in the qualifiers. They finished 3rd in Group D, having lost
two matches and drawn one.
Guyana also has five courses for horse racing.[80]

See also[edit]
 Guyana portal
 Caribbean portal

 Index of Guyana-related articles

 Outline of Guyana
 Petroleum exploration in Guyana

Notes[edit]
1. ^ Mostly made up of other Protestants, but also Eastern
Orthodox, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses and other
Christians.[citation needed]

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development". [Link]. Archived from the original on 22
December 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
62. ^ "Indigenous Peoples". [Link]. Archived from
the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
63. ^ "Events OAS Indigenous Special
Events". [Link]. Archived from the original on 4 January
2017. Retrieved  3 January  2017.
64. ^ "IRD Trinidad and Tobago – CARICOM
Treaties"  (PDF).  [Link]. Archived  (PDF)  from the original
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65. ^ "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
(FATCA)".  [Link].  Archivedfrom the original on 13
January 2017. Retrieved  16 January 2017.
66. ^ Guyana Investment Climate Assessment, Vol II  (PDF).
World Bank. 2007. pp.  71, 73.
67. ^ Overland, Indra; Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat;
Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten (1 November
2019). "The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses
after energy transition". Energy Strategy Reviews.  26:
100406. doi:10.1016/[Link].2019.100406.
68. ^ Life Expectancy ranks Archived 21 May 2012 at
the Wayback Machine. CIA World Factbook
69. ^ "WHO Report 2014 Preventing suicide: A global
imperative"  (PDF).  Archived  (PDF) from the original on 16
June 2015. Retrieved  4 August2015.
 70. ^ "Desperate measures". 13 September 2014. Archived from
the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 29 August  2017  – via
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71. ^ WHO Health-Related Millennium Development Goals
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75. ^ Tavani, Claudia (14 August 2018).  "The Most Amazing
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Further reading[edit]
 Brock, Stanley E. (1999).  All the Cowboys Were
Indians (Commemorative, illustrated (reprint of  Jungle
Cowboy)  ed.). Lenoir City, TN: Synergy South, Inc. ISBN 978-1-
892329-00-4. OCLC  51089880. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
 Brock, Stanley E. (1972).  Jungle Cowboy  (illustrated  ed.).
London: Robert Hale Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7091-2972-
1. OCLC  650259. Retrieved  7 January  2010.
 Donald Haack, Bush Pilot in Diamond Country
 Hamish MacInnes, Climb to the Lost World (1974)
 Andrew Salkey, Georgetown Journal (1970)
 Marion Morrison, Guyana (Enchantment of the World Series)
 Bob Temple, Guyana
 Noel C. Bacchus, Guyana Farewell: A Recollection of Childhood in
a Faraway Place
 Marcus Colchester, Guyana: Fragile Frontier
 Matthew French Young, Guyana: My Fifty Years in the Guyanese
Wilds
 Margaret Bacon, Journey to Guyana
  Father Andrew Morrison SJ, Justice: The Struggle For Democracy
in Guyana 1952–1992
 Daly, Vere T. (1974).  The Making of Guyana.
Macmillan.  ISBN  978-0-333-14482-4. OCLC  1257829.
Retrieved 7 January 2010.
 D. Graham Burnett, Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration,
Geography and a British El Dorado
 Ovid Abrams, Metegee: The History and Culture of Guyana
 Waugh, Evelyn  (1934). Ninety-two days: The account of a tropical
journey through British Guiana and part of Brazil. New York:
Farrar & Rinehart. OCLC  3000330. Retrieved  7 January  2010.
 Gerald Durrell, Three Singles To Adventure
 Cheddi Jagan. The West on Trial: My Fight for Guyana's Freedom
 Cheddi Jagan. My Fight For Guyana's Freedom: With Reflections
on My Father by Nadira Jagan-Brancier.
 Colin Henfrey, Through Indian Eyes: A Journey Among the Indian
Tribes of Guiana.
 Stephen G. Rabe, US Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War
Story.
 Charles Waterton, Wanderings in South America.
 David Attenborough, Zoo Quest to Guiana (Lutterworth Press,
London: 1956).
 John Gimlette, Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed
Edge, 2011.
 Clementi, Cecil  (1915). The Chinese in British Guiana  (PDF).
Georgetown, British Guiana: The Argosy Company Limited.
Retrieved 27 October  2015.

External links[edit]
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 Texts from Wikisource

 Textbooks from Wikibooks

 Travel guide from Wikivoyage

 Resources from Wikiversity

 Office of the President, Republic of Guyana (official

website).
 Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of
Guyana (official website).
  News, Sports, Tourism, Businesses, History and
Culture.
 Guyana News
  Wikimedia Atlas of Guyana
  Geographic data related
to Guyana at OpenStreetMap
 Guyana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence
Agency.
 Country Profile from the BBC News.
 Guyana from the Encyclopædia Britannica.
 Guyana at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
 (in Spanish) Derechos Venezolanos de Soberania
en el Esequibo, Ministerio del Poder Popular para
Relaciones Exteriores.
 Venezuelan rights of sovereignty in the Essequibo ,
Ministry of Popular Power for Foreign Affairs
(translated by Google).
 Guyana at Curlie
 The State of the World's Midwifery, Guyana Country
Profile.
 Key Development Forecasts for
Guyana from International Futures.
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