Cause & Effect, Unit 4 Science Lesson 1 Biospheres in Space Page 171 a. 1. planet, solar 2. Bacteria 3. colony 4. science fiction 5. balance 6. project 7. complex 8. consider Page 172, b. 1. carbon dioxide 2.elements 3. create 4. laboratory 5. So far 6. physicist 7. balance 8, satellite 9. project 10. keep 11. consider 1. clockwise 2. takes off 3. diet 4. straighten 5. harmful 6. story T.tools 8. permission 9. dispose of 10. remained Page 173 4.1. 3.b 4c 5.a 6c Page 174. 1. They are complete, enclosed environments with everything perfectly balanced. 2. Water and nutrients are brought in and wastes are taken out 3. Itis enclosed and complete. Nothing important enters but sunlight, and nothing leaves except some heat. 4, We will have satellites in space to produce solar energy and send it back to Earth. ‘5. because it is an enclosed environment like Earth's 6. Things got out of balance and the crew had to get help and supplies. from the outside, 7. Students’ opinions will vary. f 1. The Earth itself is the best example of a real biosphere. 2. There are several reasons for building biospheres. 3. One of the few experimental biospheres was not successful. g. 1. Everything is perfectly balanced. 2. The system is not balanced. 3. No water enters or leaves 4. There will be an energy shortage in the future. 5. It will be too expensive to continually send people and materials to the satellites. 6. We burn fuel, AnswerKey for Reading & Vocabulary 3and | 21Page 175. h. i Page 176. Lesson 2 Page 181 Page 182 b. Page 183. 4. Page 184 e. Cause & Effect, Unit 4 Students’ sentences will vary. 1. A biosphere in space 2. solar energy 3. biospheres 4, our own environment 5. an experimental biosphere 1.The,the,0 2. A,a,the 3. The, the,a 4. the, 0 5.a,0 6. the, 0, 0 Toa, the Students’ compositions will vary. Earthquakes 1. melts, floods 2. voleanoes 3, Geothermal 4, erupted 5. rolled 6. bursts 7. mild 8. unique 9. layer 10. thunder, lightning 1. debris, floating 2. scattered 4, observe 5. epicenter, crushed 7. ranges 8. victim, property 10. Seismology 2. complicated, uncomplicated 4, make, destroy until now, not yet, - answer, ignore 6. take away, give 7. wide, narrow 8, dangerous, safe 9. small, huge 10. allow, forbid LT 25 37 4.NI 5.7 6F 1.T 8.NI OF 10.T 1. An earthquake occurs when large pieces of the earth move against each other. 2. The epicenter is where the waves begin. A movernent of the surface of the earth. 3. It is where the waves are the strongest. 4. They create huge sea waves that rush toward land and flood coastal areas. 5. places where pieces of the earth’s surface meet or changes in the earth's surface 6. Scientists predicted it and 10,000 lives were saved 7. Suggested answers: They should run to open ground or stay in protected areas, like doorways or bathtubs. They should choose newer buildings to live in. 8, Because these places have natural beauty, productive soil and large existing centers of population. ic wave is a rolling Answer Key for Reading & Vocabulary 3and4 | 22Page 185 h Page 186 Page 187k. Lesson 3 Page 192 a. Page 193 Page 194 d. = Cause & Effect, Unit 4 Students’ sentences will vary. 1. Epicenters at the bottom of the ocean create huge sea waves. 2. The decision to tell the people to leave the cities saved 10,000 lives. 3. Earthquakes often come together with volcanic eruptions. 1. responded 2. considerate 3. complexity 4. educational 5. creative, creativity 6. value 7. observes, observation 8, specializes 9. explanation, unexplainable 10. unbelievable 1.90% (55) 2.8.1 (73) 3. Inthe afternoon (81) 4, 830,000 (in Northern China) (30) 1. Spread...out 2. dress up, dress up 3. mixed up, mixed up 4,Look out — 5. had on a3 b6 el as e8 £.2 a4 h7 i10 io Students’ sentences will vary. Snow and Hail Lup to 2. mathematics 3. midsummer 4. traps 5.80 6. snowflake 7. alternating 8. microscopic 9. multiple L.astonished 2. occur 3. fingerprint 4. pattern 5.atmosphere 6. simply 7. Ordinarily 8. Hail Li 2m 3.b 4a S.f 6k Te 8 j 9. 10.4 lle 12.h Lh,s 25 3.h 4h S.h,s 6.8 ae 8h oh 10.s,h 1, no one knows 2. a piece of dust or a drop of water 3. It causes a change in the speed and pattern of the formation. 4, because no two follow exactly the same path to the ground 5. inside thunderclouds 6. They get too heavy to be blown by the wind. 7. less than eight centimeters in diameter Answer Key for Reading & Vocabulary 3 and4 | 23Page 195g. Page 196i. Page 197k. Lesson 4 Page 202, a. Page 203 ¢. Cause & Effect, Unit 4 8. by falling in the midsummer when plants are partly grown and it’s too late to plant more 9. Itcan cause delays, accidents, kill animals and people, and cave in roofs. 10. Students’ opinions will vary. 11. Yes, hail can occur in the desert and roadrunners live in the desert. 1, Suggested sentence: All snowflakes are six-sided and different from each other. 2, Suggested sentence: The formation of snowflakes is complex. 3. The first sentence: Hail can do a lot of damage to agriculture, especially since hail usually appears midsummer, when the plants are partly grown. 1. disconnects 2.unprepared 3. nonalcoholic 4. inconsiderate 5, improbable/impossible 6. illogical, illiterate 7. Inegular 8. misspelled LA,aaa0 2.the 3. The, the, the, 0 4.0, the, (the) 5.0.0 6.0, 0, the, a, the, (the), the 7.0, a,0,0,0 Le Di 3.¢ 4a 5.5 6g Tbe 8. 9d 10.h Suggested summary: Snowflakes are all six-pointed and each one is different. The formation of snowflakes in winter storm clouds is a complex process. Each snowflake forms around a piece of dust, is blown by the wind, and collects layers of frozen water. Some drops fall off and form new flakes. Every change in temperature and humidity causes a change in the snowflake’s formation. Students’ compositions will vary. Photovoltaic Cells: Energy Source of the Future 1. photovoltaic cell 2. inexhaustible 3. semiconductors 4. reluctant 5. exist 6. magic 7. exports, import 8. Silicon 9. raw material Lconducts 2. reluctant 3. boundary 4. since 5. reasonable 6. magical T.efficient 8. transparent 9. converts 1. trap create 3. bacteria 4. satellite 5, object 6.clockwise 7. anthropologist 8. burst 9. snake La 2b 3.c Ac 5.b 6a Ta 8b Answer Key for Reading & Vocabulary 3and4 1 24Page 204 Page 205 Page 206 Page 208 e h Cause & Effect, Unit 4 1. The supply of fossil fuels is limited. 2. Ithas a transparent metallic film at the top. Below this is a layer of silicon. A metal base is at the bottom. 3. Silicon and the sun's energy are limitless, the cells produce clean energy, and these cells will be cheaper than burning fossil fuels. 4. at the boundary between the two semi-conductors — the silicon and the metal base 5. no moving parts 6, It doesn’t work as efficiently. 7. The chemical preparation of silicon for use in photovoltaic cells was very expensive. 8. They will be able to produce cheap energy from sunlight and most developing countries are in the tropics with a lot of sunlight. 9, Suggested answer: They use the sun’s energy. ‘There is no other source of energy in space; satellites cannot carry enough gasoline for the long distances they travel. 1. The second sentence: Our supply of petroleum and gas is limited, but the photovoltaic cell offers a solution to the problem of a future energy shortage. 2. Suggested sentence: Photovoltaic cells have many uses, including in the space program. 3. Suggested sentence: The solid-state photovoltaic cell will last a long time if it isn’t damaged. 4, Suggested sentence: Photovoltaic cells have several advantages over fossil fuels. 1. wood 2.sand 3. gas, oill and coal 1 left out 2.getin 3, show up, stand by 4. brought up 1. As, the, for 2.is,an, of — 3. Did, to, a, in, or, and, by 4. not, without, by 5. at, Below, a 6. on, between, of, the, and 7. of, that, there 8. are, down, will, a, if, from 9. the, the, gets, light, and, doesn’t, as 1. trapped 2. alternative, altemate 3. occurrences 4.bounded 5. theorize 6. inefficient T.unreasonable 8. exhausted 9. Transparency 10. convert Suggested answers: 1. Ithas a photovoltaic cel . Water conducts electricity. 2 3. The chemical preparation of silicon was expensive. Answer Key for Reading & Vocabulary 3and4 | 28Lesson 5 Page 213 a. Page 214 b. c Page 215d. e Page 216 f. g Page 217 bh. i Page 218 j Cause & Effect, Unit 4 4, They will be cheap and can cut down on the use of petroleum and ‘wood. 5. The sun produces it continually, 6. Ithas no moving parts 7. Itmight get dusty or damaged. Students’ compositions will vary. Biological Clocks 1. temperate 2. biology 3. wide awake 4. rhythm, 5. fast 6. alarm 7. heartbeat 8. attack 9. jet lag, 1. caffeine 2.signal 3. migrate 4. feast 5. tides 6. dawn T.Loose 8.lessens 9 active 1. mild 2.tools 3.astonishing 4.layers 5. surface 6.senses T.rolls S.ranges 9. projects 10. cope LT 27 3.NI 4 SF 6.T 1T aT oF 10.7 rain to start looking for food or because of their biological clock because of the position of the sun to gather food . five hours . Suggested answer: You feel more comfortable and can relax more. To help set you biological clock with the new time zone RoaVaeepe Rain sets the rhythm of desert plants. . French scientists trained honeybees to reset their biological clocks. Humans have a biological clock, which tells them when to eat and sleep, and causes other changes in the body as well. 4. Humans can also reset their biological clock to a different time. ype Leexhausting 2. exhausted 3. demanding 4. alternating 5. trapped 6.damaged 7. guessing 8. surprising 9. complicated 10. terrifying 1, Students’ sentences will vary. 1. across 2.in, in, of 3.for, in, of 4. in, with, of 5.In, of, in 6. in, for Ton Bat 9. from, of 10. at, at 1. even though a 2. since d 3. since b 4. when 5.untille Answer Key for Reading & Vocabulary 3and4 126Cause & Effect, Unit 4 1 3 a2 e7 fa a5 Page 219 1. Students’ compositions will vary. Page 220 a. 1. Answers will vary. 2. ultraviolet (or dangerous); ozone Page 221 b. __ widespread use of manmade chemicals c. 2. chlorine, environment 3. ozone layer 4. ultraviolet rays 5. skin cancer Page 222 Across:2.CFC 5. carbon dioxide 8. non 9. ozone Down: 1. silico 2. Chlorine 3.Si 4.Fe iron Page 223 2... They are all related to Earth, b. world, earth, or land 3. microscopic: microprocessor, microwave; micro-; very small semiconductor: semifinal, semicircle; semi; part or half Answer Key for Reading & Vocabulary 3 and 4 | 27