DEVNET-2893
Coding 1002: Intro Python
Denise Kwan – Developer Advocate & Support
Agenda
• Why Python?
• Using the Python Interpreter
• Basic Python Syntax
• Collections and Loops
• Script Structure and Execution
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learninglabs.cisco.com/modules/intro-python
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The Value-Proposition for APIs
>>> do(“repetitious work…”) request
Done.
response OK!
Request actions be performed
Get information
Store information
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“It’s a way for two pieces of software to
talk to each other”
Application Programming Interface (API)
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The Value-Proposition for Programmability
Coding is the process of writing down instructions, in a language a
computer can understand, to complete a specific task.
Q: What task?
A: Your task.
for switch in my_network:
for interface in switch:
if interface.is_down() and interface.last_change() > thirty_days:
interface.shutdown()
interface.set_description("Interface disabled per Policy")
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What Changed?
API & Language Maturity $ pip install requests
Collecting requests
RESTful APIs Using cached
<-- output omitted for brevity -->
Expressive Modern Languages $ python
>>> import requests
Online Communities >>> requests.get("https://api.github.com")
Open Source <Response [200]>
Social Code Sharing (GitHub)
Public Package Repositories
You can get powerful things done with relatively small amounts of code!
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Why Python?
• Domain Applicability
Established online DevOps Community
• Power and Flexibility
Create & Work With: Shell Scripts, Back-end Web APIs, Databases, Machine Learning, …
• Platform Flexibility
Run Your Code: Laptop, Server, VM, Container, Cloud, Cisco IOS Device
• We Like It!
We have: Laptop Stickers, T-Shirts, Social Profiles, and Emotional Connections to Our
Code
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Python Scripts
Text Files (UTF-8)
May contain Unicode
Some editors / terminals
don’t support Unicode
Use any Text Editor
Using a Python-aware editor
will make your life better
No Need to Compile Them
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Using a Python
Interpreter
Know Thy Interpreter
What interpreter are you using? What version is it?
python $ python -V
python2
python3
python3.5 Where is it?
python3.6 $ where command
other
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What is a Virtual Environment?
Directory Structure $ python3 -m venv venv
$
Usually associated with a $ tree -L 1 venv/
venv/
Project ├── bin
├── include
An isolated environment for ├── lib
installing and working with └── pyvenv.cfg
Python Packages $
$ source venv/bin/activate
(venv) $
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Activating a Python Virtual Environment
source environment-name/bin/activate
The activation script will modify your prompt.
Inside a virtual environment your interpreter will always be `python`.
•$ source venv/bin/activate
•(venv) $
•(venv) $
•(venv) $ deactivate
•$
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PIP Installs Packages
• Included with Python v3+ (venv) $ pip install requests
Collecting requests
Coupled with a Python installation;
may be called pip3 outside a venv Downloading
<-- output omitted for brevity -->
• Uses the open PyPI Repository Installing collected packages: idna,
certifi, chardet, urllib3, requests
Python Package Index
Successfully installed certifi-
• Installs packages and their 2018.4.16 chardet-3.0.4 idna-2.6
requests-2.18.4 urllib3-1.22
dependencies (venv) $
• You can post your packages to
PyPI!
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Using your Python Interpreter
How to… Command
Access the Python Interactive Shell $ python
Running a Python script $ python script.py
Running a script in ‘Interactive’ mode $ python -i script.py
Execute the script and then remain in the Interactive Shell
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Python’s Interactive Shell
Accepts all valid Python statements
Use It To:
To Exit:
Play with Python syntax Ctrl + D or exit()
Incrementally write Code
Play with APIs and Data
(venv) $ python
Python 3.6.5 (default, Apr 2 2018, 15:31:03)[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)] on
linuxType "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
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Basic Python Syntax
Basic Data Types
Python Values >>> type(3)
type() (examples) <class ‘int’>
int -128, 0, 42 >>> type(1.4)
<class ‘float’>
float -1.12, 0, 3.14159
>>> type(True)
bool True, False <class ’bool’>
str “Hello 😎” >>> type("Hello")
Can use ‘’, “”, and “””””” <class ’str’>
bytes b”Hello \xf0\x9f\x98\x8e” >>> type(b"Hello")
<class ‘bytes’>
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Numerical Operators
Math Operations >>> 5 + 2
7
Addition: + >>> 9 * 12
Subtraction: - 108
>>> 13 / 4
Multiplication: * 3.25
>>> 13 // 4
Division: /
3
Floor Division: // >>> 13 % 4
1
Modulo: %
>>> 2 ** 10
Power: ** 1024
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Variables
Names >>> b = 7
>>> c = 3
• Cannot start with a number [0-9] >>> a = b + c
• Cannot conflict with a language >>> a
keyword 10
• Can contain: [A-Za-z0-9_-] >>> string_one = "Foo"
• Recommendations for naming >>> string_two = "Bar"
(variables, classes, functions, etc.) >>> new_string = string_one + string_two
>>> new_string
can be found in PEP8
'FooBar'
Created with the = assignment
operator
Can see list of variables in the
current scope with dir()
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In Python, Everything is an Object!
Use . (dot) syntax to access >>> a = 57
>>> a.bit_length()
“things” inside an object. 6
>>> "WhO wRoTe THIs?".lower()
'who wrote this?'
Terminology
When contained inside an object, we
call…
Variable Attribute
Function Method
Check an object’s type with type(object)
Look inside an object with dir(object)
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Working with Strings
String Operations >>> "One" + "Two"
'OneTwo'
Concatenation: +
Multiplication: * >>> "Abc" * 3
'AbcAbcAbc'
>>> "Hi, my name is {}!".format("Chris")
Some Useful String Methods 'Hi, my name is Chris!'
Composition: “{}”.format()
>>> "a b c".split(" ")
Splitting: “”.split() ['a’, 'b’, 'c']
Joining: “”.join()
>>> ",".join(['a’, 'b’, 'c'])
'a,b,c'
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Basic I/O
Get Input with input() Display Output with print()
• Pass it a prompt string • Can pass multiple values
• It will return the user’s input as a string • It will concatenate those values with
separators in between (default =
• You can convert the returned string to spaces)
the data type you need int(), float(), • It will add (by default) a newline (‘\n’)
etc. to the end
>>> print(‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’)
a b c
>>> i = input(“Enter a Number: ”)
Enter a Number: 1
>>> int(i)
1
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Conditionals
Syntax: Comparison Operators:
if expression1:
Less than <
statements…
elif expression2: Greater than >
statements… Less than or equal to <=
else:
statements… Greater than or equal to >=
Equal ==
Indentation is important!
Not Equal !=
4 spaces indent recommended Contains element in
You can nest if statements Combine expressions with: and, or
Negate with: not
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Conditionals | Examples
>>> b = 5 >>> words = "Foo Bar"
>>> if b < 0: >>> if "Bar" in words:
... print("b is less than zero") ... print("words contains 'Bar'")
... elif b == 0: ... elif "Foo” in words:
... print("b is exactly zero") ... print("words contains 'Foo'")
... elif b > 0: ...
... print("b is greater than zero") words contains 'Bar'
... else:
... print("b is something else")
...
b is greater than zero
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Functions | Don’t Repeat Yourself
Modularize your code >>> def add(num1, num2):
... result = num1 + num2
• Defining your own Functions ... return result
...
• (optionally) Receive arguments
>>>
• (optionally) Return a value >>> add(3, 5)
8
Syntax:
def function_name(arg_names): >>> def say_hello():
statements… ... print("Hello!")
>>>
return value
>>> say_hello()
... Hello!
function_name(arg_values)
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Python Collections and
Loops
Data Structures / Collection Data Types
Name Notes Example
type()
list • Ordered list of items [‘a’, 1, 18.2]
• Items can be different data types
• Can contain duplicate items
• Mutable (can be changed after created)
tuple • Just like a list; except: (‘a’, 1, 18.2)
• Immutable (cannot be changed)
dictionary • Unordered key-value pairs {“apples”: 5,
dict • Keys are unique; must be immutable “pears”: 2,
• Keys don’t have to be the same data type “oranges”: 9}
• Values may be any data type
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Working with Collections
Name Creating Accessing Updating
type() Indexing
list l = [‘a’, 1, 18.2] >>> l[2] >>> l[2] = 20.4
18.2 >>> l
[‘a’, 1, 20.4]
tuple t = (‘a’, 1, 18.2) >>> t[0] You cannot update tuples after they have been
‘a’ created.
dict d = {“apples”: 5, >>> d[“pears”] >>> d[“pears”] = 6
“pears”: 2, 2 >>> d
“oranges”: 9} {“apples”: 5, “pears”: 6, “oranges”:
9}
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Dictionary Methods
Some useful dictionary methods: >>> d = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
{}.items() >>> d.items()
dict_items([('a’,1), ('b’,2), ('c',3)])
{}.keys()
>>> d.keys()
{}.values() dict_keys(['a’, 'b’, 'c’])
>>> d.values()
dict_values([1, 2, 3])
There are many more! 😎
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Loops
Iterative Loops Conditional Loops
for individual_item in while logical_expression:
iterator:
statements… statements…
>>> names = ["chris", "iftach", "jay"] >>> i = 0
>>> for name in names: >>> while True:
... print(name) ... print(i)
... ... i += 1
chris ...
iftach 0
jay 1
2
3
4
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Unpacking
Q: What if you wanted to break >>> a, b, c = [1, 2, 3]
>>> a
out a collection to separate 1
variables? >>> b
2
>>> c
3
A: Unpack them!
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Iterating through a Dictionary
• Use the dictionary .items() method, Method returns
which returns a “list of tuples” dictionary items as a list
• Unpack each tuple into variable of (key, value) tuples,
names of your choosing to use within which the for loop will
your block of statements iteratively unpack into
your variable names.
>>> for fruit, quantity in fruit.items():
... print("You have {} {}.".format(quantity, fruit))
...
You have 5 apples.
You have 2 pears.
You have 9 oranges.
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• @Kareem_Isk
• http://github.com/kiskander
• @CiscoDevNet
• facebook.com/ciscodevnet/
• http://github.com/CiscoDevNet
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