Fuselage, wings and stabilizing surface

1. What is the purpose of the wing main spar?

a. To withstand bending and torsional loads
b. To withstand compressive and torsional loads
c. To withstand compressive and shear loads
d. To withstand bending and shear loads

2. What is the purpose of wing ribs?

a. To withstand the fatigue stresses
b. To shape the wing and support the skin
c. To house the fuel and the landing gear
d. To provide local support for the skin

3. What is the purpose of stringers?

a. To absorb the torsional and compressive stresses
b. To produce stress risers and support the fatigue metres
c. To prevent buckling and bending by supporting and stiffening the skin
d. To support the primary control surfaces

4. The airframe structure must remain substantially intact after experiencing:

a. the design ultimate load times a 1.5 safety factor
b. the design limit load plus the design ultimate load
c. three times the safety factor
d. the design limit load times a 1.5 factor of safety

5. In the construction of airframes the primary purpose of frames or formers is to:

a. provide a means of attaching the stringers and skin panels
b. oppose hoop stresses and provide shape and form to the fuselage
c. form the entrance door posts
d. support the wings

6. How can wing bending moments be reduced in flight?

a. By using aileron ‘up-float’ and keeping the centre section fuel tanks full for as long as possible
b. By using aileron ‘up-float’ and using the fuel in the wings last
c. By having tail-mounted engines and using aileron ‘down-float’
d. By having wing-mounted engines and using the wing fuel first

7. Regarding a safe life structure:

1. will only fail after a known number of operations or hours of use.
2. should not fail until a predicted number of fatigue cycles has been achieved.
3. has a programmed inspection cycle to detect and rectify faults.
4. is changed before its predicted life is reached.
a. 1 and 2 apply
b. 1 and 3 apply
c. 2, 3 and 4 apply
d. all of the above apply
8. A fail-safe structure:
1. has a programmed inspection cycle to detect and rectify faults.
2. is changed before its predicted life is reached.
3. has redundant strength which will tolerate a certain amount of structural damage.
4. is secondary structure of no structural significance.
a. 1 and 2 apply
b. 1 and 3 apply
c. 3 and 4 apply
d. all of the above apply

9. The skin of a modern pressurized aircraft:

a. is made up of light alloy steel sheets built on the monocoque principle
b. houses the crew and the payload
c. provides aerodynamic lift and prevents corrosion by keeping out adverse weather
d. is primary load bearing structure carrying much of the structural loads
10. The primary purpose of the fuselage is to:
a. support the wings
b. house the crew and payload
c. keep out adverse weather
d. provide access to the cockpit

11. Station numbers (Stn) and water lines (WL) are:

a. a means of locating airframe structure and components
b. passenger seat locations
c. runway markings for guiding the aircraft to the terminal
d. compass alignment markings

12. Flight deck windows are constructed from:

a. an amalgam of strengthened glass and vinyl with rubber pressure seals
b. strengthened glass with shock absorbing clear vinyl interlayers and rubber pressure seals
c. strengthened clear vinyl with an electrical conducting coat for de-icing and rubber pressure seals
d. strengthened glass with rubber seals

13. A cantilever wing:

a. is externally braced with either struts and/or bracing wires
b. is supported at one end only with no external bracing
c. has both an upper an lower aerofoil section
d. folds at the root section to ease storage in confined spaces
14. A torsion box:
a. is a structure within the fuselage to withstand compression, bending and twisting loads
b. is a structure formed between the wing spars, skin and ribs to resist bending and twisting loads
c. is a structure within the wing for housing the fuel tanks, flight controls and landing gear
d. is a structure designed to reduce the weight

15. A lightening hole in a rib:

a. prevents lightning strikes damaging the fuselage
b. provides a means of passing cables and controls through a pressure bulkhead
c. collects and disposes of electrical charges
d. lightens and stiffens the structure

16. Control surface flutter:

a. provides additional lift for take-off and landing in the event of engine failure
b. occurs at high angles of attack
c. is a destructive vibration that must be damped out within the flight envelope
d. is a means of predicting the critical safe life of the wing

17. Control surface flutter is minimized by:

a. reducing the moment of the critical engine
b. aerodynamic balance of the control cables
c. changing the wings before they reach their critical life
d. mass balance of the control surface

18. A damage tolerant structure:

a. has degree of structural strength redundancy spread over a large area
b. is light, non load bearing structure, damage to which will not adversely affect the aircraft
c. is replaced when it reaches its predicted life
d. need not be repaired until the aircraft undergoes deep maintenance

19. Aircraft structures consists mainly of:

a. light alloy steel sheets with copper rivets and titanium or steel materials at points requiring high strength
b. magnesium alloy sheets with aluminium rivets and titanium or steel at points requiring high strength
c. aluminium alloy sheets and rivets with titanium or steel materials at points requiring high strength
d. aluminium sheets and rivets with titanium or steel materials at points requiring high strength

20. The Maximum Zero Fuel Mass (MZFM) of an aircraft is:

a. the maximum permissible take-off mass of the aircraft
b. the maximum permissible mass of an aircraft with no usable fuel
 c. the maximum permissible mass of an aircraft with zero payload
d. the maximum permissible landing mass
Basic Hydraulics

1. A force of 100 N is applied to 2 separate jacks, the area of one is 0.02 m2 and the other is 0.04 m2:
a. the smaller jack will exert a pressure of 2000 Pa and the larger 4000 Pa
b. the smaller jack will exert a pressure of 5000 Pa and the larger 2500 Pa
c. both jacks will move at the same speed
d. both have the same load

2. A pre charge pressure of 1000 bar of gas is shown on the accumulator gauge. The system is then
pressurized to 1500 bar, so the accumulator will read:
a. 500 bar
b. 1000 bar
c. 1500 bar
d. 2500 bar

3. The pressure gauge of a hydraulic system provides information regarding the pressure of:
a. the air in the accumulator
b. the air and hydraulic fluid in the system
c. the proportional pressure in the system
d. the hydraulic fluid in the system

4. A shuttle valve:
a. is used to replace NRVs
b. allows two supply sources to operate one unit
c. allows one source to operate two units
d. acts as a non-return valve

5. Def. Stan 91/48 is ---------- and is ------------- based:

a. red, mineral
b. red, synthetic
c. green, mineral
d. purple, synthetic

6. A restrictor valve:
a. is used to restrict the number of services available after loss of system pressure
b. controls the rate of movement of a service
c. controls the rate of build-up of pressure in the system
d. controls the distance a jack moves

7. With a hyd lock there is:

a. flow, but no jack movement
b. no flow but jack continues to move under gravitational effects
c. no flow, jack is stationary
d. constant flow
8. The hydraulic fluid is changed, but the wrong fluid is replaced. This would lead to:
a. high operating fluid temperature
b. system failure from leaks and blocked filters, high temp and possible corrosion
c. a rise in the reservoir fill level
d. normal operation, it does not matter which fluid is used

9. Accumulator floating piston:

a. pushes the fluid up when being charged
b. pushes the fluid down when being charged
c. provides a seal between the gas and fluid
d. prevents a hydraulic lock

10. A relief valve:

a. relieves below system pressure
b. maintains pressure to a priority circuit
c. relieves at its designed pressure
d. prevents excessive pressure through increased fluid temperature
11. The primary purpose of a hydraulic reservoir is:
a. to compensate for leaks, displacement and expansion
b. to allow a space into which spare fluid may be stored
c. to indicate system contents
d. to maintain fluid between a jack and the accumulator

12. With air in the hydraulic system you would:

a. ignore it because normal operation would remove it
b. bleed the air out of the system
c. allow the accumulator to automatically adjust itself
d. expect it to operate faster

13. The pressure filter in a hydraulic system:

a. filters the fluid returning to the tank
b. is fitted down stream of the pump
c. can be by passed when maximum flow is required
d. clears the fluid as it leaves the reservoir

14. Pascal’s law states that:

a. pressure is inversely proportional to load
b. liquid is compressible
c. oxygen can be used to charge the accumulators
d. applied force acts equally in all directions

15. A constant pressure hydraulic pump is governed by:

a. an automatic cut-out
b. engine RPM
c. a control piston
d. a swash plate that senses the fluid temperature
16. A high pressure hydraulic pump:
a. needs a positive fluid supply
b. does not need a positive fluid supply
c. outlet pressure is governed by centrifugal force
d. does not need a cooling fluid flow

17. Case drain filters are:

a. fitted to prevent debris from the reservoir reaching the system
b. designed to allow hydraulic pump lubricating fluid to drain to atmosphere
c. to enable pump lubricating fluid to be used to monitor pump condition
d. fitted in the reservoir outlet

18. The purpose of an accumulator is to:

a. relieve excess pressure
b. store fluid under pressure
c. store compressed gas for tyre inflation
d. remove air from the system

19. With a one way check valve (NRV):

a. flow stops when input pressure is greater than output pressure
b. flow stops when the thermal relief valve off loads the hand pump
c. flow starts when input pressure is less than output pressure
d. flow stops when input pressure is less than output pressure

20. A restrictor valve is physically fitted in the:

a. U/C up line and flap up line
b. U/C down line and flap up line
c. U/C down line and flap down line
d. supply line to the U/C retraction actuator

21. In the case of a failure of a cut-out valve:

a. a full flow relief valve is fitted down stream of it
b. a full flow relief valve is fitted upstream of it
c. a full flow relief valve is not required
 d. the terminal pressure will be controlled by adjusting the pump rpm

22. Hydraulic pressure of 3000 Pa is applied to an actuator, the piston area of which is 0.02 m2 and the same
pressure is exerted on actuator whose area is 0.04 m2:
a. both have the same force
b. both jacks will move at the same speed
c. the smaller jack will exert a force of 600 N and the larger 1200 N
d. the smaller jack will exert a force of 60 N and the larger 120 N

23. A separator in an accumulator:

a. isolates the gas from the fluid
b. reduces the size of the accumulator required
c. removes the dissolved gases from the fluid
d. maintains the fluid level in the reservoir

24. In an operating hydraulic actuator the pressure of the fluid will be:
a. greatest near to the actuator due to the load imposed on the jack
b. greatest at the opposite end to the actuator due to the load imposed on the actuator
c. high initially, falling as the actuator completes its travel
d. the same at all points

25. The contents of the hydraulic fluid reservoir are checked. They indicate that the reservoir is at the full
level. The system is then pressurized. The contents level will:
a. fall below the “full” mark
b. fall to a position marked ‘full accs charged’
c. remain at the same level
d. rise above the “full” mark

26. A pressure maintaining or priority valve:

a. enables ground operation of services when the engines are off
b. is used to ensure available pressure is directed to essential services
c. is used to control pressure to services requiring less than system pressure
d. is used to increase pressure in the system

27. A hydraulic lock occurs:

a. when the thermal RV operates
b. when fluid by passes a system and returns to the tank
c. when flow is stopped and the actuator is not able to move
d. when fluid and air enters the cylinder and only fluid is allowed to bypass to the reservoir

28. In an enclosed system pressure is felt:

a. more at the piston head than the rest of the cylinder
b. more at the cylinder end than the piston head
c. more when the piston is moving than when it is stationary
d. the same at both ends between the piston and the cylinder head

29. A non-return valve:

a. can only be fitted if provided with a by-pass selector
b. closes if inlet pressure exceeds outlet pressure
c. opens if inlet pressure equals outlet pressure
d. closes if inlet pressure ceases

30. Low gas pressure in accumulator causes:

a. rapid jack movements
b. no effect on system
c. rapid pressure fluctuations while system is operating
d. rapid and smooth operation of system

31. Hammering in system:

a. is normal and does not affect the system’s efficiency
b. is caused by pipe diameter fluctuations
c. is an indication that a further selection is necessary
d. is detrimental to the system
32. The specification of hydraulic fluids, mineral, vegetable or ester based is:
a. always distinguishable by taste and smell
b. generally distinguishable by colour
c. generally distinguishable by colour only if they are from the same manufacturer
d. cannot be distinguished by colour alone

33. An ACOV will:

a. provide an idling circuit when a selection is made
b. extend the life of the accumulator
c. provide an idling circuit when the accumulator is fully charged
d. ensure the pump is always on load

34. The purpose of a hydraulic fuse is to:

a. allow the parking brake to remain on overnight if required
b. allow a reduced pressure to the wheel brake system to prevent the wheels locking
c. prevent over pressurizing the reservoir as altitude increases
d. prevent total loss of system fluid if the brake pipeline is ruptured

35. A shuttle valve will allow:

a. the accumulator to be emptied after engine shut down
b. the pressure pump to off load when the system pressure is reached
c. two independent pressure sources to operate a system/component
d. high pressure fluid to return to the reservoir if the Full Flow Relief Valve fails

36. The purpose of a reservoir is to:

a. compensate for temperature changes
b. compensate for small leaks, expansion and jack displacement
c. compensate for fluid loss
d. minimize pump cavitation

37. When the hydraulic system pressure is released:

a. reservoir air pressure will increase
b. reservoir fluid contents will rise if reservoir is lower than other components in the system
c. reservoir fluid contents will fall if reservoir is the highest point in the system
d. reservoir contents are dumped overboard
38. Hydraulic pressure in a closed system:
a. is greater in pipes of larger diameters
b. is greater in pipes of smaller diameters
c. does not vary with pipe diameter
d. varies in direct proportion to the system demands

39. Skydrol hydraulic fluid:

a. needs no special safety precautions or treatment
b. is flame resistant but is harmful to skin, eyes and some paints
c. is highly flammable and harmful to skin, eyes and some paints
d. is highly flammable but not harmful in any other way

40. Skydrol hydraulic fluid can be used to replenish:

a. any hydraulic system without restriction
b. hydraulic systems that have butyl rubber seals only
c. any hydraulic system in an emergency
d. hydraulic systems that have neoprene seals only

41. A variable displacement pump on system startup will be at:

a. minimum stroke
b. an optimized position depending on fluid viscosity
c. maximum stroke
d. mid stroke
42. The purpose of a reservoir is:
a. to provide a housing for the instrument transmitters
b. to enable the contents to be checked
c. to allow for fluid displacements, small leaks, thermal expansion and contents monitoring
d. to provide a housing for the main system pumps and so obviate the need for backing pumps

43. Hydraulic Thermal Relief Valves are fitted:

a. to release all the pressure back to return in an overheat situation
b. to release half the pressure back to return in an overheat situation
c. to relieve excess pressure back to the actuator in an overheat situation
d. in isolated lines only to relieve excess pressure caused by temperature rises

44. A main system hydraulic pump:

a. does not need a positive fluid supply if primed before startup
b. always needs a positive fluid supply in order to prevent cavitation
c. does not need a positive fluid supply in order to prevent cavitation
d. can be run dry without causing any damage

45. Different diameter actuators supplied with the same pressure at same rate:
a. exert the same force
b. will lift equal loads
c. will move at the same speed
d. exert different forces
46. A force of 1500 N is applied to a piston of area 0.002 m² and generates a force of---- -(1)------non a piston of
area 0.003 m². The pressure generated is -----(2)----- and, if the smaller piston moves 0.025 m, the work done is
-----(3)------.
a. (1) 56.25 J (2) 750 000 Pa (3) 750 000 N
b. (1) 750 000 N (2) 2250 P (3) 56.25 J
c. (1) 225 N (2) 75 000 Pa (3) 562.5 J
d. (1) 2250 N (2) 750 000 Pa (3) 37.5 J

47. The following statements relate to hydraulic accumulators. The function of an accumulator is to:
1. Store fluid under pressure
2. Dampen pressure fluctuations
3. Allow for fluid expansion
4. Replace the need for a reservoir
5. Absorb some of the landing loads
6. Allow for thermal expansion
7. Prolong the period between pump cut-in and cut-out
8. Provide the initial pressure when a selection is made and the pump is cut-out
9. Provide an emergency reserve of pressure in the event of pump failure
Which of the following applies?
a. All of the statements are correct
b. None of the statements are correct
c. Statements 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9 are correct
d. Statements 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 9 are correct

48. The seal materials used with hydraulic fluids to DEF/STAN 91-48 and SKYDROL 700 specification are
respectively:
a. natural rubber and neoprene
b. neoprene and natural rubber
c. butyl and neoprene
d. neoprene and butyl

49. To prevent cavitation of the pump a hydraulic reservoir may be:

a. pressurized
b. bootstrapped
c. above the pump
d. all of the above

50. A hand pump is usually fitted for:

a. ground servicing purposes
b. lowering the landing gear in an emergency
 c. pressurizing the oleo struts in the air
d. retracting the gear after take-off
Aircraft Brakes

1. Oil is used in an oleo strut to:

a. support the weight of the aircraft
b. limit the speed of compression of the strut
c. lubricate the piston within the cylinder
d. limit the speed of extension and compression of the strut

2. The nose wheel assembly must be centred before retraction because:

a. there is limited space in the nose wheel bay
b. the aircraft may swerve on the next landing if the nose wheel is not straight
c. the tyres may be damaged on landing if the nose wheel is not straight
d. it will remove any slush or debris which may have accumulated on take-off

3. The movement of the gear on lowering is normally damped to:

a. prevent the fluid becoming aerated
b. counteract the force of gravity which would bring the gear down too fast
c. make the lowering time greater than the raising time
d. prevent the hydraulic fluid becoming overheated

4. Inadvertent retraction of the landing gear on the ground is:

a. not possible because the system is not powerful enough
b. prevented by the ground/air logic system
c. always a danger after the ground locks have been removed
d. the responsibility of the first officer when he is on the aircraft

5. Creep (slippage):
a. is not a problem with tubeless tyres
b. refers to the movement of the aircraft against the brakes
c. alignment can rip out the inflation valve on tubed tyres, and deflate the tyre
d. can be prevented by painting lines on the wheel and tyre

6. Tyre wear when taxiing can be reduced by:

a. restricting the use of brakes and using thrust reversers
b. taxiing at less than 40 kph
c. staying on the smoothest parts of the taxiway
d. taxiing at less than 25 knots

7. To prevent scrubbing the tyres while taxiing , you should:

a. use tyres with fusible plugs
b. make sharp turns only if you have high speed tyres fitted
c. turn no sharper than the minimum specified radius
d. deflate the tyres to a minimum pressure

8. The best extinguishant to use on a wheel or brake fire is:

a. CO2
b. dry powder
c. freon
d. water
9. When inflating a tyre fitted to an aircraft, the tyre pressure reading on the gauge should be modified by:
a. 10 psi
b. 10%
c. 4 psi
d. 4%

10. The most likely cause of brake fade is:

a. oil or grease on the brake drums
b. worn stators
c. the pilot reducing the brake pressure
d. the brake pads overheating
11. The pressure needed to operate the wheel brakes on a large aircraft comes from:
a. the aircraft main hydraulic system
b. the pilots brake pedals
c. a self-contained power pack
d. the hydraulic reservoir

12. Which of the following statements will produce the shortest landing run?
i. Crossing the threshold at the correct height and speed
ii. Applying full anti-skid braking as quickly as possible after touchdown
iii. Using maximum pedal pressure but releasing the pressure as the wheels start to skid
iv. The use of cadence braking
v. Use of minimum braking pressure early in the landing run and maximum pressure towards the end
vi. Application of reverse thrust as early as possible in the landing run
vii. Deployment of the lift dumpers/speed brakes as early as possible in the landing run
a. (i), (ii), (vi), (vii)
b. (i), (iii), (vi), (vii)
c. (i), (iv), (vi), (vii)
d. (i), (v), (vi), (vii)

13. The formula which gives the minimum speed (VP) at which aquaplaning may occur is:
a. VP = 9 × √P where P is kg/cm2 and VP is in knots
b. VP = 9 × √P where P is psi and VP is in mph
c. VP = 9 × √P where P is psi and VP is in knots
d. VP = 34 × √P where P is kg/cm2 and VP is in mph

14. An aircraft has a tyre pressure of 225 psi, its minimum aquaplaning speed will be:
a. 135 mph
b. 135 knots
c. 145 knots
d. 145 mph

15. Landing gear ground locking pins are:

a. fitted before flight to ensure the landing gear locks are fully cocked
b. removed prior to flight and returned to stores
c. fitted after flight to maintain a hydraulic lock in the downlock jack
d. removed prior to flight and stowed on the aircraft where they are visible to the crew

16. The most likely cause of brake unit dragging is:

a. dirt between the rotor and stator assemblies
b. grease on the rotor assembly
c. the brake pressure being too high
d. incorrect operation of the adjuster assemblies

17. A likely cause of nose wheel shimmy is:

a. aircraft is overweight
b. the tyre pressures are too high
c. the aircraft is incorrectly loaded
d. a torque link is worn or damaged

18. Creep (slippage):

a. can damage the braking system
b. can be measured by painting marks on the tyre and wheel rim
c. may cause excess wear
d. never occurs on new tyres

19. The anti-skid system would be used:

a. on landing runs only
b. on take-off runs only
c. for take-off on icy runways
d. for both take off and landing runs
20. A hydraulic gear extension/retraction mechanism consists of sequence valves, uplocks and:
a. an anti-skid braking system
b. downlocks
c. torque links
d. a shock absorber
21. A nose wheel steering control system:
a. prevents the nose wheel from castoring at all times
b. allows the nose wheel to castor within preset limits about the neutral position
c. allows the nose wheel to castor freely at all times
d. prevents the nose gear from lowering if the nose wheels are not centralized
22. At an aircraft taxiing speed of 10 mph the anti-skid braking system is:
a. inoperative
b. operative
c. operative only on the nose wheel brakes
d. operative only on the main wheel brakes

23. The tyre pressures are checked after a long taxi to the ramp following landing. The pressures will have:
a. fallen by 15% from their rated value
b. risen by 15% from their rated value
c. remained constant
d. risen by 10% of their original weight-on-wheels value

24. The ply rating of a tyre:

a. always indicates the number of cords or plies in the tyre carcass
b. never indicates the number of cords or plies in the tyre carcass
c. indicates whether or not an inner tube should be fitted
d. is the index of the tyre strength
Powered flying control
1. The purpose of pulley wheels in cable control systems is:
a. to ensure the cable tensions are equal throughout the system
b. to change the direction of the control cable
c. to ensure smooth operation of the system
d. to prevent the cable from slackening

2. The purpose of the primary stops in a control system is:

a. to set the range of movement of the control surface
b. to enable the secondary stops to be correctly spaced
c. to limit control movement to one direction only
d. to set the control surface neutral position

3. The purpose of the secondary stops in a control system is:

a. to reduce the control loads on the primary stops
b. to limit control surface range in the event of primary stop failure
c. to limit the secondary control system from excessive movement
d. to remove the excess backlash in the controls

4. The purpose of the fairleads in a cable control system is to:

a. alter the angle of deflection of the cables
b. to guide the cables on to the pulley wheels
c. to attach the cables to chain drives
d. to keep the cable straight and clear of structure

5. In a cable control system cables are tensioned to:

1. remove backlash from the control linkage
2. provide tension on the turnbuckles
3. provide positive action in both directions
4. ensure the full range is achieved
5. compensate for temperature variations
a. 1, 3 and 5 only
b. 3 only
c. 4 only
d. all the above
6. In a cable control system the cables are mounted in pairs to:
1. remove backlash from the control linkage
2. provide tension on the turnbuckles
3. provide positive action in both directions
4. ensure the full range is achieved
5. compensate for temperature variations
a. 1, 3 and 5 only
b. 3 only
c. 4 only
d. all the above
7. In a manual flying control system the control inputs to the primary control surfaces:
1. are reversible
2. are irreversible
3. are instinctive for the movement required
4. are opposite for the movement required
5. are limited in range by flight deck obstructions
a. 1 and 4 only
b. 2 and 4 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 1, 3 and 5 only

8. To yaw the aircraft to the right:

a. the right rudder pedal is pushed forward and the rudder moves to the left
b. the right rudder pedal is pushed forward and the rudder moves to the right
c. the left rudder pedal is pushed forward and the rudder moves to the left
d. the left rudder pedal is pushed forward and the rudder moves to the left

9. To roll the aircraft to the right:

a. the rudder control is moved to the right, the right aileron moves up and the left down
b. the aileron control is moved to the left and the right aileron moves up and the left down
c. the aileron control is moved to the right and the right elevator goes up and the left one down
d. the aileron control is moved to the right, the right aileron goes up and the left one down

10. The advantages of a cable control are:

1. light, very good strength to weight ratio
2. easy to route through the aircraft
3. less prone to impact damage
4. takes up less volume
5. less bolted joints
a. 1, 2 and 4 only
b. 3 and 5 only
c. 1, 2 and 5 only
d. all the above
Pressurization Systems
1. Main and nose wheel bays are:
a. pressurized
b. unpressurized
c. conditioned
d. different, with the mains being unpressurized and the nose pressurized

2. Normal maximum negative differential pressure is:

a. when atmospheric pressure exceeds cabin pressure by the amount permitted by the system controls
b. where the cabin pressure falls below aircraft altitude pressure at which time the inward relief valve opens
c. when the cabin pressure exceeds the atmospheric pressure by 0.5 psi
d. the pressure at which the duct relief valve is set to operate

3. When would the negative differential limit be reached/exceeded?

a. Rapid descent when AC descends below cabin altitude
b. During ground pressure testing
c. Rapid ascent when aircraft climbs
d. When changing to manual operation
4. A/C in level flight: if cabin altitude increases, pressure diff:
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains the same
d. nil

5. In level pressurized flight what does the outflow valve do?

a. Close
b. Adjust to provide constant flow, and is normally partially open
c. Open to increase air conditioning
d. Adjust to provide maximum flow, and is normally almost closed

6. In a turbo-compressor or bootstrap system the cooling air is:

a. ram air
b. engine by pass air
c. cabin air
d. compressor air
7. The rate of change of cabin pressure should be kept to the minimum. This is more important:
a. in descent
b. in climb
c. in periods when the dehumidifier is in use
d. in cruise
8. A cabin humidifier is used:
a. on the ground in conditions of low relative humidity
b. at high altitude
c. at low altitude
d. on the ground in high ambient temperatures

9. Fatigue life of the fuselage is based on the:

a. number of pressurization cycles
b. number of explosive decompressions
c. number of landings only
d. number of cycles at maximum differential

10. If the forward oil seal in an axial flow compressor fails, cabin air will be:
a. contaminated
b. unaffected
c. ‘b’ is only correct if synthetic oil is used
d. ‘a’ will be correct only if the aircraft is inverted

11. Rate of change of cabin altitude is shown on a:

a. special gauge
b. aircraft VSI
c. cabin pressure controller
d. gauge reading a percentage of Max Diff Pressure

12. Cabin discharge valve (pneumatic) is supplied with:

a. air data computer output information
b. cabin and static pressure
c. cabin pressure, static and air speed information
d. cabin pressure only

13. What is the purpose of the duct relief valve?

a. To protect the undercarriage bay
b. To ensure the compressor pressure is regulated
c. To prevent damage to the ducts
d. To relieve excess pressure to compressor return line

14. What system is installed to control the air conditioning?

a. Emulsifier and water extractor
b. Impingement type dehydrator and humidifier
c. Dehydrator only
d. Humidifier only
15. How is the (charge) air cooled in a bootstrap (turbo-compressor) system?
a. By expanding over turbine
b. By expanding over turbine driving compressor
c. Via an air cooled radiator
d. By passing it through the fuel heater
16. At the max differential phase, the discharge phase is:
a. open
b. closed
c. under the control of the rate capsule
d. partly open

17. What is the purpose of inward relief valves?

a. To prevent negative differential
b. To back up the duct relief valve
c. To allow positive pressure to be bled off in an emergency
d. To back up the outflow valve

18. On a ground pressurization test, if the cabin suffers a rapid de-pressurization:

a. the temperature will rise suddenly
b. water precipitation will occur
c. damage to hull may occur
d. duct relief valve may jam open

19. A heat exchanger functions by:

a. combining ram and charge air
b. mixing the various vapours inside the heat exchanger
c. passing charge air through ducts and cool air around ducts
d. removing the static charge

20. Maximum differential pressure:

a. is the maximum authorized pressure difference between the inside of the fuselage and the atmospheric
ambient pressure
b. is the absolute pressure provided by the vacuum pump
c. is the pressure loss over a given time limit
d. is the absolute pressure the cabin pressure ducting is designed to carry

21. A humidifier is fitted to:

a. extract the moisture content in the air
b. filter the air
c. increase the moisture content in the air when operating at high altitude
d. to ensure the cabin air is saturated at high altitude

22. If the discharge or outflow valve closes:

a. the duct relief valve will take control
b. the inward relief valve would assume control
c. the safety valve would limit the positive pressure difference
d. the safety relief valve would limit the negative pressure difference

23. Air for conditioning and pressurization is taken from:

a. the engine compressor or cabin compressor
b. the engine by pass duct or thrust reverse by pass duct
c. the engine compressor or ram turbine
d. the engine turbine or cabin compressor

24. Safety valves are biased:

a. inwards
b. outwards
c. in the direction sensed by the SVC
d. neither a nor b
25. Cabin compressors:
a. increase their flow in cruise conditions
b. decrease their flow in cruise conditions
c. increase their flow in proportion to increases of altitude differential pressure and reduction in engine rpm
in order to maintain the mass flow
d. deliver minimum air at sea level via the cold air unit

26. In a pressurization circuit the sequence of operation is for the:

a. inward relief valve to open before the safety valve
b. outflow valve to operate before the safety valve
c. outflow valve to operate after the safety valve
d. outflow valve to operate the same time as the safety valve

27. In the cruise at 30 000 ft the cabin altitude is adjusted from 4000 ft to 6000 ft:
a. cabin differential will increase
b. cabin differential will not be affected
c. cabin differential will decrease
d. nil.

28. An aircraft climbs from sea level to 16 000 ft at 1000 ft per min, the cabin pressurization is set to climb at
500 ft per min to a cabin altitude of 8000 ft. The time taken for the cabin to reach 8000 ft is:
a. the same time as it takes the aircraft to reach 16 000 ft
b. half the time it takes the aircraft to reach 16 000 ft
c. twice the time it takes the aircraft to reach 16 000 ft
d. three times the time it takes the aircraft to reach 16 000 ft

29. The aircraft inhibiting switch connected to the A/C landing gear:
a. allows the aircraft to be pressurized on the ground
b. stops pressurizing on the ground and ensures that there is no significant pressure differential
c. ensures that the discharge valve is closed
d. cancels out the safety valve on the ground

30. Negative differential is limited by:

a. dump valve
b. inward relief valve
c. outflow valve
d. safety valve
31. To maintain a steady and constant airflow regardless of altitude or cabin pressure:
a. a duct relief valve is fitted
b. a venturi device is fitted
c. a mass flow controller is fitted
d. a thermostatic relief valve is fitted

32. The term “pressurization cycle” means:

a. air introduced into a fuselage under pressure only
b. air introduced into a fuselage under pressure until the time the air is released
c. air discharged from the fuselage, above 15 psi
d. the frequency in Hz the pressure cycles from the rootes blowers enter the fuselage

33. Inward Relief Valves operate:

a. in conjunction with the cabin pressure controller when there is a negative diff
b. in conjunction with the cabin altitude selector when there is negative diff
c. when manually selected during the emergency descent procedure
d. automatically when there is a negative diff

34. Safety valves operate:

a. at higher than maximum differential
b. as soon as initiation takes place
c. at a lower diff than a discharge valve
d. at a set value, which is selected
35. Ditching Cocks are operated:
a. automatically when the soluble plugs dissolve
b. to shut all outflow valves
c. to direct pressure into flotation bags
 d. for rapid depressurization

36. Duct Relief Valves operate when:

a. excessive pressure builds up in the air conditioning system supply ducts
b. to keep cabin pressure close to ambient pressure
c. to prevent the floor from collapsing should baggage door open
d. the cooling modulator shutters reach the optimized position

37. During a normal pressurized cruise, the discharge valve position is:
a. at a position pre-set before take-off
b. partially open
c. open until selected altitude is reached
d. closed until selected altitude is reached

38. A dump valve:

a. automatically opens when fuel is dumped
b. is controlled manually
c. is opened automatically when the safety valve opens
d. is controlled by the safety valve integrating line
39. When air is pressurized the % of oxygen:
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains the same
d. nil

40. If pressure is manually controlled:

a. an extra member is required to monitor system operation
b. the climb rate would be maintained automatically
c. climb rate could not be maintained
d. care should be taken to ensure climb/descent rates are safe

41. An aircraft is prevented from pressurizing on the ground by:

a. the auto deflating valve on the main oleos
b. inhibiting microswitches on the landing gear
c. inhibiting microswitches on the throttles
d. the pressure control master switch

42. If the pressurization air is passed over the cold air unit compressor it:
a. increases the charge air temperature
b. decreases the charge air temperature
c. decreases the charge air pressure
d. makes no change to the charge air condition

43. If the cabin pressure increases in level flight does the cabin VSI shows:
a. rate of climb
b. no change unless the aircraft climbs
c. rate of descent
d. nil

44. The term pressure cabin is used to describe:

a. pressurization of the flight deck only
b. the ability to pressurise the aircraft to a higher than ambient pressure
c. the passenger cabin on an airliner
d. the ability to maintain a constant pressure differential at all altitudes

45. A pressurization system works by:

a. essentially constant input mass flow and variable output
b. essentially constant output mass flow and variable input
c. does not start until an altitude of 8000 ft has been reached
d. supplying hot gases from the engine exhaust unit to the mass flow control system

46. When air is pressurized by an engine driven compressor, it is also:

a. moisturized
b. heated
 c. cooled
d. the temperature is not affected
Aircraft Oxygen Equipment
1. Without added oxygen the time of useful consciousness at 30 000 ft is approximately:
a. twenty seconds
b. eighty seconds
c. one to two minutes
d. six minutes

2. Without added oxygen the time of useful consciousness at 40 000 ft is approximately:

a. twenty seconds
b. three minutes
c. eighty seconds
d. six minutes

3. The maximum altitude without oxygen at which flying efficiency is not seriously impaired is:
a. 10 000 ft
b. 17 500 ft
c. 25 000 ft
d. 30 000 ft

4. In a pressure demand oxygen system:

a. each member of the crew has a regulator
b. each member of the crew has a continuous oxygen supply
c. oxygen is supplied with a continuous pressure flow
d. oxygen demand will cause the pressure to rise

5. In a continuous flow oxygen system, oxygen is supplied:

a. only when the mask is plugged into the socket connection
b. only on passenger inhalation through the mask
c. only when the cabin altitude is above 18 000 ft
d. only when the supply has been regulated by the pilot

6 In a diluter demand system, selection of emergency on this regulator will result in:
a. air mix supplied at emergency pressure
b. 100% oxygen supply as called for by the user
c. 100% oxygen at positive pressure
d. 100% oxygen continuous flow at positive pressure

7. If the aircraft suffers a decompression passenger oxygen masks:

a. are released by the passengers
b. automatically drop to a half-hung (ready position)
c. are handed out by the cabin staff
d. must be removed from the life jacket storage
8. Oxygen cylinders are normally charged to:
a. 1000 psi
b. 1200 psi
c. 1800 psi
d. 2000 psi

9. Rate of flow of oxygen is given in:

a. litres/minute
b. pounds/minute
c. litres/second
d. kilos/hour

10. The colour of American and European oxygen cylinders is:

a. red
b. blue
c. green
d. brown
11. Dangerous pressure rise in oxygen cylinders:
a. is relieved by a thermostat
b. is relieved by under pressurizing the bottle
c. is relieved by a bursting disc
d. is controlled by a thermal relief valve

12. To leak test an oxygen system use:

a. fairy liquid and de-ionized water
b. thin oil
c. acid free soap and distilled water
d. acid free soap and water

13. Lubrication of an oxygen component thread is by:

a. soap water
b. grease
c. oil
d. graphite

14. Satisfactory operation of the oxygen system is indicated by:

a. flow indicators
b. lack of anoxia
c. aural reassurance
d. pressure indicators

15. If the pressurization system fails and the cabin starts to climb, then at 14 000 ft oxygen will be available to
the passengers by:
a. the stewardess who will hand out masks
b. the passengers grabbing a mask from the overhead lockers
c. portable oxygen bottles located in the seat backs
d. masks automatically ejected to a half-hung position
16. When air is pressurized the % of oxygen:
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains the same
d. nil

17. In an emergency chemically produced oxygen is supplied for a given period by:
a. sodium chlorate, iron power, an electrical firing system and a filter
b. potassium chlorate, iron powder, an electrical firing system and a filter
c. sodium chlorate, iron powder which is chemically activated by air and then filtered
d. sodium chlorate and an electrical firing system

18. Passenger oxygen masks will present:

a. only when the cabin altitude reaches 14 000
b. only if selected by the crew
c. only if selected by the cabin staff
d. if selected manually / electrically / barometrically

19. The charged pressure of a portable oxygen cylinder is normally:

a. 500 psi
b. 1200 psi
c. 1800 psi
d. 3000 psi

20. With the control knob set to high, a 120 litre portable bottle will provide oxygen for a period of:
a. 60 mins
b. 30 mins
c. 12 mins
d. 3 mins

21. At what altitude will the diluter-demand oxygen regulator provide 100% pure oxygen:
a. 10 000 ft
b. 14 000 ft
c. 24 000 ft
 d. 34 000 ft

22. A flow indicator fitted to an oxygen regulator indicates:

a. that exactly the correct amount of oxygen is being used by the crew member
b. that oxygen is flowing through the regulator
c. that the crew member is correctly connected to the regulator
d. that the system pressure reducing valve is supplying the correct pressure to the regulator

23. What is the approximate time of useful consciousness when hypoxia develops at the specified altitudes?
20 000 ft 30 000 ft
a. 2-3 min 10-15 sec
b. 10 min 2 min
c. 30 min 90-60 secs
d. 40 min 5 min

24. What is the effect on cabin temperature of a rapid de-compression at 30 000 ft?
a. Sudden and extreme drop
b. Insignificant change over the first 2 minutes
c. A gradual decrease to ambient over a period of about 10 minutes if the cabin heating ceases
d. A gradual decrease to ambient temperature over a period of about 30 minutes if cabin heating continues

25. Susceptibility to hypoxia is increased by:

a. heat
b. noise
c. smoking
d. under-breathing

26. What is the approximate cabin altitude above which you must breath 100% oxygen if you are to maintain
an alveolar partial pressure equal to that at sea level?
a. 26 000 ft
b. 30 000 ft
c. 34 000 ft
d. 38 000 ft
Aircraft Fuel Systems
1. Baffles are fitted in aircraft fuel tanks:
a. to assist in correct fuel distribution
b. to prevent fuel surging during aircraft manoeuvres
c. to prevent the static build-up in the tank during refuelling
d. to channel fuel to the vent valve

2. A power failure to a capacitive fuel contents system would cause the gauge to:
a. show full scale deflection high
b. fluctuate between high and low readings
c. remain fixed on the last contents noted before failure
d. show full scale deflection low

3. A fuel booster pump, besides pumping fuel to the engine, can also be utilized to:
a. jettison and transfer fuel
b. jettison and heat the fuel
c. transfer and heat the fuel
d. transfer and recycle the fuel

4. During fuel jettison, the aircraft is protected against running out of fuel by:
a. high level float switches
b. preset jettison quantity switches
c. the crew remaining alert
d. low level float switches

5. To indicate that a refuelling bowser carries JET A1 aviation kerosene:

a. yellow and black stripes are marked on the refuelling hose
 b. JET A1 would be painted in 30 cm high symbols on the side of the container
c. JET A1 is printed in white on a black background label positioned prominently on the vehicle
d. the driver wears a straw yellow water and fuel proof jacket

6. Adjustments may have to made to an aircraft’s engine fuel system if it has been refuelled with JET B
instead of its normal JET A1 fuel, these adjustments are to cater for:
a. the change in the specific gravity of the fuel
b. the change in the calorific value of the fuel
c. the change in the viscosity of the fuel
d. the lack of HITEC lubricant in the fuel

7. The differences between AVGAS 100 and AVGAS 100LL are:

Colour Anti-knock value
a. Same Same
b. Same Different
c. Different Same
d. Different Different

8. The aircraft cannot be refuelled while:

a. a ground power unit is operating on the ramp
b. passengers are walking through the refuelling zones
c. passengers are boarding
d. the APU is running

9. The disadvantage of refuelling the aircraft to “tanks full” the night before a departure in the heat of the
day is that:
a. the change in the specific gravity may cause the aircraft to be overweight
b. the change in the volume of the fuel may cause it to spill through the vent system
c. the change in calorific value may reduce engine power to below sufficient
d. the rpm governor will be rendered inoperative

10. An aircraft using MOGAS:

a. is likely to be affected by detonation at cruise power
b. must have booster pumps fitted in the fuel tanks
c. is more likely to be affected by vapour locking and carburettor icing
d. will suffer from a loss of power during take-off
1. If a fuel sample appears cloudy or hazy, the most probable cause is:
a. water contamination
b. anti-microbiological additives
c. mixing different fuel grades
d. oil in the fuel

2. On an aircraft equipped with a compensated capacitance type fuel quantity indication system graduated to
read in kg, the temperature increases just after the tanks are half filled with fuel. If the fuel expands by 10%,
the gauges will show:
a. an increase of 10%
b. a decrease of 10% of the volume factored by the new specific gravity
c. a decrease
d. the same amount

3. The exhaust gases from the APU go into the refuelling zone. The APU:
a. must be switched OFF throughout the refuelling operation
b. can be started while refuelling is carried out.
c. must be started before fuelling is carried out, and can be run throughout the refuelling operation
d. can be started only after the refuelling operation has been terminated
4. De-fuelled fuel:
a. can only be used in domestic heating systems
b. can only be used by aircraft from the same operators fleet
c. must be put back into storage
d. cannot be re-used until its quality has been verified

5. The background colour scheme for fuelling system pipelines carrying the following fuels is:
JET A1 AVGAS
a. Red Black
 b. Black Red
c. Red Yellow
d. Yellow Red

6. AVGAS:
a. is coloured red for identification purposes
b. is coloured green if it is a leaded fuel and blue if it is a low lead fuel
c. has no artificial colouring and appears either clear or a straw yellow colour
d. can only be used in piston engines if oil is added to improve its anti-knock properties

7. Information relating to the use of MOGAS can be found in:

a. CAA General Aviation Safety Sense Leaflets
b. Advisory Information Circulars
c. NOTAM
d. CAA Airworthiness Publications
8. The fuel cross-feed valves are fitted in order to facilitate:
a. the use of fuel from any tank to any engine
b. refuelling when only one bowser is in use
c. isolation of the engine from the fuel system in the case of an engine fire
d. transfer of fuel between the main fuel tanks

9. Refuelling with passengers on board is not permissible:

a. on a fixed wing aircraft
b. if AVGAS is being used
c. if the aircraft has more than twenty seats and the ratio of cabin attendants to passengers is greater than
1:50 and it is a wide bodied jet
d. in any of the above cases

10. While refuelling with passengers on board, when a loading bridge is in use:
a. two sets of extra steps must be provided, one of which must be at the rear of the aircraft
b. the rear left or right door must be manned constantly by a cabin attendant ready for use as an emergency
exit using the inflatable escape slide
c. ground servicing must not be carried out
d. catering and cleaning must not be carried out

11. Modern jet aircraft fuel tanks are pressurized:

a. by air from the engine compressor to prevent cavitation
b. by air from the air conditioning system to prevent cavitation
c. by ram air to prevent cavitation
d. by ram air to stabilize the boiling point

1. A “wide-cut” fuel is:

a. more flammable than a kerosene type fuel
b. less volatile than a kerosene type fuel
c. coloured red for identification purposes
d. commonly used in civilian transport aircraft

2. The purpose of fitting baffles in fuel tanks is to:

a. prevent longitudinal movement of the fuel during acceleration
b. allow the booster pump to remain covered by fuel irrespective of the aircraft attitude
c. dampen lateral movement of the fuel in the wing tanks during a sideslip
d. maintain a pre-determined quantity of fuel in the outboard section of the wing tanks

3. Fuel is heated:
a. to stop cavitation in the High Pressure fuel pump
b. to maintain a constant viscosity
c. to prevent water contamination
d. to stop ice blocking the Low Pressure fuel filter

4. What is the function of a collector tank (feeder box)?

a. Prevent detonation during take-off
b. Prevent cavitation of the booster pumps
c. Prevent fuel surge due to extreme aircraft attitude
 d. Allow suction feeding of the engine pump

5. Fuel tank booster pumps are:

a. centrifugal, low pressure
b. centrifugal, high pressure
c. gear type, low pressure
d. gear type, high pressure

6. The advantage of a capacitor type fuel contents gauging system is that the circuit:
a. responds to changes in specific gravity
b. compensates for high altitude flight
c. responds automatically to extremely low temperatures
d. compensates for aircraft attitude changes

7. The Low Pressure engine driven pump:

a. backs up in case the engine High Pressure pump fails
b. backs up in case of a double booster pump failure
c. assists in the refuelling operation if only low pressure refuelling systems are available
d. pressurizes the fuel tanks to assist flow to the booster pumps

8. The purpose of the fuel cooled oil cooler is to:

a. heat the oil and cool the fuel
b. heat the fuel and cool the oil
c. cool the oil
d. heat the fuel

9. If a fuel tank with a capacitive quantity system was filled with water instead of fuel, the gauge would
indicate:
a. full scale low (zero)
b. it would indicate the same as if it were filled with fuel
c. full scale high (max)
d. it would freeze at the last known indication

10. AVTUR or JET A1:

a. varies in colour between clear and straw yellow
b. is a wide-cut fuel which is not normally used in civilian transport aircraft
c. is a gasoline type fuel with a high flash point
d. is a 97 octane fuel which prevents detonation in gas turbine engines

11. When using which of the following fuels can refuelling be carried out with passengers on board?
a. Avtag
b. Jet B
c. Wide-cut
d. Jet A1

12. With an increase in altitude the boiling point of fuel will:

a. stay the same
b. increase
c. decrease
d. increase up to FL80 then remain the same

13. When refuelling an aircraft:

a. the refuelling nozzle must be bonded to the fuel tank
b. the bonding plug must be connected to the earth terminal
c. the continuity between nozzle and hose must be infinity
d. only use plastic nozzles