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1. 1990/II/3
Human red blood cells and onion epidermal cells are similar in that they both
A. possess cell walls B. possess central vacuoles C. have no nuclei D. have no chloroplasts

2. 1990/II/25
Which of the following types of blood vessels has the largest total surface areas in a mammalian body?
A. the aortas B. the arteries C. the capillaries D. the veins

3. 1990/II/31
Questions 3 and 4 refer to the diagram below which shows a pig’s heart with certain chambers/parts removed to
show the structure of various valves:

Valve II lies
A. between the aorta and the left ventricles B. between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle
C. between the left auricles and left ventricles D. between the right auricles and right ventricles

4. 1990/II/32
Which of the following valves open when the ventricles are contracting?
A. valves I and II B. valves I and III C. valves II and IV D. valves III and IV

5. 1990/II/48
In a fasting conditions, which of the following blood vessels carries blood with the highest glucose level?
A. aorta B. pulmonary artery C. hepatic vein D. hepatic portal vein

6. 1990/II/60
How many times must a red blood cell pass through the right ventricle if it is to move from the lungs to the
kidney and then back to the lungs again?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

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7. 1991/II/25
The wall of an artery is thicker than that of a vein because the artery
(1) contracts rhythmically to transport blood forward
(2) possess valves to prevent the backflow of blood
(3) has to withstand high blood pressure
A. (1) only B. (3) only C. (1) and (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

8. 1991/II/26
Questions 8 and 9 refer to the diagram below, which shows the blood vessels associated with the liver and the
small intestine of a mammal:

Which of the following is correct?

Blood vessel I Blood vessel III
A. less oxygen more oxygen
B. less urea more urea
C. valves present no valves
D. thinner wall thicker wall

9. 1991/II/27
Which of the following statements about vessel II is correct?
A. It carries bile into the intestine
B. It has a capillary network at both ends
C. It carries blood with the highest concentration of oxygen
D. It carries blood with the highest concentration of fatty acids

10. 1992/II/34
In blood donation, blood is collected from the vein instead of the artery because
A. blood in the vein contains less oxygen
B. the vein has a larger lumen than the artery
C. the wall of the vein is thinner than that of the artery
D. the blood pressure in the vein is lower than that in the artery

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11. 1993/II/26
Questions 11 and 12 refer to the diagram below, which shows a section of the mammalian heart:

Which of the blood vessel carries/carry oxygenated blood?

A. 1 B. 4 C. 1 and 2 D. 3 and 4

12. 1993/II/27
The closing of which valves produces the characteristic ‘ heart sounds’?
A. I and II B. II and III C. III and IV D. I, II, III and IV

13. 1994/II/12
Which of the following correctly describes the difference between the composition of blood in the hepatic portal
vein and the hepatic vein of a man after fasting for 12 hours?
Blood in the hepatic portal vein Blood in the hepatic vein
(1) less urea more urea
(2) more glucose less glucose
(3) without bile with bile
A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

14. 1994/II/14
Questions 14 and 15 refer to the diagram below which shows a section of a human heart:

What happens to the heart valves when the atria (auricles) and ventricles are all relaxed?
A. Valves 1 and 2 are closed while valves 3 and 4 are open.
B. Valves 1 and 3 are closed while valves 2 and 4 are open.
C. Valves 1 and 3 are open while valves 2 and 4 are closed.
D. The condition of the heart valves depends on the activity of the person.

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15. 1994/II/15
What will be the effect on a person if there is a hole in the septum that separates chambers X and Y?
A. The person may develop anaemia.
B. The person may have a heart attack easily.
C. The person’s blood may not be able to clot normally.
D. The person’s arterial blood may contain a lower level of oxygen than normal.

16. 1994/II/16
Questions 16 and 17 refer to the diagram below which shows part of the circulatory system in a mammal:

The fluids X, Y and Z are

X Y Z
A. lymph blood tissue fluid
B. blood tissue fluid lymph
C. lymph tissue fluid blood
D. tissue fluid lymph blood

17. 1994/II/17
Which of the following comparisons between fluid X and fluid Z is correct?
X Z
A. white blood cells absent white blood cells present
B. dull red bright red
C. less protein more protein
D. high oxygen content low oxygen content

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18. 1995/II/22
Normally, blood does not contain
A. fat B. proteins C. bile pigments D. carbon dioxide

19. 1995/II/23
All veins carry
A. deoxygenated blood B. blood rich in carbon dioxide
C. blood with a low glucose level D. blood at a relatively low pressure

20. 1995/II/24
The photomicrograph below shows a human blood smear:

Which of the following are the functions of structures 1, 2 and 3?

Structure 1 Structure 2 Structure 3
A. Transports oxygen transports glucose transport carbon dioxide
B. Transports oxygen for blood clotting engulfs bacteria
C. Transports carbon dioxide transports glucose engulfs bacteria
D. Transports carbon dioxide for blood clotting transports oxygen

21. 1995/II/25
Question 21 and 22 refer to the diagram below which shows a section of the mammalian heart :

With reference to the diagram, which heart chambers are contracting?

A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 4 C. 2 and 3 D. 3 and 4

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22. 1995/II/26
Which blood vessels are connected to the lungs?
A. P and Q B. Q and R C. R and S D. S and P

23. 1995/II/27
Heart attacks are caused by
A. a lack of iron in the diet B. reduced blood supply to the heart muscle
C. an accumulation of lactic acid in the blood D. breathing in air containing carbon

24. 1996/II/27
The bar charts below show the relative amounts of four substances in the blood entering and leaving a certain
organ in the body:

This organ is
A. the brain B. the kidney C. the liver D. the lung

25. 1997/II/14
Which of the following graphs correctly shows the change in volume of a red blood cell when it is put in
0.05% salt solution?

26. 1997/II/20
The photomicrograph below shows the appearance of some human red blood cells:

The shape of the red blood cells allows them

A. to carry more haemoglobin B. to have closer contact with the tissue cells
C. to absorb and release oxygen more rapidly D. to pass through the wall of the blood capillaries more easily

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27. 1997/II/21
Which of the following correctly shows the route of a red blood cell from the lung to the liver?
A. lung → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle →aorta → liver
B. lung → pulmonary vein → right atrium → right ventricle →aorta → liver
C. lung → pulmonary artery → left atrium → left ventricle →hepatic artery → liver
D. lung → pulmonary artery → right atrium → right ventricle→ hepatic artery → liver

28. 1997/II/25
Questions 28 and 29 refer to the following information:
Cholesterol plaque is formed by the accumulation of cholesterol on the wall of arteries. The diagrams below show
the type of operation which is used to treat the blockage of arteries by cholesterol plaque:

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A. The inflated balloon helps to widen the lumen of the artery.
B. The larger the plaque in the artery, the lower of the blood pressure.
C. This operation may restore normal blood flow through the artery.
D. Formation of the plaque in the artery is partly due to a low fibre, high fat diet.

29. 1997/II/26
If the arteries of the heart wall are blocked by cholesterol plaque, a heart attack may occur because
A. the rate of heart beat increases B. less blood is pumped out from the heart
C. the heart muscle becomes fatigued easily D. less blood is supplied to the heart muscle

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30. 1999/II/18
Questions 30 and 31 refer to the diagram below, which represents the conditions of the atria and the ventricles in
one complete heart beat of a person :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Atrium
ventricle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Key : 1 to 8 represent the different time intervals in one complete heart beat
period of contraction
period of relaxation
Which of the following correctly describes the conditions of the heart valves during interval 1 ?
Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve
A. closed closed
B. closed opened
C. opened opened
D. opened closed

31. 1999/II/19
During intervals 2 to 4, blood flows
A. from the atria into the ventricles B. from the veins into the ventricles
C. from the ventricles into the atria D. from the ventricles into the arteries

32. 1999/II/22
Which of the following blood vessels has the lowest blood pressure?
A. vena cava B. hepatic vein C. hepatic portal vein D. capillaries in the liver

33. 1999/II/24
Questions 33 and 34 refer to the photomicrograph below, which shows the transverse section of two blood
vessels connecting the heart and the lung :

Which heart chamber is connected to vessel X?

A. left atrium B. left ventricle C. right atrium D. right ventricle

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34. 1999/II/25
Which of the following comparisons between the blood in vessels X and Y is correct?
Oxygen concentration Glucose concentration
X Y X Y
A. higher lower higher lower
B. lower higher lower higher
C. higher lower lower higher
D. lower higher higher lower

35. 1999/II/28
A person has not taken any food for 24 hours. Which of the following components of the blood increases in
concentration after passing through the intestinal villus of the person ?
A. urea B. insulin C. glucose D. carbon dioxide

36. 1999/II/35
The metabolic wastes excreted by a mammal include
(1) carbon dioxide
(2) lactic acid
(3) undigested food
A. (1) only B. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

37. 2000/II/13
Which of the following shows the correct arrangement of the blood vessels in descending order of urea
concentration in the blood?
A. vena cava, hepatic vein, renal vein B. vena cava, renal vein, hepatic vein
C. hepatic vein, renal vein, vena cava D. hepatic vein, vena cava, renal vein

38. 2000/II/20
The photomicrograph below shows the transverse section of an arteriole :

Which of the following are the functions of tissue A?

(1) It helps to regulate the diameter of the arteriole
(2) It helps the arteriole to withstand high blood pressure
(3) Its contraction helps to propel blood along the arteriole
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

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39. 2000/II/21
Which of the following comparisons between a vein and a lymph vessel is correct?
Vein Lymph vessel
A. valves present valves absent
B. oxygen present oxygen absent
C. red blood cells present red blood cells absent
D. white blood cells present white blood cells absent

40. 2000/II/22
Questions 40 and 41 refer to the graph below, which shows the changes in pressure in the aorta and that in the
left ventricle of the heart in a certain time interval :

During which period are the semi-lunar valves open?

A. 0 to 0.2 second B. 0.2 to 0.5 second C. 0.5 to 0.6 second D. 0.6 to 0.9 second

41. 2000/II/23
What is the rate of heart beat of this person?
A. 60 beats per minute B. 67 beats per minute C. 75 beats per minute D. 86 beats per minute

42. 2001/II/5
Which of the following activities cannot be performed by the human red blood cells?
A. production of energy B. replication of DNA C. uptake of glucose D. release of oxygen

43. 2001/II/25
Questions 43 and 44 refer to the diagram below, which shows the ventral view of a mammalian heart:

Which blood vessel(s) carries blood with a low oxygen concentration?

A. 1 only B. 3 only C. 1 and 2 only D. 2 and 3 only

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44. 2001/II/26
Which of the following is correct when blood is flowing out of the heart through blood vessel 2?
A. The atria are contracting. B. The ventricles are contracting.
C. The semi-lunar valves are closed. D. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open.

45. 2002/II/35
Which of the following can account for the appearance of the red blood cells shown in the photomicrograph
below?

A. The red blood cells are undergoing mitosis.

B. The red blood cells are in the deoxygenated state.
C. The red blood cells are bathed in a concentrated sugar solution.
D. The cell membrane of the red blood cells becomes greatly folded to increase the surface area for
oxygen uptake.

46. 2002/II/38
Questions 46 and 47 refer to the passage below :

Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the smooth internal lining of blood vessels becomes covered
with fatty deposits. This causes a reduction in the diameter of the blood vessels. The fatty deposits
often cause the formation of blood clots which further narrow the blood vessels and eventually block
them completely .Atherosclerosis is becoming more common in many countries and this has led to an
increase in the incidence of heart attack.

Narrowing of blood vessels of the heart may lead to heart attack because
A. less blood returns to the atria from the veins.
B. less blood flows out of the ventricles to the arteries.
C. less oxygen reaches the heart muscles.
D. less nutrients are transported in the blood.

47. 2002/II/39
Which of the following are possible causes for the increase in number of atherosclerosis cases?
(1) excessive intake of fatty food
(2) insufficient physical exercise
(3) insufficient bile secretion
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

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48. 2003/II/23
A person’s feet may become swollen after he has been sitting for many hours, such as on a long-distance flight.
This is because
A. the blood pressure in the veins of the legs become lower
B. the blood flow in the arties of the legs becomes slower
C. tissue fluid is drained from the legs more slowly
D. tissue fluid is formed in the legs more rapidly

49. 2004/II/1
Questions 49 and 50 refer to the diagram below which shows the movement of fluid in and out of a capillary in
the liver tissue:

Which of the following is a correct comparison of the fluid in X and that in Y when a person has not eaten for
12 hours?
Fluid X Fluid Y
A. urea absent urea present
B. white blood cells present white blood cells absent
C. higher glucose content lower glucose content
D. lower carbon dioxide content higher carbon dioxide content

50. 2004/II/2
The movement of fluid back into the capillary is mainly cause by
A. active transport B. osmosis C. secretion D. ultra-filtration

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51. 2004/II/10
Questions 51 and 52 refer to the diagram below which shows the ventral view of the human heart:

Vessel X is responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle. It receives blood directly from
A. vessel 1 B. vessel 2 C. vessel 3 D. vessel 4

52. 2004/II/11
Which of the following will occur if vessel X is blocked as shown in the diagram?
A. Some heart muscle will die
B. The heart will pump out more blood in each beat
C. The blood pressure in the artier will become higher
D. The carbon dioxide content of the blood in the veins will become lower

53. 2005/II/44
Which of the following comparisons between blood and lymph is correct?
Blood Lymph
A. fat absent fat present
B. glucose present glucose absent
C. phagocyte absent phagocyte present
D. red blood cells present red blood cells absent

54. 2006/II/33
The table below shows the ratio of the mean diameter of lumen to the mean thickness of vessel wall of three
types of blood vessels:
Blood vessels
P Q R
Ratio 10 4 16

Which of the following correctly identifies blood vessels P, Q and R?

P Q R
A. artery capillary vein
B. vein capillary artery
C. vein artery capillary
D. capillary vein capillary

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55. 2006/II/34
The photomicrograph below show the appearance of two red blood cells viewed under the same magnification.
The one on the left shows a defective red blood cell. The one on the right shows a normal red blood cell.

Which of the following descriptions about the defective red blood cell is correct?
A. It has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than the normal red blood cell.
B. It has a lower water potential than the normal red blood cell.
C. It has a higher oxygen carrying capacity than the normal red blood cell.
D. It contains nucleus while the normal red blood cell has lost the nucleus.

56. 2006/II/49
Questions 56 and 57 refer to the graph below, which shows the periodic change in the blood pressure in
the aorta.

At point P, what are the conditions of the bicuspid and semilunar valves?
Bicuspid valve Semilunar valves
A. open close
B. open open
C. close open
D. close close

57. 2006/II/50
Which of the following are responsible for the periodic change in the blood pressure in the aorta?
(1) pumping of heart
(2) thickness of the wall of aorta
(3) elasticity of the wall of aorta
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

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58. 2007/II/10
Questions 58 and 59 refer to the photomicrograph below, which shows a stained human blood smear under
different magnifications:

A student first focused on the blood smear under the microscope and obtained an image as shown in
photomicrograph I.
In order to obtain an image as shown in photomicrograph II, which of the following steps are necessary?
(1) Turn the nosepiece
(2) Turn the fine adjustment knob
(3) Adjust the position of the condenser
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

59. 2007/II/11
The characteristics appearance of cell type Y is due to
(1) its thicker periphery
(2) its large central vacuole
(3) the absence of a nucleus
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

60. 2007/II/14
One day, Adam, Brenda, Calvin and Doris were watching a football match of the World Cup. The following
are their dialogues about the heartbeat rate of the football players.

Whose view is correct?

A. Adam’s B. Brenda’s C. Calvin’s D. Doris’s

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61. 2007/II/21
Questions 61 and 62 refer to the graph below, which shows the changes in pressure of the blood in the aorta,
the left atrium and the left ventricle during a heart cycle.

Which of the following combinations shows a correct interpretation of the graph and its supporting reason?
Interpretation of the graph Supporting reason
A. the left ventricle is contracting between VW the left ventricle's pressure is increasing
B. the aorta is contracting between XY the aorta's pressure is increasing
C. the left ventricle is relaxing at point V the left ventricle’s pressure is low
D. the left atrium starts to relax at point Y the left atrium’s pressure starts to decrease

62. 2007/II/22
Which of the following correctly describes the condition of the valves during the period YZ?
Bicuspid valve Semi-lunar valve
A. closed closed
B. opened opened
C. closed opened
D. opened closed

63. 2007/II/23
Which of the following will lead to high blood pressure in the human body?
(1) Excessive bleeding occurs
(2) Fat is deposited on the wall of arteries
(3) The wall of the arties become less elastic
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1),(2) and (3)

64. 2007/II/45
Passengers traveling on long-distance flights often experience the swelling of the feet. They are advised to stretch
their legs more often during the flight because stretching legs helps to
A. squeeze the arterioles and hence more blood flow away from the legs.
B. squeeze the lymph vessels and hence more lymph flows away from the legs.
C. increase the heartbeat rate and hence more blood flows away from the legs.
D. increase the blood pressure and hence more lymph flows away from the legs.

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65. 2008/II/15
Which of the following descriptions about the blood capillary is incorrect?
A. It has a thin wall to facilitate exchange of materials between tissue fluid and the blood.
B. It is highly branched to increase the surface area in contact with the tissue fluid.
C. It is narrow to help decrease the blood pressure so that the blood flows slowly.
D. It allows white blood cells to squeeze through to the tissue fluid.

66. 2008/II/16
Questions 66 and 67 refer to the information shown below. Diagram I shows a heart with certain parts
removed to reveal various valves. Diagram II shows the change in the ventricular volume of a person’s
heart within a short period of time.

At 0.2 second, which of the valves in Diagram I are opened?

A. valves I and II B. valves I and IV C. valves II and III D. valves III and IV

67. 2008/II/17
The heartbeat rate of the person is
A. 86 beats per minute. B. 80 beats per minute.
C. 75 beats per minute. D. 67 beats per minute.

68. 2008/II/18
The diagram below shows part of the human circulatory system.

Which of the following correctly compares the oxygen content of the blood in the blood vessels when a
person is performing vigorous exercise?
A. 1 > 3 > 4 B. 2 > 1 > 4 C. 3 > 4 > 1 D. 4 > 2 > 1

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