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Chapter Two Examples
Example 2.1 - Continuous beam
A continues beam shown below supports a design dead load of 14.5 KN/m including self-weight
and a variable design load of 29 KN/m. Take cover 25 mm (Cover to longitudinal bar).
Use section dimension of
bw =250 mm D=450 mm
Material
C20/25 concrete and S400 rebar
Design the beam
a. Without moment redistribution
b. With 20% moment redistribution
SOLUTION A. . WITHOUT MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Step 1: Sectional and material property
, Should be taken between 0.8 and 1. Take
Summarized: Material C20/25 fck = 20 Mpa
fcd=11.33 Mpa
fctm=2.2 Mpa
Ecm=30,000Mpa
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=2.0%
S-400 fyk= 400 Mpa
Fyd= 347.83 Mpa
Es= 200,000 Mpa
=1.74%
Geometry Using cover of 25 mm, stirrup of 8 mm and main bar of 20 mm,
Step 2: Loading [design loads given]
Design Dead load [Gd] = 14.5 KN/m
Design Live load [Qd] =29 KN/m
Step 3: Analysis [Using moment envelope]
Load arrangements and bending moment diagrams
Case one: when the whole section is loaded
Case two: To get maximum span moment in span AB and CD
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Case three: To get maximum span moment in span BC
Case four: To get maximum moment at support B and C
Moment envelope (The maximum moments) for 0% redistribution
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Step 4: Design [Using design chart]
a) Support B and C (-ve moment)
Check the number of bars that can be placed on the single row.
Setting one 45 mm gap to insert a vibrator and making the other gaps equal to 25 mm
A maximum of 4 bars can be supported. Therefore, arrange the bars in to 2 rows.
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∑
∑
Compression reinforcement design
- Check if the reinforcement has yielded
- Calculate the stress in the concrete at the level of compression reinforcement to avoid
double counting of area.
, Therefore, we take
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b) Span AB and CD (+ve moment)
∑
∑
Compression reinforcement design
- Check if the reinforcement has yielded
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- Calculate the stress in the concrete at the level of compression reinforcement to avoid
double counting of area.
, Therefore, we take
c) Span BC (+ ve moment)
=91.66 KN m
- Singly reinforced section
Use 3φ20
d) Span BC (- ve moment)
=38.84 KN m
Use 2 φ 20, minimum reinforcements since the moment is small.
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Step 5: Detailing
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SOLUTION B.. WITH 20% MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Step 6: Analyze the beam with 20% redistribution
a. Span moment (span AB and CD)
Increase support moment at B and C by 20%
-To find the span moment in AB
From equilibrium
From similarity of triangle
x =2.52m
Mmax,span = 0.5 x 109.68 x 2.52=138.13 KNM < 146.28KNm
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N.B If we reduce the span moment by more than 6% the support moment will increase by
more than 20%.
-Find the redistributed span moment in span BC
b. Span Moment In BC
-increase support moment at B and C by 20%
Mb=Mc=124.91 KN.m < 172.99 KNM………OK!
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B) Support moment at B and C
Reduce the support moment by 20% 0.8*172.99=138.39 KNm
To find the redistributed moment in AB
From equilibrium
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107.43
From similarity of triangle
X=2.47m
Mmax,span = 0.5 x 107.43 x 2.47=132.66 KN m < 146.28KNm (maximum elastic moment )
<138.13 (maximum redistributed span moment)
- Find the redistributed moment in span BC
From equilibrium
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- Let us increase the support moment at c by 20%
MC =1.2*87.25=104.7 KNm < 138.39 KNm…….OK!
From equilibrium
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Step 7: Bending Moment diagram after redistribution
- Max moment of span AB and CD
- Bending moment of span BC
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- Max Moment at support B
- Moment envelope
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Step 8 : Design (for 20% moment redistribution)
a. Support (B and C)and span (AB and CD)
N.B: By redistributing the moments we are able to reduce the number of bars by one. For this
reason we are able to place the bars on one row, which is easier for workmanship.
Compression reinforcement design
- Check if the reinforcement has yielded
- Calculate the stress in the concrete at the level of compression reinforcement to avoid
double counting of area.
, Therefore, we take
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b. Span moment BC (+ve moment)
- Singly reinforced section
Use 2φ20
Step 9: Detailing (for 20% moment redistribution)
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