This document defines several key terms related to HIV/AIDS such as window period, wasting syndrome, and pneumocystis pneumonia. It describes HIV as a virus that weakens the immune system, making a person vulnerable to other infections. AIDS is defined as the final stage of HIV when the immune system is severely damaged. Common routes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or birth. Diagnosis involves antibody and antigen testing to detect HIV or AIDS-related proteins. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. Nurses play an important role in educating patients, assessing for complications, and providing supportive care.
This document defines several key terms related to HIV/AIDS such as window period, wasting syndrome, and pneumocystis pneumonia. It describes HIV as a virus that weakens the immune system, making a person vulnerable to other infections. AIDS is defined as the final stage of HIV when the immune system is severely damaged. Common routes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or birth. Diagnosis involves antibody and antigen testing to detect HIV or AIDS-related proteins. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. Nurses play an important role in educating patients, assessing for complications, and providing supportive care.
This document defines several key terms related to HIV/AIDS such as window period, wasting syndrome, and pneumocystis pneumonia. It describes HIV as a virus that weakens the immune system, making a person vulnerable to other infections. AIDS is defined as the final stage of HIV when the immune system is severely damaged. Common routes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or birth. Diagnosis involves antibody and antigen testing to detect HIV or AIDS-related proteins. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. Nurses play an important role in educating patients, assessing for complications, and providing supportive care.
This document defines several key terms related to HIV/AIDS such as window period, wasting syndrome, and pneumocystis pneumonia. It describes HIV as a virus that weakens the immune system, making a person vulnerable to other infections. AIDS is defined as the final stage of HIV when the immune system is severely damaged. Common routes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or birth. Diagnosis involves antibody and antigen testing to detect HIV or AIDS-related proteins. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. Nurses play an important role in educating patients, assessing for complications, and providing supportive care.
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TERMS RELATED TO HIV /AIDS
WINDOW PERIOD Time period between initial HIV infection and the development of a measurable immunological response to the infection
WASTING SYNDROME It is defined as 10 percent weight loss accompanied by 30 days of fever or diarrhea It include severe weight loss of appetite.
PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA It is serious infection that causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs caused by fungus called pneumocystis.
KAPOSI SYNDROME A cancer that causes lesions to grow in the skin, soft tissues, internal organs, mucous membrane of nose and throat.
ENCEPHLOPATHY A term used for brain disease that alter the brain function and structure, causes are tumors, infections.
PYOMYOSITIS It is a rare muscle bacterial infection, includes fever, pain, tenderness, abscess formation.
ULCERATIVE STOMATITIS It is an immune mediated disorder characterized by oral erosions and ulcers.
• IMMUNE SYSTEM Immune system protects and defends the body from infections. White blood cells are the most important part, which fight and destroys bacteria, fungi, viruses that enter the body.
DEFINITION OF HIV/AIDS H=HUMAN I=IMMUNODEFICIENCY V=VIRUS WHAT IS AIDS A=AQUIRED I=IMMUNE D=DEFICIENCY S=SYNDROME INTRODUCTION AIDS is the ultimate clinical consequence of HIV. it is a retrovirus that primarily effect the vital organs of human immune system such ads CD4 cells if the number of CD4 cells is below 200 then immunity is lost.
DEFINITION AND HIV AND AIDS
HIV is a virus that attack cells that helps the body to fight infection making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.
AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection that occurs when the immune system of the body is badly disturbed because of virus.
DIFFERNCE BETWEEN HIV AND AIDS
HIV AIDS 1) It stands for human 1) it stands for acquired Immunodeficiency virus. Immunodeficiency syndrome. 2) It is a virus. 2) It is a condition. 3) Virus invades the immunity 3) it is later stage of infection System. Caused by HIV.
ETIOLOGY Unprotected sex Sharing needles Occupational exposure Infected blood During pregnancy
HOW HIV IS TRANSMITTED
• SEXUAL TRANSMISSION • MOTHER TO BABY • INJECTING EQUIPMENT SHARING
It is the test to detect antibodies to HIV ANTIGEN in the patient blood using plates If positive, the ELISA test is repeated because false positive can occur If the ELISA test is again positive, the western blot test is done to detect the presence of antibodies 2. WESTERN BLOT
This test includes separation of blood proteins and detect the specific called HIV ANTIBODIES that indicates an HIV infection. It is used to confirm a positive ELISA, and combine tests are 99.9% accurate. HIV ANTIGEN TEST 1. P24 ANTIGEN
This test detect the protein of presence of the p24 protein of HIV 2. DNA PCR [polymerase chain reaction]
The DNA PCR Test looks for HIV DNA in white blood cells. PCR is sensitive enough to detect HIV
OTHER LABORTATORY TESTS
Total leukocyte and lymphocyte count
Ig G and Ig A level T cell subset assays CBC Platelet count Lymph node biopsy.
COMPLICATIONS
i. AIDS wasting syndrome
ii. HIV associated neurocognitive disorders iii. Cancer iv. Opportunistic infections
TREATMENT [pharmacological management]
[HAART THERAPY] The classes of antiviral drugs include;- 1) NON NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE Doravirine, Rilpivirine 2) NUCLEOSIDE AND NUCLETIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS Tenofovir, zidovudine 3) PROTEASE INHIBITORS Lopanavir 4) FUSION INHIBITORS Enfuvirtide 5) INTEGRASE INHIBITORS Dolutegravir
NON PHARAMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Patient education • Lifestyle modifications • Take rest diet rich in proteins and vitamins • Smoking cessation • Alcohol cessation • Regular exercise or yoga
NURSING ASSESSMENT
a. History collections b. Review patient present complications c. Assess patient knowledge about HIV d. Evaluate nutritional pattern e. Assess respiratory rate, general health status f. Check for lesions , ask for bowel pattern g. Check orientation.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Ineffective breathing pattern related to opportunistic infection
• Acute pain related to infection, neuropathies • Hyperthermia related to infection • Risk of infection related to immunodeficiency • Imbalanced nutrition related to side effect of treatment • Diarrhea related to treatment side effect • Confusion related to adverse effect of medicines • Fatigue related to HIV infection • Fear of infection progression related to having HIV • Disturbed body image related to body changes • Hopelessness related to chronic illness
PREVENTION o Use treatment as prevention o Education o immunizations o Immigration regulations o Use condom o Use of clean needle o Supportive car o Use standard precautions Hand hygiene Protective equipment gloves, mask, gown Patient placement Avoid sharing clothes
WHAT NURSE CAN DO
1) Counsel on safe sex practices
2) Healthy life style practices • Food nutrition • Oral hygiene • Personal hygiene • Food hygiene • Exercise
3) Educate on HIV disease progression
4) Family planning options 5) Regular follow up 6) Explain the proper method of disposal of used condom (male or female). 7) Participate in awareness campaigns BIBLOIGRAPHY 1) Hinkle J.L., Cheever K. H., Brunner and Siddhartha’s textbook of medical surgical nursing. 14 edition, Wolters Kluwer publishers, page no. 483-487.
2) Seltzer S.C. Bare B.G., Hinkle J.L., Cheever K. H. Brunner and Siddhartha’s textbook of medical surgical nursing 11 edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins publishers, page no 845-848
