UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

KNS 2601

CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4

LABORATORY REPORT
Date of Experiment 20/2/2020

Date of Submission 16/7/2020

Lecturer Madam Norazlina Bint Bateni
Group no. 1G
1. Asfarina Binti Asmat (65488)
2. Che Aina Husna Binti Che Mazlan (64680)
Group Members:
3. Leonard Abbas Anak Kassim (64819)
Name (matric no.)
4. Mohd Nik Harith Fawwaz Bin Jasli (64890)
 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Observation During Laboratory Work Rubrics

Observation During Laboratory Work Rubrics

Group No. : 1G Programme : WK01

• Asfarina Binti Asmat • 65488

• Che Aina Husna Binti Che
Mazlan • 64680
Name : • Leonard Abbas Anak Kassim Matric No. •
• Mohd Nik Harith Fawwaz Bin • 64819
Jasli
• 64890
G2 – Consolidation
Laboratory
: KNS 2601- Geotechnical Engineering
Topic

Total
Criteria/ Weigh- Marks
CO PO n=4 n=3 n=2 n=1 n=0 Marks
Level tage (w) (n)
(n*w)
Preparation Prior to the Achieved only Achieved only Achieved only Did not
laboratory work, 3 of the 2 of the 1 of the achieve any
the students: attributes attributes attributes of the
• had listed listed listed attributes
discussion listed
with the
lecturer on
methodology
to be taken to
3 5 run the
5
experiment
• bring lab
manual
during the lab
session
• know what to
do before
starting the
lab
 Safety During the Achieved only Achieved only Achieved only Did not
culture laboratory 3 of the 2 of the 1 of the achieve any
session, the attributes attributes attributes of the
students : listed listed listed attributes
• wear safety listed
boots
• wear
appropriate
clothing and
other PPEs
3 5 5
• aware of the
safety signs
and measures
• abide to the
lab rules and
regulations
• make sure
the working
space is
clean, tidy
and safe
Laboratory • Able to • Able to • Able to • Need • Fail to
skills : perform perform perform continuous identify the
organisatio experiments experiment experiment assistance important
n & safety safely without s safely s safely (100%) information
supervision without with 50% • Not being in the
and supervision assistance able to laboratory
assistance; ; seek for • Able to decide on • Unsafe
work in a assistance perform their own work
group • Able to experiment • Do not ask
effectively determine s safely around for
• Able to the priority with assistance
determine the of the continuous
priority of the laboratory supervision
laboratory environme • Understand
environment nt the
• Supervise • Perform problem
own work in experiment statement
achieving s based on and ask
experimental protocol questions
3 5 5
objectives and • Perform
procedures experiment
and s based on
understand protocol
the and
problem procedures
statement; and
critical on understand
the reasons the
for doing problem
experiment statement;
s and not critical
strategised on the
effectively reasons for
doing
experiment
s and do
not
strategised
effectively.
Laboratory • Able to utilize • Able to • Not • Not • Fail to
skills : the utilize the confident; confident utilize the
experiment experimental experiment need in utilizing apparatus
al work apparatus al assistance the • No idea of
without apparatus but can apparatus what is
assistance without perform • Need happening
confidently assistance experiment assistance
• Understand confidently s own their continuousl
the • Understand own y
apparatus’ the • Follow
method of apparatus’ normal
3 5
principle method of procedures 5
• Able to utilize principle without
experimental understand
apparatus ing the
other than apparatus’
normal method of
practice principle
• Utilize
experimental
apparatus
creatively and
innovatively
TOTAL 𝛴𝑤 = 𝛴𝑛 = 𝛴(𝑛 ∗ 𝑤) =

20

∑(n*w)
TOTAL MARKS x100% =
4×∑ w
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 Civil Engineering Laboratory 4
Laboratory Report Rubrics

Laboratory Report Writing

Group No. : 1G Programme : WK01

• 65488
• Asfarina Binti Asmat
• Che Aina Husna Binti Che • 64680
Name : Mazlan Matric No. :
• Leonard Abbas Anak Kassim • 64819
• Mohd Nik Harith Fawwaz Bin
Jasli • 64890

Laboratory
: G2 – Consolidation
Topic

Total
Criteria/ Weigh- Marks
CO PO n=4 n=3 n=2 n=1 n=0 Marks
Level tage (w) (n)
(n*w)
Introduction Introduction Introduction Some Very little No
is complete is nearly introductory background background
and well- complete, information, information information
written; missing some but still provided or provided.
provides all minor points. missing some information is
2 4 major points. incorrect. 3
necessary
background
principles for
the
experiment.

Experimental Clearly Shows Shows Student is No project

procedure carrying out evidence of evidence of unfamiliar approaches/
lab works carrying out carrying out with the lab methods
excellently. lab works lab works, but works, provided.
Students appropriately. with some depending on
execute lab Students errors. partner for
works with execute lab Students help.
2 4 3
correct works with execute lab Incorrect
procedures, acceptable works, but procedures
using procedures not cause
appropriate using necessarily ineffective
apparatus. appropriate with the investigation.
apparatus. appropriate
apparatus.

Results and All results are Almost all Some of the Incomplete or No results
Discussions : correctly results are results are incorrect and
Data presented and correctly correctly interpretation discussions
Handling and have been presented and presented and of results provided.
Analysis clearly made. have been have been indicating a
Student able to clearly made. clearly made. lack of
generate, Student able Student able understandin
2 4 create, analyse to generate, to generate g of results.
7
and evaluate create and and create Students only
ideas and analyse ideas. ideas but able to
shows good many are generate
understanding. misstated, ideas.
indicating a
lack of
understanding.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS
Conclusions All important All important Conclusions Conclusions No
conclusions conclusions regarding missing or conclusions
have been have been major points missing the provided.
clearly made, drawn, could are drawn, but important
2 4 student shows be better many are points.
good stated. misstated, 2
understanding. indicating a
lack of
understanding.

Appearance All sections are All sections in Sections in Sections out of Poor
and in order, well- order, order, order, sloppy formatting.
formatting formatted and formatting are formatting are formatting.
readable. generally well rough but
but can be readable. Frequent Poor
All improved. grammar grammar
grammar/spelli Occasional and/or spelling and writing
2 4 ng correct and Less grammar/spell errors, writing style. 2
very well- grammar/spell ing errors, style is rough
written. ing errors, generally and immature
mature, readable with
readable some rough
style. spots in
writing style.

References All references All references Some Most No

and Citations were reliable were references references references/
(e.g journals) apparently were not were not citations
and relevant. reliable (e.g reliable (e.g reliable (e.g provided.
journals) and internet internet
Citation of relevant. content) and content) and
2 4 references was relevant. relevant. 3
done critically. Some citation
of references Some citation Most citation of
was done of references references was
properly was not done not done
properly. properly.

w = n = (n * w) =
TOTAL
20

 (n  w)
TOTAL MARKS x100% =
4  w

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGES
TITLE 8
INTRODUCTION 8-10
OBJECTIVE 11
APPARATUS 11
PROCEDURE 12
RESULT AND CALCULATION 13-18
DISCUSSION 19
CONCLUSION 20
REFERENCES 20

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS
H2- Flow in Rectangular Channel with an Obstacle

INTRODUCTION

The specific energy in an open channel can be define as the sum of the depth of water and the velocity
head. It is the total energy where z is zero. The specific energy, Es, of a liquid in an open channel is the total
mechanical energy (expressed as a head) relative to the bottom of the channel. This specific energy is
originally derived from the Bernoulli’s equation in which the pressure head is assumed zero as the channel
is exposed to the atmospheric pressure. The derivation of the Bernoulli’s equation is shown as below:

𝑝 𝑣2
Specific energy, E=𝜌𝑔 + 2𝑔 + 𝑧
𝑣2
E=2𝑔 + 𝐷

The graph below shows the depth of water against the specific energy for each depth.

From the graph, the specific energy reaches a minimum value Emin, min at some intermediate point, called
the critical point, characterized by the critical depth yc and critical velocity Vc. The minimum specific energy
is also called the critical energy.
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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS
THEORY
The concept of specific energy as it applies to open channels with small slopes is given below.

The total energy equation is,

𝑃 𝑉2
+ + 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝛾 2𝑔

Or it can be rewritten as,

𝑉2
𝑦+ + 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2𝑔

if z = 0, then
𝑉2
𝐸 =𝑦+
2𝑔

Which indicates that the specific energy is the sum of the depth of water and velocity head.

Consider a specific energy equation for the case of a rectangular channel.

𝑉2
𝐸 =𝑦+
2𝑔
Discharge, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

Therefore,
𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴

𝑄 2 𝑄2
𝑉 2 = (𝐴 ) = 2𝑔𝑦 2𝑏2

Where,
b = the width of the channel
y = depth of water

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS

Substituting in the specific energy equation it can be written as,

𝑄2
(𝐸 − 𝑦) =
2𝑔𝑦 2 𝑏 2

𝑄 𝑄2 𝑞2
When = , then (𝐸 − 𝑦)𝑦 2 = 2𝑔𝑏2 = 2𝑔 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑏

(𝐸 − 𝑦)𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 or

𝑄2 𝑞2
When substituting (𝐸 − 𝑦)𝑦 2 = 2𝑔𝑏2 = 2𝑔

𝑞2
We will get 𝐸 = 𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑦 2

The value of critical depth,𝑦c , can be determined by the equation

3 𝑞2
𝑦c = √ 𝑔

3
And the minimum specific energy, 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 𝑦𝑐

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS

OBJECTIVE
To calculate the specific energy before and after a submerged obstacle in open channel flow.

APPARATUS
1. open channel
2. manometer
3. control valve
4. point gauge
5. obstacle (v-notch and rectangular weir)

Figure 1.0 example of apparatus used in the experiment

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS

PROCEDURE
1. The appropriate measurement of the V-notch weir was taken.
2. Next, the rectangular obstacle was installed at the middle of the channel.
3. The datum of the rectangular obstacle was measured using a dial gauge.
4. The datum readings for dial gauges was also taken.
5. Then, the surge tank valve and the pump were opened to allow water flow into the rectangular open
channel.
6. After the water achieve stable flow, the water surface level before the rectangular obstacle was
measured using a dial gauge and recorded as Y1 upstream.
7. The water surface level after the rectangular obstacle was measured using a dial gauge and recorded
as Y2 downstream.
8. The height of manometer was taken and recorded as h1 and h2.
9. Step 2-8 were repeated for another four times by using different flow rate of water.
10. The same procedure repeated where V- notch weir is replaced by the rectangular weir.

Figure 2.0: example of experiment set up

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS
RESULT & CALCULATION

Datum height of rectangular open channel = 7.2cm

Coefficient of discharge, Cd =0.98
Pipe diameter, d1=0.104 m
Nozzle diameter, d2=0.0832 m
Cross-sectional area of pipe, A1 = 𝜋 × (0.1042)2= 0.0085 m
Cross- sectional area of nozzle, A2= 𝜋 × (0.0832 2)2= 0.0054 m
True upstream, z = Z – Datum of rectangular open channel

Calculation for V notch obstacle,

∆𝐻 = 1.518 − 1.346 = 0.172𝑚

2𝑔∆𝐻
For flow rate, Use equation Q = CdA1√𝐴 2
1 −1
𝐴2 2

2(9.810)(0.172)
Q =0.98 × 0.0085√ (0.0085)2
−1
(0.0054)2

Q=0.012588 m3/s

For discharge per unit width, q = Q/b = 0.012588/0.27

= 0.04662

*Calculation for trial 2,3,4 and 5 for v notch is the same. The result is shown in table 1

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS
Trial H1 (m) H2 (m) H1-H2 (m) Q (m3/s) Discharge per unit
width (m3/s)
1 1.518 1.346 0.172 0.012588 0.04662
2 1.500 1.480 0.020 0.004292 0.01590
3 1.503 1.493 0.010 0.003035 0.01124
4 1.503 1.502 0.010 0.003035 0.01124
5 1.510 1.507 0.003 0.001662 0.00616
Table 1 : Tabulation of flow rate and discharge per unit width for v-notch

Trial Upstream, Z1 (m) Downstream, Z2 (m)

1 0.378 0.140
2 0.323 0.117
3 0.300 0.096
4 0.286 0.083
5 0.254 0.082
Table 2.0: tabulation for upstream and downstream for v notch

𝑞2
For specific energy, use equation, E = 𝑧 + 2𝑔𝑧 2

𝑞2
E1 = 𝑧1 + 2𝑔𝑧1 2

(0.04662)2
= 0.306 + = 0.307 m2/s2
2×9.81×0.03062

𝑞2
E2 = 𝑧2 + 2𝑔𝑧2 2

(0.04662)2
= 0.068 + = 0.0920m2/s2
2×9.81×0.0682

Energy loss= E1 – E2 = 0.307 – 0.069 = 0.238 m2/s2

*Calculation for trail 2,3,4 and 5 are the same and result are shown in table 3
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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS

Trail True upstream True downstream Specific energy (m2 / s2 ) Energy loss,
z1 (m) z2 (m) E1 E2 E1 - E2 (m2/s2)

1 0.306 0.068 0.307 0.092 0.238

2 0.251 0.045 0.251 0.051 0.200
3 0.228 0.024 0.228 0.035 0.193
4 0.214 0.011 0.214 0.064 0.150
5 0.182 0.010 0.183 0.030 0.153
Table 3.0: tabulation of true upstream, true downstream and specific energy

Calculation for rectangular obstacle

∆𝐻 = 1.478 − 1.233 = 0.245𝑚

2𝑔∆𝐻
For flow rate, Use equation Q = CdA1√𝐴 2
1 −1
𝐴2 2

2(9.810)(0.245)
Q =0.98 × 0.0085√ (0.0085)2
−1
(0.0054)2

Q=0.01502m3/s

For discharge per unit width, q = Q/b = 0.01502/0.212

= 0.0708

*Calculation for trial 2,3,4 and 5 for rectangular obstacle is the same. The result is shown in table 4

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS
Trial H1 (m) H2 (m) H1-H2 (m) Q (m3/s) Discharge per unit
width (m3/s)
1 1.478 1.233 0.245 0.01502 0.0708
2 1.514 1.386 0.128 0.01086 0.05122
3 1.504 1.475 0.029 0.005169 0.02438
4 1.501 1.473 0.028 0.005079 0.02396
5 1.512 1.510 0.002 0.001357 0.00640
Table 4.0: Tabulation of flow rate and discharge per unit width for rectangular obstacle

Trial Upstream, Z1 (m) Downstream, Z2 (m)

1 0.400 0.142
2 0.370 0.135
3 0.337 0.114
4 0.312 0.096
5 0.286 0.084
Table 2.0: tabulation for upstream and downstream for rectangular obstacle

𝑞2
For specific energy, use equation, E = 𝑧 + 2𝑔𝑧 2

𝑞2
E1 = 𝑧1 + 2𝑔𝑧1 2

(0.0708)2
= 0.328 + = 0.330 m2/s2
2×9.81×0.3282

𝑞2
E2 = 𝑧2 + 2𝑔𝑧2 2

(0.0708)2
= 0.070 + = 0.122 m2/s2
2×9.81×0.0702

Energy loss= E1 – E2 = 0.330 – 0.122 = 0.208 m2/s2

*Calculation for trail 2,3,4 and 5 are the same and result are shown in table 6
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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS

Trail True upstream True downstream Specific energy (m2 / s2 ) Energy loss,
z1 (m) z2 (m) E1 E2 E1 - E2 (m2/s2)

1 0.328 0.070 0.330 0.122 0.208

2 0.298 0.063 0.300 0.097 0.203
3 0.265 0.042 0.265 0.059 0.206
4 0.240 0.024 0.240 0.075 0.165
5 0.214 0.012 0.214 0.026 0.188
Table 6.0: tabulation of true upstream, true downstream and specific energy

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS
GRAPH
0.35

0.3

0.25
depth, z (m)

0.2

upstream, Z1
0.15 downstream, Z2

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
specific energy, E (m2/s2)

Graph 1.0: graph of specific energy, E against depth, z for v notch obstacle

0.35

0.3

0.25
depth, z (m)

0.2

upstream, Z1
0.15 downstream, Z2

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
specific energy, E (m2/s2)

Graph 2.0: graph of specific energy, E against depth, z for rectangular obstacle

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS

DISCCUSSION

Based on the result and calculation, the upstream height Z1 and downstream height, Z2 for v notch
obstacle decrease as the flow rate decrease. When the flow rate decreases, the specific energy also
decreases because there is less energy when the flow rate of water is slow. This can also be related to the
specific energy equation, E = 𝑞2 2𝑔𝑧2 + 𝑧, where when flow per unit width, q decreases, specific energy, E
also decreases. From the data of both weirs, it can also be known that the upstream heights have higher
specific energy compared to the downstream heights. This is because as fluid moves downstream, energy
will be lost due to friction

From the graph 1.0 and graph 2.0, the graphs for upstream heights are always higher than the
downstream heights. This show that the specific energy and heights of upstream are always greater than
downstream. Furthermore, V- notch obstacle has lower specific energy values compared to the values of
rectangular obstacle. Especially at downstream, the specific energies of rectangular obstacle much higher
than the ones in V-notch obstacle. This can also be related to Q, where the flow rates of V- notch obstacle
are also smaller than the flow rates of rectangular obstacle. This is because V- notch obstacle has smaller
opening width compared to rectangular one. When the area is big, the flow rate of water is also high. When
flow rate is high, the amount of water passing through the obstacle is also high.

According to the specific energy diagram, the curve for downstream specific energy supposed to be
in a straight line. Although, from graph 1.0 and graph 2.0 both show that the line for downstream specific
energy is not in a straight line. This is because of the specific energy calculated. The specific energy for
both obstacle increase for trail 1 and trail 2 then it decrease suddenly for trial 3. For trial 4 and trial 5, the
specific energy increase again. This may be cause by some type of error that happen during taking reading
or setting up experiment

There are a few recommendation caution step that can be taken to avoid this type of error. First of
all, when taking reading the eyes of the reader must be horizontal with measurement marking to avoid
parallax error. Second, get use to the set up of the procedure for the experiment by coming to the lab a day
earlier to get the full vision what to set up and what to do when conducting experiment or, watch a lot of
video on Youtube. By coming a day earlier, we also can avoid instrumental error by checking it first to
make sure it fully functional.
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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
KNS2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRICS

CONCLUSION
The specific energy for upstream and downstream is V-notch obstacle and rectangular obstacle are
obtained. When the heights of upstream and downstream increases, the specific energy also increases. The
specific energy is also proportional to the flow rate. Besides, the upstream heights have higher specific
energy compared to the downstream heights because energy is lost due to friction when fluids move
downstream. In comparison with V- notch weir and rectangular weir, rectangular weir provides higher
specific energy compared to V- notch weir because V-notch weir has a smaller opening width causing flow
rate to be smaller. In conclusion, objective achieved.

REFERENCES

Yunus, A., Cengel, John, M., Cimbala, M.. (2010). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications.

Anonymous, (8th august 2019), Energy-depth relation in rectangular channel. Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93depth_relationship_in_a_rectangular_channel

wallulis, K. (30th April 2018). How to prevent parallax error. Retrieved from

https://sciencing.com/prevent-parallax-error-10000073.html

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