ELECTRICAL

MEASUREMENT
Assignment 1

1 FEBRUARY, 2020
SADIA SULTANA LIKHAN
Yrkesh Akademin
Problem 1:
The current transducer LEM-IT-700-S is used in the laboratory for measurements on
the test bench. A laboratory technician went through the datasheet and found two
different expressions for the calculation of error, but he does not know which one to
use. Answer the following questions and help him:
a) Calculate the absolute maximum error of the current transducer.
b) Calculate the error of the transducer by using the following expression:

error= √∑(𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡)2

c) Explain why it is better to calculate the error using the expression from b.).
(Note: Assume the ambient temperature of 40 °C.)

Solution:
From the datasheet we find,
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝐼𝑂𝐸 𝑎𝑡 25℃ + 𝐼𝑂𝑇 (𝑇𝐴 ) + 𝜀𝐿 . 𝐼𝑃𝑀 . 𝐾𝑁
where,
𝐼𝑂𝑇 (𝑇𝐴 ) = 𝑇𝐶𝐼𝑂𝐸 . |𝑇𝐴 − 25℃|. 𝐼𝑃𝑀. 𝐾𝑁 = 𝑇𝐶𝐼𝑂𝐸 . |𝑇𝐴 − 298.15°𝐾|. 𝐼𝑃𝑀. 𝐾𝑁

The following values are found from datasheet:

𝑇𝐶𝐼𝑂𝐸 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑂𝐸 = 0.5 𝑝𝑝𝑚/𝐾
𝑇𝐴 = 𝐴𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 40℃ = 313.15°𝐾
𝐼𝑃𝑀 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 700 𝐴
1
𝐾𝑁 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 1: 1750 =
1750
𝐼𝑂𝐸 𝑎𝑡 25℃ = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 25℃ = 50 𝑝𝑝𝑚
𝜀𝐿 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 3 𝑝𝑝𝑚
a) Now,
1 1
𝐼𝑂𝑇 (40℃) = 0.5 × 10−6 × |313.15° − 298.15°|𝐾 × 700 𝐴 × = 3 × 10−6 𝐴
𝐾 1750
= 3 𝑝𝑝𝑚
Therefore,
1
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 50 × 10−6 + 3 × 10−6 + 3 × 10−6 × 700 × 1750 = (50 + 3 + 1.2) × 10−6 =
54.2 × 10−6 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟐 𝒑𝒑𝒎 (𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟)

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 b) Again, using the given formula,
2 2
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = √∑(𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡)2 = √(𝐼𝑂𝐸 𝑎𝑡 25℃) + (𝐼𝑂𝑇 (𝑇𝐴 )) + (𝜀𝐿 . 𝐼𝑃𝑀 . 𝑘𝑁 )2 =

√(50 × 10−6 )2 + (3 × 10−6 )2 + (1.2 × 10−6 )2 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒑𝒑𝒎 (𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟)

c) Since all parts of error are independent, it is better to calculate error by using
formula from b) because if any parts of the given error formula in the datasheet
is negative then that part will be eliminated from the total error calculation. But
if we follow the formula from b) for error calculation then all parts of the error is
first squared which remove the negative sign and then added with other
component and after that the root of that value becomes the final error, so the
problem of negative error elimination will be resolved by using this formula.

Problem 2:
The Fluke 87Vdigital instrument is used to measure DC voltage in a circuit. The
examiner reads a value of 45.67 V on display, and he needs your help to calculate the
accuracy of the measurement. Please help the examiner and show how to calculate
the accuracy of the performed measurement.

Solution:
From the given datasheet,
The Fluke 87V digital instrument accuracy at 60V range is: ±(0.05% + 1)
1
And it is a 4 2 digit instrument.

Given,
Measured value, 𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 45.67 𝑉
Now,
0.05% of 45.67 V is = 45.67 × 0.05% = 0.022835
Rounding the result with the same number of digits after decimal as the measured
value, we get = 0.02 𝑉
Adding 1 in the least significant digit column we get = 0.02 + 0.01 = 0.03
So, the maximum value of true value is = 45.67 + 0.03 = 45.70 𝑉
And, the minimum value of true value is = 45.67 − 0.03 = 45.64 𝑉
Therefore, the true value or actual value of the DC voltage should be in between
45.64V and 45.70V. (Answer)

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Problem 3:
A factory is producing high precision resistors used in electrical circuits. The
production manager wants to determine the tolerance of resistors; therefore, he asked
the staff to calculate a standard deviation, and arithmetic mean. He insisted that they
take a large series of resistors. Measurement department performed required
measurements, and they obtained the following results:
Rmean = 10.0000Ω, σ= 0.0005Ω.
Your task is to calculate a probability that the resistance of a randomly chosen resistor
is greater than 10.0008 Ω?

Solution: Given,
𝑥̅ = 𝑅𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 10.0000 Ω
𝜎 = 0.0005 Ω
We know that, the probability of a randomly chosen resistor value is in between x1 and
x2 is given by,
𝑥2
1 1 𝑥−𝑥̅ 2
𝑃(𝑥1<𝑥<𝑥2 ) = . ∫ 𝑒 −2( 𝜎
)
𝑑𝑥
𝜎. √2𝜋 𝑥1

Therefore, the probability of a randomly chosen resistor value is greater than 10.0008V
is given by,
∞ 1 𝑥−𝑥̅ 2
1
𝑒 2 𝜎 )
− (
𝑃(10.0008<𝑥<∞) = .∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜎. √2𝜋 10.0008
∞ 1 𝑥−10.0000 2
1
𝑒 2 0.0005 )
− (
= .∫ 𝑑𝑥
0.0005 × √2𝜋 10.0008

∴ 𝑃(10.0008<𝑥<∞) = 0.058 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟖% (𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟)

Problem 4:
A signal is composed of the following sine signals:
•1.5 * sin (2 * 3.14 * 1800 + (90 / 180) * 3.14)
•1.1 * sin (2 * 3.14 * 2800 + (30 / 180) * 3.14)
•0.5 * sin (2 * 3.14 * 4200 + (45 / 180) * 3.14)
•0.1 * sin (2 * 3.14 * 6500 – (30 / 180) * 3.14)
a) By using the Nyquist theorem, calculate the minimum sampling frequency that
needs to be used to be able to reconstruct the signal?

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b) If you need to apply an anti-aliasing filter with the ideal characteristic, which cut-off
frequency would you choose? Explain your answer.
(Note: For Problem 1 and Problem 2 use the datasheets that are available on the
ITSlearning portal.)
Solution: Given,
The components of a sine signal are:
C1 =1.5 * sin (2 * 3.14 * 1800 + (90 / 180) * 3.14)
C2 =1.1 * sin (2 * 3.14 * 2800 + (30 / 180) * 3.14)
C3 =0.5 * sin (2 * 3.14 * 4200 + (45 / 180) * 3.14)
C4 =0.1 * sin (2 * 3.14 * 6500 – (30 / 180) * 3.14)
Now, assuming 𝑡 = 1𝑠 we get the frequency of the above component respectively as
𝑓1 = 1.8 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑓2 = 2.8 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑓3 = 4.2 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑓4 = 6.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧
Therefore, the maximum frequency of the sine signal is 𝑓4 = 6.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧
a) According to Nyquist theorem for a signal to be reconstructed the sampling
frequency should be equal or greater than twice of the maximum frequency of
that signal i.e.
𝑓𝑠 ≥ 2𝑓𝑐
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦,
𝑓𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
(𝑐𝑢𝑡 − 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
Therefore, the minimum sampling frequency for the given signal to be eligible
for reconstruction is, 𝑓𝑠 = 2𝑓𝑐 = 2 × 6.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑯𝒛 (𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟)

b) If it is needed to apply an anti-aliasing filter, then the cut-off frequency of the

filter should be such that it can recover or reconstruct most of the signal data
without noticeable distortion. To do so, according to Nyquist theorem, the
maximum cut-off frequency of the filter must be half or less than half of the
signal sampling frequency and at the same time the frequency should be
enough to reconstruct the signal without much distortion. So, for the given
signal if it is needed to apply an anti-aliasing filter then the cut off frequency of
the filter should be,
1 1
𝑓𝑐 ≤ 2 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 2 × 13 𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝑯𝒛 (𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟)

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