1
AO Pediatric Comprehensive
Classification of Long-Bone
Fractures (PCCF)
Introduction to the classification of long-bone
fractures in children
2
“Research into the healing patterns of pediatric
fractures assumes a common language that
must be the prerequisite for comprehensive
documentation as the basis for treatment and
research.”
Theddy Slongo, 2007
This brochure should be cited as follows:
Slongo T, Audigé L, AO Pediatric Classification Group (2007) AO Pediatric Comprehensive
Classification of Long-Bone Fractures (PCCF). AO Foundation, Switzerland.
Produced by AO CID
Copyright © 2020 by AO Foundation, Switzerland
Check hazards and legal restrictions on www.aofoundation.org/legal
AOE-E1-019.5 July 2020
3
Table of contents
Classification system
Overview 4
Classification according to location 5
Code for bones and segments 5
Code for subsegments 6
Classification according to morphology 7
Code for the fracture pattern (child code) 7
Severity code 8
Code for the side of avulsion 8
Code for displaced supracondylar humeral fractures 9
Code for fractures in paired bones 10
Code for displaced radial head and neck fractures 10
Code for femoral neck fractures 11
Classification of specific fractures
1 Humerus 12
11-E Proximal epiphyseal fractures 12
11-M Proximal metaphyseal fractures 12
12-D Diaphyseal fractures 12
13-M Distal metaphyseal fractures 13
13-E Distal epiphyseal fractures 14
2 Radius/ulna 15
21-E Proximal epiphyseal fractures 15
21-M Proximal metaphyseal fractures 16
22-D Diaphyseal fractures 17
23-M Distal metaphyseal fractures 19
23-E Distal epiphyseal fractures 20
3 Femur 22
31-E Proximal epiphyseal fractures 22
31-M Proximal metaphyseal fractures 22
32-D Diaphyseal fractures 23
33-M Distal metaphyseal fractures 23
33-E Distal epiphyseal fractures 24
4 Tibia/fibula 25
41-E Proximal epiphyseal fractures 25
41-M Proximal metaphyseal fractures 26
42-D Diaphyseal fractures 27
43-M Distal metaphyseal fractures 28
43-E Distal epiphyseal fractures 29
Frequent fracture combinations 31
Acknowledgements
References
Classification system
Overview
The overall structure of the classification system is based on fracture location
and morphology. The fracture location comprises the different long bones and
their respective segments and subsegments. The morphology of the fracture
is documented by a specific child code that stands for the fracture pattern, a
severity code, and an additional code that is used in certain types of displaced
supracondylar humeral, displaced radial head and neck, and femoral neck
fractures.
Distal humerus: I–IV
Proximal radius: I–III
Proximal femur: I–III
Displacement
Morphology
avulsion
Severity
Side of
.1 .2
ml
Pattern
1–9
/
Diagnosis
segment
EMD
Sub-
-
in paired
Location
bones
Bone
rutf
ment
Seg-
123
Bone
34
12
5
Classification according to location
Classification according to location
Code for bones and segments
1- Humerus
2- Radius/ulna
3- Femur
4- Tibia/fibula
The numbering of bones (1–4) and segments (proximal = 1, diaphyseal = 2,
distal = 3) is similar to that in the Müller AO Classification of Fractures—Long
Bones, one difference being that malleolar fractures are coded as distal tibial/
fibular fractures. Also, the definition of the three bone segments is different to
that in adults (see code for subsegments). The letters "r", "u", "t", "f" stand for
radius, ulna, tibia and fibula and are added to the segment code, in paired
bones, when only one bone is fractured or both bones are fractured with a
different pattern.
6
Classification system
Code for subsegments
Segment 1 and 3 are each divided into two subsegments, the epiphysis (E) and
the metaphysis (M). Segment 2 is identical with the diaphyseal subsegment
(D).
Proximal segment (1): subsegments epiphysis (E) and metaphysis (M)
Diaphyseal segment (2): subsegment diaphysis (D)
Distal segment (3): subsegments metaphysis (M) and epiphysis (E)
The metaphysis is determined by a square the sides of which have the same
length as the widest part of the growth plate. In paired bones such as radius/
ulna and tibia/fibula, both bones must be included in the square. The proximal
femur is an exception. Its metaphysis is not defined by a square but located
between the growth plate and the subtrochanteric line.
If the center of the fracture lines is located within the above mentioned square,
it is a metaphyseal fracture. If the epiphysis and respective growth plate
(physis) is involved, it is an epiphyseal fracture. Fractures of the apophysis are
considered as metaphyseal. Transitional fractures with or without metaphyseal
wedge are classified as epiphyseal. Intraarticular and extraarticular ligament
avulsion fractures are epiphyseal or metaphyseal injuries, respectively.
1 2 3 4
Humerus Radius/ulna Femur Tibia/fibula
E = Epiphysis
1 = Proximal M = Metaphysis
Subtrochanteric line
2 = Diaphyseal D = Diaphysis
M = Metaphysis
3 = Distal
E = Epiphysis
7
Classification according to morphology
Classification according to morphology
Code for the fracture pattern (child code)
There are a number of important fracture patterns in children that are
described by the so-called “child code”. These fracture patterns are specific to
the subsegment they are located in and therefore grouped accordingly as E,
M, or D. This code also takes into account internationally accepted fracture
patterns in children.
E = Epiphysis
E/1 E/4 E/7
Salter-Harris (SH) Salter-Harris (SH) type IV Avulsion
type I
E/2 E/5 E/8
Salter-Harris (SH) Tillaux (two-plane) Flake
type II
E/3 E/6 E/9
Salter-Harris (SH) type III Tri-plane Other fractures
M = Metaphysis
M/2 M/3 M/7
Incomplete: torus/ Complete Avulsion
buckle or greenstick
M/9
Other fractures
8
Classification system
D = Diaphysis
D/1 D/4 D/6
Bowing Complete transverse Monteggia
<
_ 30°
D/2 D/5 D/7
Greenstick Complete oblique/ Galeazzi
spiral > 30°
D/3 D/9
The code D/8 that would
describe a flake fracture does
not apply to diaphyseal
fractures.
Other fractures
Toddler
Severity code
This code distinguishes between two grades of fracture severity:
simple (.1), and multifragmentary (.2).
.1 Simple .2 Multifragmentary
Only two main fragments Two main fragments and at least one
intermediate fragment
Code for the side of avulsion
The letters "m" and "l" stand for medial and lateral to indicate the side of
ligament avulsion.
9
Classification according to morphology
Code for displaced supracondylar humeral fractures
Supracondylar humeral fractures, which are all coded as 13-M/3, are
described by an additional code that takes into account the grade of
displacement (level I to IV). The proposed algorithm is recommended.
Example: 13-M/3.1 II.
To identify the real size of the
capitellum in young children in
the lateral view, a circle with a
diameter equal to that of the
bone shaft should be placed Incomplete fractures
over the visible bone nucleus.
Yes Type I
Does Rogers’ line
still intersect with
the capitellum in a
strict lateral view?
Is there no more
than a 2 mm valgus/ No Type II
varus fracture gap in
the AP view?
No
Are both cortices
Start fractured without
bone continuity?
Any sign of Complete fractures
translation suggests
a lack of bone Yes Yes Type III
continuity.
Is there still some
contact between the
fracture planes, not
considering the type
of displacement? No Type IV
10
Classification system
Code for fractures in paired bones
When both of the paired bones (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula) are fractured with the
same fracture pattern (see child code), these two fractures should be
documented by only one classification code. In such a case, the severity code
will be that of the bone which is more severely fractured.
When only one of the paired bones is fractured, a small letter designates this
bone (ie, "r", "u", "t" or "f") and should be added to the segment code. Example:
22u describes an isolated diaphyseal fracture of the ulna.
When both of the paired bones are fractured with different fracture patterns,
each fracture must be coded separately and the corresponding small letter
must be included in the code. Example: A complete, spiral fracture of the
radius and a bowing fracture of the ulna are coded 22r-D/5.1 and 22u-D/1.1.
Some of the most frequent fracture combinations can be found at the end of
this brochure.
Code for displaced radial head and neck fractures
Radial head (21r-E/1 or /2) and neck fractures (21r-M/2 or /3) are described by
an additional code (I–III) that takes into account the axial deviation and level of
displacement. Example: 21r-M/3.1 III.
Type I
No angulation and no displacement
Type II
Angulation with displacement of up to
half of the bone diameter
Type III
Angulation with displacement of more
than half of the bone diameter
11
Classification according to morphology
Code for femoral neck fractures
Fractures of the femoral neck are proximal metaphyseal fractures (M), the
intertrochanteric line limiting the metaphysis. Such metaphyseal fractures can
be further divided into three types, which are represented by an additional
code (I–III) that takes into account the position of the fracture at the proximal
metaphysis: midcervical, basicervical, transtrochanteric. Example: 31-M/2.1 III.
Type I
Midcervical
Type II
Basicervical
Type III
Transtrochanteric
1 Humerus
11-E Proximal epiphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
11-E/1.1 11-E/4.1 11-E/4.2
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
11-E/2.1 11-E/2.2 11-E/8.1 11-E/8.2
Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal Intraarticular flake
wedge, SH II
11-E/3.1 11-E/3.2
Epiphyseal, SH III
11-M Proximal metaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
11-M/2.1 11-M/3.1 11-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
12-D Diaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
12-D/4.1 12-D/4.2 12-D/5.1 12-D/5.2
Complete transverse (<
_ 30°) Complete oblique or spiral (> 30°)
13
1 Humerus
13-M Distal metaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary
13-M/3.1 I
Incomplete, nondisplaced
13-M/3.1 II 13-M/3.2 II
Incomplete, displaced
13-M/3.1 III 13-M/3.2 III
Complete with contact between fracture planes
13-M/3.1 IV 13-M/3.2 IV
Complete without contact between fracture planes
13–M/7m
Avulsion of the epicondyle
(extraarticular)
14
Classification of specific fractures
13-E Distal epiphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
13-E/1.1 13-E/4.1 13-E/4.2
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
13-E/2.1 13-E/7l
Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal Avulsion of/by the collateral
wedge, SH II ligament
13-E/3.1 13-E/3.2 13-E/8.1 13-E/8.2
Epiphyseal, SH III Intraarticular flake
2 Radius/ulna
21-E Proximal epiphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Isolated fractures of the radius
21r-E/1.1 I* 21r-E/2.1 I* 21r-E/2.2 I*
Epiphysiolysis, SH I, no angulation and Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal
no displacement wedge, SH II, no angulation and no
displacement
21r-E/1.1 II* 21r-E/2.1 II* 21r-E/2.2 II*
Epiphysiolysis, SH I, angulation with Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal
displacement of up to half of the bone wedge, SH II, angulation with displace-
diameter ment of up to half of the bone diameter
21r-E/1.1 III* 21r-E/2.1 III* 21r-E/2.2 III*
Epiphysiolysis, SH I, angulation with Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal
displacement of more than half of the wedge, SH II, angulation with displace-
bone diameter ment of more than half of the bone
diameter
21r-E/3.1 21r-E/3.2
Epiphyseal, SH III
*Qualifications for displaced radial head
and neck fractures: 21r-E/4.1 21r-E/4.2
Type I No angulation and no displacement
Type II Angulation with displacement of
up to half of the bone diameter
Type III Angulation with displacement of
more than half of the bone diameter Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
16
Classification of specific fractures
21-M Proximal metaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Isolated fractures of the radius
21r-M/2.1 21r-M/3.1 II 21r-M/3.2 II
Torus/buckle Complete, angulation with displace-
ment of up to half of the bone diameter
21r-M/3.1 I 21r-M/3.2 I
21r-M/3.1 III 21r-M/3.2 III
Complete, no angulation and no
displacement
Complete, angulation with displace-
ment of more than half of the bone
diameter
Isolated fractures of the ulna
21u-M/2.1 21u-M/6.1
Torus/buckle Greenstick, dorsal Greenstick, lateral
radial head radial head
21u-M/3.1 21u-M/3.2 dislocation dislocation
(Bado II) (Bado III)
21u-M/7
Complete
Avulsion of the apophysis
17
2 Radius/ulna
22-D Diaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Fractures of both bones
22-D/1.1 22-D/4.1 22-D/4.2
Bowing Complete transverse (<
_ 30°)
22-D/2.1 22-D/5.1 22-D/5.2
Greenstick Complete oblique or spiral
(> 30°)
Isolated fractures of the radius
22r-D/1.1 22r-D/4.1 22r-D/4.2
Bowing Complete transverse (<
_ 30°)
22r-D/2.1 22r-D/5.1 22r-D/5.2
Greenstick Complete oblique or spiral
(> 30°)
18
Classification of specific fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
22r-D/7.1 22r-D/7.2
Galeazzi
Isolated fractures of the ulna
22u-D/1.1 22u-D/4.1 22u-D/4.2
Bowing Complete transverse (<
_ 30°)
22u-D/2.1 22u-D/5.1 22u-D/5.2
Greenstick Complete oblique or spiral
(> 30°)
22u-D/6.1 22u-D/6.2
Monteggia
19
2 Radius/ulna
23-M Distal metaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Fractures of both bones
23-M/2.1 23-M/3.1 23-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
Isolated fractures of the radius
23r-M/2.1 23r-M/3.1 23r-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
Isolated fractures of the ulna
23u-M/2.1 23u-M/3.1 23u-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
20
Classification of specific fractures
23-E Distal epiphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Fractures of both bones
23-E/1.1 23-E/4.1
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
23-E/2.1 23-E/2.2 23-E/7
Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal Avulsion of the styloid
wedges, SH II
23-E/3.1
Epiphyseal, SH III
Isolated fractures of the radius
23r-E/1 23r-E/4.1 23r-E/4.2
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
23r-E/2.1 23r-E/2.2
23r-E/7
Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal
wedge, SH II Avulsion of the styloid
23r-E/3
Epiphyseal, SH III
21
2 Radius/ulna
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Isolated fractures of the ulna
23u-E/1.1 23u-E/4.1 23u-E/4.2
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
23u-E/2.1 23u-E/2.2 23u-E/7
Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal Avulsion of the styloid
wedge, SH II
23u-E/3
Epiphyseal, SH III
3 Femur
31-E Proximal epiphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
31-E/1.1 31-E/7
Epiphysiolysis (SUFE/SCFE), SH I Avulsion of/by the ligament of the head
of the femur
31-E/2.1
31-E/8.1 31-E/8.2
Epiphysiolysis (SUFE/SCFE) with
metaphyseal wedge, SH II Intraarticular flake
31-M Proximal metaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
31-M/2.1 I* 31-M/3.1 I* 31-M/3.2 I
Incomplete midcervical Complete midcervical
31-M/2.1 II* 31-M/3.1 II* 31-M/3.2 II*
Incomplete basicervical Complete basicervical
31-M/2.1 III* 31-M/3.1 III* 31-M/3.2 III*
Incomplete transtrochanteric Complete transtrochanteric
*Qualifications for femoral neck fractures: 31-M/7
Type I Midcervical
Type II Basicervical
Type III Transtrochanteric
Avulsion of the greater or lesser
trochanter
23
3 Femur
32-D Diaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
32-D/4.1 32-D/4.2 32-D/5.1 32-D/5.2
Complete transverse (<
_ 30°) Complete oblique or spiral (> 30°)
33-M Distal metaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
33-M/2.1 33-M/7
Torus/buckle Bilateral avulsion
33-M/3.1 33-M/3.2 33-M/7m
Complete Medial avulsion
33-M/7l
Lateral avulsion
24
Classification of specific fractures
33-E Distal epiphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
33-E/1.1 33-E/4.1 33-E/4.2
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
33-E/2.1 33-E/2.2 33-E/8.1 33-E/8.2
Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal Intraarticular flake
wedge, SH II
33-E/3.1 33-E/3.2
Epiphyseal, SH III
4 Tibia/fibula
41-E Proximal epiphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Isolated fractures of the tibia
41t-E/1.1 41t-E/4.1 41t-E/4.2
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
41t-E/2.1 41t-E/2.2 41t-E/7
Epiphysiolysis, with Avulsion of the tibial spine
metaphyseal wedge, SH II
41t-E/3.1 41t-E/3.2 41t-E/8.1 41t-E/8.2
Epiphyseal, SH III Intraarticular flake
26
Classification of specific fractures
41-M Proximal metaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Fractures of both bones
41-M/2.1 41-M/3.1 41-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
Isolated fractures of the tibia
41t-M/2.1 41t-M/3.1 41t-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
41t-M/7
Avulsion of the apophysis
Isolated fractures of the fibula
41f-M/2.1 41f-M/3.1 41f-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
27
4 Tibia/fibula
42-D Diaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Fractures of both bones
42-D/1.1 42-D/4.1 42-D/4.2
Bowing Complete transverse (<
_ 30°)
42-D/2.1 42-D/5.1 42-D/5.2
Greenstick Complete oblique or spiral (> 30°)
Isolated fractures of the tibia
42t-D/1.1 42t-D/4.1 42t-D/4.2
Bowing Complete transverse (<
_ 30°)
42t-D/2.1 42t-D/5.1 42t-D/5.2
Greenstick Complete oblique or spiral (> 30°)
42t-D/3.1
Toddler
28
Classification of specific fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Isolated fractures of the fibula
42f-D/1.1 42f-D/4.1 42f-D/4.2
Bowing Complete transverse (<
_ 30°)
42f-D/2.1 42f-D/5.1 42f-D/5.2
Greenstick Complete oblique or spiral (> 30°)
43-M Distal metaphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Fractures of both bones
43-M/2.1 43-M/3.1 43-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
Isolated fractures of the tibia
43t-M/2.1 43t-M/3.1 43t-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
Isolated fractures of the fibula
43f-M/2.1 43f-M/3.1 43f-M/3.2
Torus/buckle Complete
29
4 Tibia/fibula
43-E Distal epiphyseal fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
Fractures of both bones
43-E/1.1 43-E/4.1
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
43-E/2.1 43-E/8.1
Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal Intraarticular flake
wedge, SH II
43-E/3.1
Epiphyseal, SH III
Isolated fracture of the tibia
43t-E/1.1 43t-E/4.1 43t-E/4.2
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
43t-E/2.1 43t-E/2.2 43t-E/5.1
Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal Tillaux (two-plane), SH III
wedge, SH II
43t-E/6.1
43t-E/3.1
Tri-plane, SH IV
Epiphyseal, SH III
30
Classification of specific fractures
Simple Multifragmentary Simple Multifragmentary
43t-E/8.1
Intraarticular flake
Isolated fractures of the fibula
43f-E/1.1 43f-E/4.1
Epiphysiolysis, SH I Epi-/metaphyseal, SH IV
43f-E/2.1 43f-E/7
Epiphysiolysis with metaphyseal Avulsion
wedge, SH II
43f-E/8.1
43f-E/3.1
Intraarticular flake
Epiphyseal, SH III
Frequent fracture combinations
Radius/ulna
21r-M/3.1 III, 21u-M/3.1 23r-E/2.1, 23u-E/7
Complete radial neck fracture type III Radial SH II and avulsion of the ulnar
and olecranon fracture styloid
22r-D/5.1, 22u-D/1.1 23r-M/2.1, 23u-M/3.1
Torus/buckle fracture of the radius and
complete metaphyseal ulnar fracture
Simple oblique or spiral complete radial
fracture and bowing ulnar fracture 23r-M/2.1, 23u-E/7
Torus/buckle fracture of the radius and
avulsion of the ulnar styloid
Tibia/fibula
41t-E/2.1, 41f-M/3.1 43t-E/4.1, 43f-E/1.1
Proximal: SH II tibial fracture and com- SH III tibial and SH I fibular fracture
plete metaphyseal fibular fracture
42t-D/4.1, 42f-D/1.1 43t-E/2.2, 43f-E/1.1
Complete transverse (<_ 30°) tibial frac- Multifragmentary epiphyseal fracture
ture and bowing fibular fracture tibia SH II and SH I fibula
42t-D/5.2, 42f-D/2.1
43t-E/2.1, 43f-M/3.1
Multifragmentary oblique or spiral
(> 30°) tibial fracture and fibular green- Distal SH II tibial fracture and complete
stick fracture metaphyseal fibular fracture
32
Acknowledgements
This AO Pediatric Comprehensive Classification of Long-Bone Fractures has
been developed and validated by the AO Pediatric Classification Group in
collaboration with the AO Pediatric Expert Group under project management
and methodological guidance of AO Clinical Investigation and Documentation.
It was funded and approved by the AO Classification Supervisory Committee.
The project team included the following members:
Project leader and medical coordination: Theddy Slongo (Bern, CH)
Project manager and methodological support: Laurent Audigé
Other surgeons: Jean-Michel Clavert (Strasbourg, F),
Steve Frick (Charlotte, USA), James Hunter (Nottingham, UK),
Nicolas Lutz (Lausanne, CH), Rick Reynolds (Los Angeles, USA),
Wolfgang Schlickewei (Freiburg, D), Peter Schmittenbecher
(Karlsruhe, D)
All other surgeons who participated in the successive classification validation
sessions are thanked for their fruitful support in the development and
validation of this pediatric fracture classification system.
33
References
Audigé L, Bhandari M, Hanson B, et al. A concept for the validation
of fracture classifications. J Orthop Trauma. 2005;19(6):404–409.
Audigé L, Hunter J, Weinberg A, et al. Development and evaluation
process of a paediatric long-bone fracture classification proposal. Europ J
Trauma. 2006;30(4):248–254.
Meinberg E, Agel J, Roberts C, et al. Fracture and Dislocation Classification
Compendium—2018. J Orthopaed Trauma. 2018 Jan;32(Suppl 1).
Slongo T, Audigé L, Schlickewei W, et al. Development and
validation of the AO pediatric comprehensive classification of long bone
fractures by the Pediatric Expert Group of the AO Foundation in
collaboration with AO Clinical Investigation and Documentation and the
International Association for Pediatric Traumatology. J Pediatr Orthop.
2006;26(1):43–49.
Slongo T, Audigé L, Clavert JM, et al. The AO comprehensive
classification of paediatric long bone fractures: a web-based multicenter
agreement study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(2):171–180.
Slongo T, Audigé L, Lutz N, et al. The documentation of fracture
severity with the AO Pediatric Comprehensive Classification of long-bone
fractures. Acta Orthop. 2007;78(2):247–253.
Slongo T, Audigé L, AO Pediatric Classification Group. Fracture and
dislocation compendium for children—the AO pediatric comprehensive
classification of long bone fractures (PCCF). J Orthop Trauma. 2007; 21(Suppl
10):135–160.
The revised AO/OTA
Classification app
now available for iOS and
Android mobile devices
For further educational material about the classification
and access to the complete Fracture and Dislocation
Classification Compendium, please use the QR code.
