Present Status of

Traditional Medicines and Medicinal &

Aromatic Plants Related Resources &
Organizations in Nepal

Dr Rishi Ram Koirala, MD (Ay.)

Bhupendra Nirajan Khaniya

NEPAL HEALTH RESEARCH COUNCIL

Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors : Dr Rishi Ram Koirala, Bhupendra Nirajan Khaniya
Published By : Nepal Health Research Council
Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, copied
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 Acknowledgement

Health status promotion in developing countries like Nepal is almost impossible without
developing existing traditional medical systems (TRM) and incorporating it into the
national health care system. Every traditional medical system has its own concept, quality,
principle and philosophy. However, all systems use mostly plant resources, minerals and
animal parts, especially for preparation of drugs. Nepal is rich in both- traditional medical
knowledge as well as natural resources. So this country has a promising future. Effective
policy and planning on TRM not only promote the health status of the people but also
uplift the economic status of the citizens.

We are losing our century old cultural-based indigenous knowledge and practices
including herbal resources in many ways – either depleting rich biodiversity from
the nature or knowledge being pirated in the name of IPR by the financially rich and
technically skilled countries in recent years. So, it is an urgent to identify the nation's
properties first, and then design appropriate mechanism for protection developing
effective Act adopting international trends, rules and regulations as the country is one of
the signatory of many agreements related to IPR. This report is an example that shows
the country's richness in natural resources and indigenous knowledge, and also shows
how these valuable wealth are in threats.

This report is based on the research conducted in April-July, 2008. We are glad to get this
opportunity to do study on present status of traditional knowledge and organizations
working in the sectors of traditional medicine and Medicinal and Aromatic plant
resources. We do hope our endeavor to provide adequate data and information that
may be highly useful for further study and management in the future.
We would like to thank Dr Mahesh Maskey, Executive Chairman, Dr Krishna Giri, Registrar,
Dr Sharad Onta, and the staffs of Nepal Health Research Council. Similarly special thanks
go to Dr Mahesh Kumar Adhikary (DPR) Dr Nirmal Bhattarai (ICIMOD) and Dr SM Adhikari
(Ministry of Health and Population) and Dr Balmukunda Regmi (IOM) for their valuable
suggestions and cooperation .

Comment and suggestion from other organizationsand individuals are always welcome.

Dr Rishi Ram Koirala, MD (Ayu.)

Exectuive Borad Member, NHRC
(Email: ayurveda@wlink.com.np)
Bhupendra Nirajan Khaniya
(Email: nirajanonly@gmail.com)
 Executive summary

This study focused mainly on traditional medical knowledge holders and practitioners,
codified literatures/ Prior arts, non-codified legends of medical knowledge, organizations
or individual preserving classical manuscripts and working in the sectors of Ayurveda
and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs). Various localities including Kathmandu
Valley, Biratnagar, Pokara, Banke and Bardiya were visited to collect relevant data and
information. Besides, data and information were gathered surfing websites of various
national-level organizations and telephone talk with the concerned persons. In course
of the study, information based on about 150 traditional healers from the visited areas,
nearly 5 dozens I/NGOs working in the sectors of MAPs and Ayurveda were documented.
Some of the traditional healers and organizations were found to have valuable classical
manuscripts, which are not in the national records.

Research/scholarly articles published in various national and international journals,

specimens taken by international research institutions, etc. has been threatening the
local resources and knowledge rather than their preservation and promotion since
no laws, Acts, Rules and regulation has been developed to protect them resulting in
their easy piration. Traditional medicinal practitioners and medical knowledge holders
are not in national resource list and they are in a state of erosions/extinction, codified
knowledge or prior arts, non-codified knowledge or practices or technologies are under
serious threat.

Government organizations, academic institutions, legal institutions/individuals, research

institutions - medical and bio-prospecting research, floral research, genetic research -
individuals from different fields, IT specialists, language specialists for different languages
are the national stake holders and also responsible for the work.
National laws, inventory or documentation on national, regional & local level, TKDL,
protection of IPR, Bio-prospecting research exercising of TRIPs are important. Steps
must be taken to identify traditional healers in the country, document their knowledge
and identify the locally used medicinal plants and other medicinal resources. Their
recognition and registration, monograph development, digital recording of classical
manuscripts, recording of traditional technology and recipes are of primary importance.
A clear national policy to protect knowledge, to identify the role of practitioners, to
develop and utilize traditional medicine for national health care would help not only the
development of the health sector but also various inter-related sectors of development.
Community knowledge and community innovation should be encouraged by scouting,
spawning and protecting these rights. Laws and guidelines to ensure benefit sharing
with the communities for commercial use of traditional knowledge should be developed.
International cooperation for implementation and enforcing legislation to protect and
promote traditional medicinal knowledge should be encouraged.
 Content

Introduction
Background 1
Opportunity Vs threats: in the context of WIPO/WTO 2
Objectives 2
Rationale 3
Limitations 3

Study methodology
Internet search 4
Individual contact/Interview 4
Field visit 4
Targate Organizations 4
Rationale of field work 5

Findings
Organizations preserving codified knowledge/texts 6
Present Situation 6
Problems 7

Non-codified knowledge and knowledge-holder 8
Present Situation 8
Problems 9

Medicinal and Aromatic plant resources 10

Present Situation 10
Problems 10
Potential organization for inter-sectoral development 10
Present Situation 10
 Problems 11
Threats 11

Challenge ahead 12
National stakeholders 12
Still lacking 12

Suggestions 13

Reccomendations 15

References 16

Appendix

1. Methodology used for TKDL : An Example 18
2. The Toolkit for the documentation 19
3. SAARC level activities 21
4. Some cases: traditional healers different places 23
5. Some pages from Chandranighantu 27
6. List of the major organization/places visited during the study 28
7. Name list of the traditional healers 30
8. Some international organizations and agreements related to traditional
medicine and IPR 33
9. Institutions involved in the Promotion of NTFPs 34
10. Organization working for Ayurveda and other traditional medicine 41
11. /fli6«o clen]vfnodf ;+/lIft cfo'j]{b u|Gyx¿ 45
12. An example of treasure of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants: reported in Gorkha
District in 1996 60
 1
Introduction

Background Traditional medicine in Nepal has strong cultural

and religious background. It exists in different
Nepal’s location in the centre of the Himalayan ways such as ethnic or tribal group, ritual or
range places the country in the transitional ceremonial practices, spiritual practices, diet
zone between western and eastern Himalaya. or self-healing practices. Indigenous and local
Nepal is rich in both biological and cultural communities have been using traditional and
diversity. Although the country represents indigenous knowledge for centuries under local
only 0.1% of the world’s land area, it supports laws, customs and traditions. Based on various
a comparatively high percentage of earth sources, it is estimated that there are more
biodiversity. than 400,000 of such knowledge holders. They
are using significant numbers of medicinal and
Significant numbers of traditional healers and aromatic plants in diverse health conditions
their indigenous medical knowledge, recipes, and livelihood. More than 4500 codified
technologies, herbal resources, minerals, manuscripts (some of them are available only
animal parts etc. are important components in Nepal) and huge tradition of non-codified
and resources of traditional medicines. These tradition of medical knowledge have been
resources are normally two types- codified recorded in Nepal.
knowledge (also known as Prior Arts) and non-
codified knowledge. Classical manuscripts Traditional medicines systems have close
(texts), books, research paper etc. are the prior relationship with the nature and natural
arts that are in either written or recorded in any resources. There is no exaggeration in saying
form. However, non-codified knowledges have that preservation of traditional medical systems
been transfering from generation to generation and preservation of natural resources are the
as a tradition but have not recorded. two sides of a coin. Indigenous knowledge not
only identifies but also provides the system of
Despite having immense potentialities to management of natural resources.
promote public health as well as to capture
the national as well as international markets, Government organizations, I/NGOs and
the country is still far behind to grab the international agencies working in the field of
opportunities utilizing available resources. plant resources, bio-diversity, environmental


conservation, wildlife etc are directly or lose not only the century-old culture based
indirectly contributing for preservation and knowledge but also rights over the natural
promotion of traditional medicine. resources.

Obviously, every organization has its own There also a need to promote and exchange
interest, priorities, resources, system, policy experience among developing countries
and limitations, however, their common (like Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
activities should be integrated. Overall system from India, national registration or
outcomes of the projects conducted by such documentation and bio prospecting researches)
organizations working for similar activities on national strategies for TMK development,
related to traditional medicine should be sui generic system for the development of
disseminated developing an intersectoral TMK and the commercialization of TMK-based
network among them. Collective effort with products and services, specially within the
effective cooperation and coordination is the Ministry of Health and Population, government
most needed step for preservation, promotion of Nepal.
and development of various systems of
traditional medicine and the related resources. Objectives
Opportunity Vs threats: in the Ojective of this study was to review present
context of WIPO/WTO situation of indigenous medical knowledge and
its resources, and activities of government and
World Trade Organization’s Trade Related non-government organization in this sector.
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) that covers This study mainly focused on -
four types of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
- patents, geographical indication, undisclosed 1. Identification of government and non-
information (trade secret) and trademarks; and government organizations and their
Convention on Bio-diversity (CBD) are the two activities that directly or indirectly
important international conventions related to contributing traditiditional medicine
IPR. Nepal is a signatory of CBD and has adopted
2. Study on present situation of traditional
some other international treties - WIPO
medicine, knowledge holders, practitioners
Convention (Stockholm Convention) since Feb4,
and resources in the context of preservation,
1997 (Member), Paris Convention (Industrial
protection and development
Property) since June 22, 2001 (Member), Trade
Related Aspects of IPR and WTO since 2003 3. Developing a profile of organizations related
(Member) and Berne Convention (Literary and to traditional medicine, its resources
Artistic works) since Jan 2006. including medicinal and aromatic plants
There are several provisions in WTO agreements 4. Development of a project proposal
that are in favor of developing countries and the for documentation, registration and
country has potentialities to be benefited as a digitalization of indigenous medical
signatory. However, appropriate system and knowledge and its resources (as a next step
infrastructures should de developed to take of the study)
benefit. Otherwise, the country will definitely
 India has documented more than 35000 recipes in
 http://anlus.wordpress.com/2008/01/11/article- traditional knowledge digital library in seven different
intellectual-property-law/ (Retrieved 1 Aug 209) UN-languages associating with WIPO


Rationale of the study • Further research on TM & IK with scientific
interventions
This research has some long term impact on at
least the following issues: Limitations
• Documentation and digitalization of Only certain places were possible to visit due
indigenous knowledge, recipes and to limited time and resources. Name list of the
technologies and codified or non-codified traditional healers available in Ayurveda health
resources centers and personal contact were collected,
and fews were interviewed during the study.
• Data bank development (inventory) of Relevant organizations were identified either
Traditional knowledge (TK) holder & visiting websites or making personal contact
Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMP) or available information from experts. Main
and useful natural resources- plant, mineral focus was given to traditional knowlesge
and animal parts holders, knowledge practitioners, sources of
• Preservation of Intellectual Property Rights medical plants, organization working in the
(IPR) of the practitioners sectors. Literature study focued on the global
scenario of documentation and registration of
• Assurance of equal benefit sharing (EBS) traditional medical knowledge and its resources
for preservation, protection of Intellectual
• Inter-sectoral cooperation and cooperation Propoerty Rights (IPRs), and development of
for collective efforts for conservation and Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL).
development of TM and natural recourses


 2
Study methodology

Internet search: • Inside Kathmandu valley: Kathmandu,

Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and peripheral areas
Information about organizations working in
• Outside Kathmandu valley: Biratnagar,
the field of traditional medicine and medicinal
Lamjung, Tanahun, Pokhara, Nepalganj,
plants, biodiversity conservation were collected
Banke and Bardiya area.
through the internet search. Name and
address of the organization, contact address,
contact person, and major activities were
Targate Organizations
collected retrieving the websites of concerned The following types of organizations in
organization. Kathmandu valley as well as outside the valley
were visited.
Individual contact/Interview:
• Government sectors/organizations working
Data and information about present activities, for Ayurveda and other traditional medicines,
planning and program relavant to traditional herbal resources and researches
system of medicine and its resources were
gathered by interaction with responsible • I/NGO working in preservation, promotion
and sustainable utilization of herbal
persons of organizations.
resources
Field visit: • Educational and research institutions
regarding medicine and herbal resources
Following places where significant numbers of
traditional healers from various cultural and • Professional organizations of traditional
ethnic backgrounds are providing heath service medicine practitioners
to the local people utilizing locally available
• Organizations working for the rights of
resoures were visited.

 See appendix-5 the name of the organizations

 See appendix-3 for the name of the organizations


 indigenous people and their overall well- Rationale of field work
beings
Main objectives of the filed visit were to bring
• Private health service, research, educational
the fresh data and information from the places
and manufacturing companies
where traditional healers are practiticing
• Community forestry related organizations their century old knowledge using local
resources. It was like a pilot study to know
This study focused on how the organization/ the situation about codified and non-codified
institution has been contributing by its knowledge, knowledge-holders, herbal
actitivities to: resources, organizations working in this sector,
intersectoral networks. Besides, the reason
• Traditional Medical Knowledge Holders/ to visit some places was to interact with the
Practitioners traditional healers to know about their present
• Codified literatures/ Prior arts situation, attitude and practices.

• Non-codified legend of medical knowledge

• Medicinal & Aromatic Plants


 3
Findings

1. Organizations preserving • valid references

codified knowledge/texts • the hypothesis or leading points for
research
Present Situation
• product development, design and research
Several individual, private firms/organizations,
community organizations, Guthhi, temples, • the Intellectual property rights issues
etc have been storing Ayurveda and other
principle based various medical classical • the exploitation as a wealth of the nation
manuscripts, technologies and recipes. They The following are some examples, possible
are well preserved and well managed by some storage of classical manuscripts and other
of the state-run organizations like Singh Durbar properties.
Vaidya Khana (e.g Chandra Nighantu), National
Archieve (several Ayurveda based literatures); Public organizations
and private firm like Piyushvarshi Ausadhalya,
Mahabauddha, and professional associations 1. Singh Durbar Vaidya Khana, Anamnagar
like Himalayan Amchi Association (Tibetal
medicine literatures), and individuals (e.g. - Chandra Nighantu
Pandit Hem Raj). - Tarkip
- Published documents
These classical manuscripts are the reliable
source of various informations. They are equally - Unpublished materials: Especially
important for: documents on formulation of drugs
either internally (using the knowledge
• innovation of drugs, and recipes and the experience of the organization)
or hiring national as well as international
• identifying the origin of the concepts and experts
technology

• the development of native technology  Information based on the formal and informal
conversations with the local people and professionals


2. National Achieve, Ramsahpath Others
- Seven hundred fourty five handwritten - The then Royal Palace: Some important
classical manuscripts hand written manuscripts
- Eighty-six handwritten manuscripts in - Late Pandit Hem Raj’s collections are in
Tadpatra Rajaguru home
- Other major language are Sanskrit, Nepal, - Some of the Rana Families
Nepali, Maithili, Devanagari, Tibetan and
others (total 14 lipis) - Patan Krishna Mandir

3. Nardevi Ayurveda Hospital, Nardevi: Hand - Changunarayan temple, Changu

written amnuskrips particularly about
treatments and receipes. - Janaki temple, Janakpur

Individual/ Private organizations - Various other Math/Mandir, Guthhi,

Mahaguthhi
- Piushvarshi Ausadhalya, Mahabauddha, - Tibetan Medicine Practitioners of
Kathmandu northern Nepal
- Other Traditional healers of various places:
Problems
e.g.- Late Siddhi Gopal Bajrachary, Patan;
Kamal Raj Joshi, Bajhang; Indrakumar
People, especially from non-government,
Kathmandu, Biswonath Banepa, many
private organizations and individual, seldom
others
discourse about the classical manuscripts
Professional or community based and other types of wealth although they
have been keeping them since generations.
organizations
Most of the traditional healers, mentioned
in the appendixes, may have certain kinds
- Himalayan Amchi Association
of manuscripts, technologies and recipes,
- Traditional healers association however are not willing to discourse with any
individual researchers scaring of piracy of their
Libraries knowledge and experiences.

- Keshara Mahal library Manuscripts are in danger

- Central library Nepal, which is rich in such valuable
manuscripts, is loosing its ancient properties,
- Harihar Bhavan library
and several neighboring countries, as well as
- Nepal Sanskrit University library many European countries have already taken
this wealth of knowledge in Ayurveda and
other forms of traditional medical systems, for
patenting for their own benefit. For example,
Kashyap Samhita, Todarananda and Ayurveda
 Details of the Ayurveda texts and manuscripts are
given in appendix: Saukhyam are important ancient texts. These


books were exploited from Nepal to India Although some state-run-organizations have
(legally or illegally) and India has sold millions been preserving the codified knowledge and
of copies by their own name, without due manuscripts like National Archieve and Singh
recognition of our nation. Nepal has not still Durbar Vaidya Khana Vikas Samiti, they are not
published such manuscripts. officially registered in national invetary data
base. We can get any pages of manuscripts
The WIPO explains that in case of unpublished if we paid certain amount of royalty to the
works where the identity of the author is National Archieve. It does not protect piracy
unknown, but where there is every ground to of the stored manuscripts. [See appendix:2 for
presume that he is a national of a country of the samples]
union, it shall be a matter for legislation in that
country to designate the competent authority 2. Non-codified knowledge and
which shall represent the author and shall be
entitled to protect and enforce his rights in the knowledge-holder
countries of union.(WIPO Intergovernmental
Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Present Situation
Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore
Aug 8, 2001) Traditional healers are readily available, work
as a health service provider to close relatives
Regarding this issue, the extent of knowledge or family members, capable of managing
and information about the documents which a diversity of health problems with locally
were taken as original copies, microfilmed, available resources, and are the repository of
scanned, or photocopied, is a serious question. cultural based medical knowledge (see some
But it seems this may not be a matter of worry for cases in the following boxes, studied during filed
this country. Some books are already published visit). Their health care techniques are deeply
and can be found in the library shelves of rooted in the culture of Ayurveda. Ayurveda
many other countries. Furthermore, consensus and the other traditional medical wisdom
regarding what action needs to be taken with
and practices are prevalent in the community
the manuscripts still in our possession is yet
and are totally dependent on locally available
to be established. Thus, many valuable books
medicinal herbs, knowledge, technology and
that contain numerous innovative ideas are still
their application. However their knowledge,
held within the libraries or in the possession
of individuals. Generally understanding, these experience, technologies, recipes have not
manuscripts are already documented in writing been properly recorded. As a result, such
and are based on Ayurveda concepts that knowledge and experience get eroded along
have been practiced since early times for the with the practitioners. [See appendex:1 for
promotion of health, and prevention and cure some cases studied]
of diseases.
 See appendix - 7 for a list of traditional healers
Another critical danger is that there are very identified during the field visits
few people existing who understand the  See an example, the researchers found that, Sami
Ullah, a renowned traditional healer of Pohara, who
original language and nature of these texts. was registered in Nepal Ayurveda Medical Council
Many so called anti- Sanskrit movements and also, died couples of years ago and his son also
lack of seriousness of the respective scholars died recently. They were famous for treating various
kinds of common ailments. But, there was nothing
has further worsened this situation. recorded. Their knowledge and experiences expired
with their life.


Problems parents that had been passed down through
generations.
Piracy or loss of non-codified knowledge,
practices, recipes and other resources is one of The major problem that traditional practitioners
the major problems of traditional medicine. and healers have been facing is their exclusion
from the national health system and
Traditional practitioners are deeply rooted in mainstream institutions. The nation itself is not
the culture of Ayurveda. They have aspired able to provide the traditional healers their due
to reach the cultural values, norms, and credit despite their immense contributions in
respect of the people. They are the repository maintaining the health status of the country.
of this culture and science and capable of We have not still been able to formalize
managing a diversity of health problems with the development of inventory of traditional
locally available resources. A large number knowledge, recipes and technology. As a
of the population still depends upon these result, knowledge, experience and immense
practitioners. Traditional and indigenous potentials of every traditional healer is dying
knowledge has been used for centuries by together with the death of the practitioner.
indigenous and local communities under local Similarly, due to on-going changes in socio-
laws, customs and traditions. Fundamentally, psychology, socio-economy and educational
they follow and practice Ayurvedic, ethno- patterns, majority the present generation of
botanical, ethno-traditional, religious, tantrik, traditional healers are not keen to follow their
spiritual and Amchi knowledge. parents’ traditions and practices.. As the result,
there are realistic threats of extinction of this
This knowledge has been transmitted from type of valuable traditional knowledge in our
generation to generation with considerable country. The state has scarcely done anything
inclusions, refinements and modifications in to preserve this knowledge and promote the
course of time. The estimated number of these tradition. The role of I/NGOs’ are also short-
practitioners in Nepal is 400,000. Although they sighted and insignificant in this regard.
are not included in the official system of health
care as a health practitioner, their services The global scenario in this context is, however,
have been highly utilized by the communities, quite different. Most developed countries
especially in remote and rural areas. Some of have recognized the usefulness and merits of
traditional healing systems and incorporated
them who are currently practicing are the 23rd
these as a complementary healing system and
generation of practitioners in their family. This
medicinal knowledge. Very recently, there
generation to generation practice is handed
has been a growing competition for capturing
down through the family and also through
such knowledge and practices. Furthermore,
master-disciple tradition. In course of the field in some cases, diverse forms of this knowledge
survey , four hundred fifty five traditional have been appropriated under intellectual
practitioners were identified and interviewed. property rights by researchers and commercial
These represented 142 villages of six Village enterprises without any compensation to the
Development Committees of Gorkha district. knowledge’s creator, owners or possessors’.
Most of the practitioners were utilizing the
knowledge and experiences gained from their
 Prof. L.M.Singh Green Health in Nepal a study report
– pg 9-10 &14 Amruth Vol. 1 Issue 10, August 1997


3. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants on traditional knowledge, for example
ethonobotanical research, and dissemination of
(MAPs) resources research outcomes may indicate the potentiality
of the system, region or the country but it does
Present situation
not assure the protection of the disseminated
knowledge in terms of ownership and hence,
There are significant numbers of organizations
directly or indirectly, they are assisting in
working in the sector of Medicinal and Aromatic
the pyracy of the knowledge, tradition and
plants (MAPs) in Nepal. Most of the organizations
practices.
work in the name of non-timber forest products
(NTFPs) or non-wood forest products (NWFPs) There have been several publications,
and primarily focusedon the conservation, researches and initiatives done in this sector by
sustainable management and development of different government, academic, international,
the herbal resources. These organization are national organizations. Research findings have
mainly committed to biodiversity conservation been published in national and international
through natural products based enterprises journals, periodicals, reports, books, etc.
for commercialization of resources, capacity These efforts have helped to keep up-dated
building of grassroots stakeholders and primary informations, but they have not been able to
producers including members of community proctect our knowledge system and biodiversity,
forest user groups and prioritizing women and rather promoting the leakages of knowledge
disadvantaged rural communities. Generally and loosing the ownership. In the name of non-
different types and levels of training programs, alien species we have or may losse indigenous
organization of workshops, seminars, group species and associated knowledge as well.
discussions has been observed with objectives Activities in these areas have to get focused
of developing an enabling policy environment. on conservation, preservation, proctection and
management of biodiversity, sui generis and IP
Similarly, there are some organization
rights. Effective measures of protection system
established for conservation, development and
of plant biodiversity from national to grass
management of Ayurveda and other systems
route level are urgently needed in our country.
of traditional medicine including the natural
resources needed for the same. However, their
activities have not been observed effective in
4. Potential organization for inter-
the real sense. sectoral development:
Problems Present situation

There are significant number of I/NGOs that are There are several organizations, although
working in the NTFP and MAP sectors including many of them not directly associated with
their cultivation, conservation, management traditional medicine system but their activities
and development including commercialization are important to preserve, promote and
of the resources for the benefit of the poor develop traditional medical knowledge and
However the major question is how they are associated resources. Most of I/NGOs, donor
contributing towards the conservation of thses agencies, and government agencies working
indigenous knowledge and practices. Research in the medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs),

 See appendix:2  See appendixex 7 and 8

10
and biodiversity conservation sectors, are the develop policies, planning, research work
important sectors for Ayurveda and other and services activities.
systems of traditional medicine. Similarly
• It is difficult to assess the outcomes of
educational institutions including modern
all involved institutions/organizations
medical system, manufacturing industries, and
for their contributory role in the over-all
health service centers have potentialities to
development of the country and Intellectual
contribute for the development of traditional
Property rights.
medicine systems and its resources.
5. Threats
Problems
• Different research/scholarly articles
• There is no coordination within Government
published in national and international
organizations in terms of policy, programs,
journals, no national documentation or
and approaching the stakeholders. No
registration available
single agency is working effectively and
satisfactorily in this complex issue. • Different specimens are taken away by the
international researches, institutions, etc
• Development Partners and I/NGO are
working with their own manner and interest • Shortage of authentic books on medicinal
but it is difficult to find the recorded field- plants and flora and fauna issues
based data bases and outcomes of their • Data of medicinal flora study by different
initiatives. institutions or museums are not access
• No IPR guidelines and policy have so far • Different INGOs/ development partners
been formulated in the country context. taking these resources without any
• Lack of priority and overall policy, and information or prices
planning. Policies are formulated without • No national coordination or scholarly bio-
enough exercise and discussion. There is prospecting researches conducted
lack of far-sighted vision , and are far behind
international standards and trends, • Sparing available information without the
provisions of royalty or IPR protections,
• Inconsistent policies, planning and resulting into degradation and piracy of
activities, knowledge and traditions
• Rules and regulations are more regulatory • No biodiversity registration system, while
instead of facilitatory Biodiversity act ineffective
• Budget allocated for these purposes makes • No IPR policy or guidelines and TRIPs in the
it impossible to run activities on a long-term national context
basis,
• Alien or indigenous species not adequately
• Lack of prioritization to utilize Ayurveda and declared
other forms of traditional medicines as a
country resource, • No national integrated, multidisciplinary
efforts
• Lack of sound interrelationship amongst
public, development partners, I/NGOs and • No proper identification and documentation
private organizations and institutions to mechanisms for national stakeholders

11
• No bio-prospecting, preservation, protection • Bio-prospecting research exercising of
researches that are needed urgently have TRIPs
been yet initiated seriously
8. Still lacking
6. Challenges ahead
• Identifying and clustering inventions
• Traditional medicinal practitioners/ medical that have distinct possibilities of being
knowledge holders are not in national commercially worked.
resource list and they are facing threats to
• Building and strengthening the core
erosions/extinction
technical and scientific competencies of its
• Codified knowledge or prior arts, non- various research groups.
codified knowledge or practices or
• Exploiting external and internal technology
technologies are under serious threat
relationships by creating linkages between
• Medicinal and aromatic plants are also participation in national and international
under threats of extinction research, and development programs to
benefit innovation system.
• Every day codified or non-codified
knowledge are being pirated or patented by • Identifying and documenting traditional
other nationals knowledge for external protection, or
scrutinizing filing of non original inventions.
• Some examples:
• Capturing the knowledge
– Codified knowledge:Todaranada
Ayurveda Saukhyam, Kasyapa samhita, • IP declaration
Sushruta nighantu
• Operational Research; Traditional
– Process or product which are linked knowledge, innovate research, family
with Traditional Medicine practitioner or traditional research, community based
holders are being patented research, institutional and industrial
research.
– Medicinal & aromatic plants are
patented • Institutional collaboration, cooperation,
goal identification and plan formation.
7. National stakeholders
• Identification of the importance of Nepal’s
• Government organizations physiographic position and phytogeographic
zones.
• Academic institutions
• Explanation of the history of plant
• Legal institutions/individuals exploration and recent development in
• Research institutions: medical & bio- plant sciences in Nepal.
prospecting research, floral research, • Study of the status and value of plant
genetic research diversity, the protected area system and
• Individuals from different fields, endemic and threatened plant species.
• IT specialists • Conservation of medicinal and aromatic
plant resources.
• Language specialists for different languages

12
 4
Suggestions

Documentation and development TKDL technology is fully adoptable to the area

of TK and intangible cultural heritage. This
of digital Library issue has been examined at World Health
Organisation's Regional Forum for sub-Asia
Traditional knolwdge documentation
held at DPR Korea whereby recommendation
No. 5 which is reproduced below reconfirms
Ulike traditional ways of preserving and
the adoption:-
passing on knowledge within the community,
documentation of traditional knowledge is ”WHO should develop a model framework
recording of knowledge in a way that not only on replicating Traditional Knowledge
preserves it but also make available for others Digital Library (India) suitable for
to learn about it. It includes recording, writing adapting to individual Country needs”
down, taking pictures or filming and so on. Similarly, UNESCO at its sub-regional forum
held at Bangkok during December 12-16, 2005
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library has also found TKDL technologies to be fully
(TKDL) adoptable for inventorisation of intangible
cultural heritage.
TKDL is an innovative application of
Information and Communication Technology International standards, WIPO GRTKF/IC/4/14
for inventorisation of Traditional Knowledge and setting up of databases and registries
(TK) in particular Traditional Medicine (TM) and in the area of TK and associated genetic
intangible cultural heritage for the purpose of resources are fully based on TKDL technologies
preservation, safeguarding and protection. and methodologies. These provide adequate
Objective of TKDL is to preserve, safeguard, evidence that these are fully adoptable and
protect and get recognized Traditional replicable in other countries also. Efforts and
Knowledge and Cultural heritage at National initiatives of countries such as Mongolia,
and International level. South Africa, ARIPO, Thailand, Malaysia, SAARC
member-states have fully demonstrated the
capability for adoption of this technology.
 Source: WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/5; Annex, page 4
 Source: WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/5

13
Urgent steps that should be intiated • Development of Traditional Knowledge
Digital Library (TKDL)
Regarding codified (prior-arts) knowledge and
resources: Regarding codified Medicianl and Aromatic
Plants (MAPs):
• Policy, planning and an effective network
for coordination and cooperation should • Identification of Medicianl and Aromatic
be developed that assures all individual, Plants (MAPs) of every part of the country
institutions and organizations for the • Documentation and registration of both
security and due importance of these codified and non-codified knowledge and
valuable traditional resources. information about MAPs as an national
Regarding non-codified knowledge and wealth
resources: • Digitalization and library establishment
• Identification of traditional healers, Regarding Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs):
herbalist, bone setters, mid-wives, Shamans,
herb collectors, traders and so no • Develop National laws to make strong
regularity system
• Documentation of knowledge, knowledge
holders, practitioners, technologies and • Develop inventory or database at national,
recipes regional and local level
• Registration of knowledge, knowledge • Follow the international commitments
holders, practitioners, technologies and
recipes

14
 5
Recommendations

Steps must be taken to identify traditional B. Develope an appropriate guideline for

healers in the country, document their the inventory development of traditional
knowledge and identify locally used medicinal medical knowledge should be developed as
plants. Their recognition and registration, per the WIPO recommended format.
monograph development, digital recording of
classical manuscripts, recording of traditional C. Establish national documentation or
technology and recipes are of primary inventory centre
importance. A clear national policy to protect
D. Human Resource Development: it is complex
knowledge, to identify the role of practitioners,
system so there is need of multi-displinary
to develop and utilize traditional medicine for
specialized manpower
national health care would help development.
Community knowledge and community E. Establish research and Development Centre
innovation should be encouraged by scouting, for-
spawning and protecting these rights. Laws and
guidelines to ensure benefit sharing with the • Operational Research; Traditional
communities for commercial use of traditional knowledge, innovate research, family
knowledge should be developed. International traditional research, community based
cooperation for implementation and enforcing research, institutional and industrial
legislation to protect and promote traditional research.
medicinal knowledge should be encouraged.
• Institutional collaboration, cooperation,
A. National effort or mechanism (legal, goal identification and plan formation.
data system) has to be developed and
• Identification of the importance of
implemented at all levels to proctect,
Nepal’s physiographic position and
preserve and promote traditional
phytogeographic zones.
knowledge/medical and cultural
biodiversity, codified and non-codified • Explanation of the history of plant
knowledge resources. exploration and recent development in
plant science within Nepal.

15
 • Study of the status and value of plant • Licensing of IP
diversity, the protected area systemand
endemic and threatened plant species. • Publicity

• Conservation of medicinal and aromatic • Collaboration with the industries

plant resources. • Creation of Digital Library
F. Establish Intellectual Property Right • Research base interventions
Research and Development Centre For the
preparation of IPR guidelines • Transliteration
• Identifying and clustering inventions
References:
that have distinct possibilities of being
commercially worked. 1. Adhikari, SM. 2006. Present situation of
Ayurveda in Nepal and activities needed for
• Building and strengthening the core its development. 5th National Conference
technical and scientific competencies of on Ayurveda Doctors’ Association of Nepal.
its various research groups. Kathmandu, Nepal

• Exploiting external and internal 2. Ayurveda Sandesh (An annual magazine). 2006.
technology relationships by creating Department of Ayurveda, Kathmandu, Nepal
linkages between participation in 3. Bajacharya, MB. 2005. Management of local
national and international research, traditional medical practitioners in Nepal. A
and development programs to benefit paper presented in a workshop organized by
innovation system. MoH. Kathmandu, Nepal
4. Bista. Gyajo. 2005. Theory and development
• Identifying and documenting traditional of Amchi medicine. A paper presented in a
knowledge for external protection, workshop organized by MoHP, Kathmandu,
or scrutinizing filing of non original Nepal
inventions.
5. Drug Bulletin of Nepal. 2006. Department of
• Capturing the knowledge. Drug Administration, GoN. Vol 18 No. 1 (Aug-
Nov 2006), Kathmandu, Nepal
• IP declaration form. 6. Gautam, P K. 2005. Management of Yoga
medicine in Nepal. A paper presented in the
• The lab note book. workshop organized by MoHP, Kathmandu,
Nepal.
G. For Patent System of TM knowledge
resource 7. Himalayan Amchi Medical System. 2004.
Himalayan Amchi Association. Kathmandu,
• Decisions regarding patenting Nepal

• Keeping IP as a trade secret 8. Khaniya, BN. 2004. Traditional Healers in

Kathmandu. The Himalayan Times Daily, April-
• Drafting the patent application 20
9. Koirala, R.R. and Khaniya, B.N. 2003. Intellectual
• Filing aboard Property Right: in the context of traditional
medicine. Journal of Ayurveda Doctors’
• Monitoring the patent application
Association. Kathmandu, Nepal

16
10. Koirala, RR. 2000. Health challenges of the 20. Singh LM, Khaniya, Bhupendra Nirajan. 2003. In
21st century and traditional medicine in SAARC defense of Ayurveda. The Himalayan Times. Vol
region. Paper presented in a workshop organized iii No 10 (3rd Dec). Kathmandu
by WHO, Islamabad, Pakistan.
21. Singh, LM and Khaniya BN. 2003. Ayurveda
11. Koirala, RR. 2001. Problems and Potentials and issue of Integration. The Kathmandu
for Development of Ayurvedic Sector and Post(National daily,January30)
Protection of Traditional Knowledge in Nepal.
22. The Ayurveda formulary of Nepal. 2005.
Paper presented in the workshop organized by
Government of Nepal, MoH, Department of
IUCN-Nepal, Pokhara, Nepal.
Ayurveda. Kathmandu
12. WHO 2001. Legal status of traditional and
complementary medicine: A world-wide review. 23. /fli6«o
clen]vfnosf x:t lnlvt u|Gyx?sf]
WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ;"rL kq @)^# /lfi6«o ;+u|fxno, /fdzfxky,
13. Mashelkar, R.A. (….). Intellectual Property sf7df8f}+
Rights and Third World. Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research. New Delhi, India 24. /fli6«oclen]vfnosf ;+/lIft cfo"j]{b u|Gyx?
14. Himalayan Ayurveda Research Institute. 1995. @)^# /lfi6«o ;+u|fxno, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+
Medicinal & Aromatic Plants of Gorkha region. A Documents retrieved from the website of
report submitted to GTZ, Kathmandu, Nepal
World Intellectual Property Organization
15. Nepal Health Research Polciy.2003. Nepal Health
Research Council. Kathmandu, Nepal. - WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/5; Annex, page 4
16. Pokhrel, HP. 1995. Management of Naturopathy - WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/5
in Nepal. A paper presented in the workshop
organized by MoHP. Kathmandu, Nepal. - WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/5; Annex, page 2

17. Regularity of situation of Herbal Resources- - WIPO-SAARC/GRTK/DEL/03/xx; Annex, page 6

A worldwide review. 1998. WHO/TRM/98.1. - WIPO-SAARC/GRTK/DEL/03/xx; Annex, page 7
Geneva
18. South Asia Watch on Trade, Economic &
Environment. 2006. Research on WTO and Public
priorities for Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal.
19. Sah, HC. 2005. Management of Aupuncture
and moxibuson medicine. A paper presented in
the workshop organized by MoHP. Kathmandu,
Nepal.

17
 Appendix: 1

Methodology used for TKDL : An The web version of TKDL would include a web-
based search interface. This would provide for
Example a full text search and retrieval of traditional
knowledge information on IPC and keywords in
Slokas from ayurvedic texts are first identified.
multiple languages. TKRC would be an integral
Each sloka is read and converted into structured
part of TKDL, and would provide a background
language using Traditional Knowledge Resource
on Ayurveda concepts, definitions and scientific
Classification (TKRC). TKRC is innovative in itself.
basis of Indian systems of medicine. In addition,
The TKRC classification has been evolved for
it would carry information on practitioners,
about 5000 subgroups as against one group in
hospitals and dispensaries. There are several
the International Patent Classification (IPC) for
search features incorporated in the format.
traditional knowledge. The TKDL portal would
According to V. K. Gupta, Director of National
be based on XML standards and would be
Institute of Science Communication, the TKDL
platform -independent. The codes for each sloka
software developed in-house does not do
are fed into a data entry screen and also saved
transliteration but it does smart translation.
on the database. Computer-savvy ayurveda
Once abstracted, data from the slokas are
experts carry out the data entry. These are then
converted into several languages using
decoded in different languages. The ayurvedic
unicode meta data methodology. The software
formulations can be presently decoded in
developed can perform smart translation of
English, French, German, Hindi, Japanese and
botanical names and Ayurveda descriptions
Spanish. In future, it would be available in 20
from traditional terminology into modern
foreign languages and all Indian languages. The
terminology. Examples of this are ‘Kumari’ to
decoded format of the formulation is easy to
‘Aloe vera’, or ‘Mussorika’ to ‘small pox’, etc.
read and understand, even by the layman.

18
 Appendix: 2

B. During documentation:
The Toolkit for the documentation
1. Do not disclose your TK to anyone beyond
The Toolkit should empower to take decisions
the traditional circle, unless you have taken
about how to safeguard your interests and to
a conscious decision to do so.
keep control over IP rights and options. It can
be used to define your goals and strategies 2. Record your TK and associated genetic
before, during and after the documentation. resources, but don’t make the records or
This list summarizes four key steps at each documents publicly available unless or until
stage: this fits in with your strategy.
A. Before documenting: 3. Identify those who provided the information
and who claim ownership and record this
1. Consult widely with all in the community information, including any conditions or
who have an interest in the TK and biological limitations they impose on its use.
resources, and work out what is needed to
make sure they have agreed in advance to 4. Clarify and structure your relationship with
the documentation process and are fully your project partners through contractual
aware of the implications (‘prior informed agreements (e.g. confidentiality agreements
consent’). and research agreements).

2. Set your objectives for the documentation C. After documentation:

project and identify any concerns about IP.
1. Review possibilities of protecting your TK
3. Assess your TK and all your IPR options, and genetic resources through IP and other
before disclosing your TK. rights - and work out what elements of your
TK could be protected as IP;
4. After considering your options, set your IP
strategy to implement your objectives. 2. Only disclose your TK and genetic resources
if this is part of your strategy;
 Source: WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/5; Annex, page 2

19
3. Decide whether you wish to use databases domain, and documented TK and genetic
and registries to achieve your IP objectives; resources can still be kept confidential or
restricted; and
4. Use and enforce your IP rights in your TK
and genetic resources, if any • There is no single way to approach
documentation of TK and biological
When TK or biological resources resources. The range of IP interests involved
are being documented: is as diverse as the range of traditional
communities concerned. Since there are
It’s vital to remember that: many ways of defining and protecting IP
interests, you should carefully consider
• Documentation does not ensure legal all your options and consult widely before
protection for your TK and genetic resources. undertaking a documentation project.
In fact, in some cases it can destroy your
rights and options, if you proceed without
an IP strategy;

• “Documentation” is not the same as putting

TK and genetic resources in the public

 Value addition to local Kani tribal knowledge:

patenting, licensing and benefit-sharing (see appendix)

20
 Appendix: 3

SAARC level activities • A principle of fair and equitable benefit-

sharing for the commercial use of TK;
Basic Principles of TK Protection
• A principle of holistic recognition:
• A principle of prior informed consent: A system of traditional knowledge
Traditional knowledge should not be protection should respect and be
collected, used or commercialized in harmony with rights relating
without the prior informed consent of to associated genetic resources,
traditional knowledge holders; expressions of folklore, and other valid
intellectual property rights;
• A principle of exceptions for educational
and customary uses; • A principle of social equity: the
protection of traditional knowledge
• A principle of indication of source: should be undertaken in a manner
Use and publication of traditional conducive to social and economic
knowledge should indicate the source welfare, and to a balance of rights and
of the knowledge; obligations;
• A principle that any false, misleading
• A principle that IP issues arising in the
or culturally offensive references to
fields of TK and GR should be dealt with
traditional knowledge, and any false or
in conjunction;
misleading indications of linkage with
or endorsement by TK holders, should • A principle of safeguard and promoting
be legally suppressed; customary uses of TK and associated
• A principle of ordre public and morality biological resources: customary uses
should be respected; shall not be restrained through legal
protection of TK from non-customary
uses by outsiders.
 WIPO-SAARC/GRTK/DEL/03/xx; Annex, page 6

21
The following priority objectives should associated genetic resources;
guide the development of TK protection:
• to provide mechanisms for the
• to evolve mechanisms for scientifically enforcement of rights of TK holders;
re-validating the TK, wherever possible; • to prevent misappropriation and misuse
• to create an appropriate system for of TK and associated genetic resources;
access to TK; • to enhance scientific capacity at the
• to ensure fair and equitable sharing with national and community levels;
TK holders (tribes, communities included) • to promote the transfer of technologies
of benefits arising from the use of TK and which make use of TK and associated
associated genetic resources; genetic resources;
• to promote respect, preservation, wider • to promote and recognize innovation
application and development of TK and based on TK

 WIPO-SAARC/GRTK/DEL/03/xx; Annex, page 7

22
 Appendix: 4

Some cases: Traditional healers of k6s k6s cfP/ cf}ifwL lnP/ uPsf 36gx? g} pgn]
different places bfjL ug]{ cfwf/ xf] .

1. Biratnagar cfˆg} kl/jf/ nufot cGo ufpn]x? g} pgsf] 1fgsf]

>f]t x'g . hl8a'6L k|;:t kfO{g] If]q ePsf]n] hl8a'6L
xfn la/f6gu/df k/Dk/fut lrlsT;f / hl8a'6L lrGg / To;sf] pkof]u af/] hfGg pgnfO{ vf;} ufx|f]
Jofj;fo ub}{ cfPsf ;]t} km'n]sf ^% alif{o s]za ePg . sfd ub}{ hfbf ;sf/fTds cg'ej ePkl5
kf}8]n ef]hk'/] x'g . ef]hk'/ / To; j/k/sf If]qsf cfˆgf] ;]jf cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg cfhef]ln u|Gyx?
ag:ktLx?sf] af/] pgs} zAbdf eGbf pgnfO{ /fd|f] 1fg / ahf/df kfO{g] k':tsx? ;Íng u/]/ cWoog klg
5 . pgsf] k;ndf em08} !%) y/L h8La'6L 5g / ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
clwsf+z hl8a'6L pt}af6 cfp5g\ . slxn] w/fgdf k'u]/ bfFt df‰g] d+hg, ?3fvf]sLsf nfuL leS;, hf]gL{ b'Vg]
Nofp5g eg] slxn] 7]s]bf/n] 3/d} NofO{lbG5g\ . tof/L ;d:ofsfnfuL t]n cfkm}+ pTkfbg u5{g / k|efjsf/L
ca:yfdf cf}ifwL vf;} /fVb}gg\ . la/fdL cfP/ cfkm\gf] ePsf] bfjL u5{g . ;fdfGotof o:tf] ;d:of 5 eg]/
;d:of eg] kl5 dfq} cfjZostf cg';f/sf hl8a'6L la/fdL cfkm} eG5g / ;f] cg';f/sf] cf}ifwL agfP/
ld;fP/ cf}ifwL agfp5g\ . ;+v'jf;ef, tfKn]h'Ë, lbG5g\ . SofG;/sf la/fdLn] klg pgsf cf}ifwLsf]
ef]hk'/ nufot #–$ lhNnfsf hl8a'6L al9 k|of]u k|z+;f u/]sf 5g .
ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
nf]7;Nnf, s'6\sL, laifdf, ch'{g;fn, jgd'nf,
hl08;, ufgf]uf]nf, 5f/] /f]u, k'?ifsf of}g ;DalGw kfFrcf}n] cflb cf}ifwL agfpg] dxËf hl8a'6L x'g .
/f]ux? / :qLsf k|;'tL ;DalGw /f]ux? pgsf] lalw / ;fdfGotof !% lbgsf nfuL cf}ifwL lbG5g\ / To;sf]
cf}ifwLn] Rjf§} kfg]{ pgsf] bfjL 5 . o; afx]s, aft, k|efj cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos k/] c? yk u5{g .
bd, x]kf6fO{l;;, of] k]zfdf nfu]sf] !^–!& jif{ eof] . ;/sf/n] ;xof]u u/] ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] pgsf]
la/f6gu/d} sfd ug{ yfn]sf] klg % jif{ eof] . cfh;Dd k|lta4tf 5 . pgdf ePsf] 1fg hf]ufpg / ;a}sf]
s;}n] klg pgsf cfifwL af/] s'g} klg vfnsf] vf]6 :jf:Yo /Iffsf nfuL cfˆgf] cg'ej k|efjsf/L 9Ën]
nufPsf 5}gg\ . Ps k6s cfPsf] dfG5] v'zL eP/

23
pkof] ug{ ;/sf/L ;xof]usf] ck]Iff u5{g\ . :yfgLo 3. Nepalgunj
hl8a'6L vfh]/ Nofpg sfg'gn] lbb}g . rflxP cg';f/sf]
There are significant number of traditional
vl/b ug{ klg 7'nf] nufgL rflxG5 . medicine knowledge holders and practitioners
hl8a'6Ldf arkg b]lvs} k|efj k/]sf]n] o; k]zfdf in Banke Bardiya area, especially from Tharu
communities, and also herbs trading peoples
nfu]sf] x'g / ;Gtf]if klg 5g\ . lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 continuing the job from several generations.
k|z+;f–kq klg kfPsf 5g\ . t/ klg s'g} klg ;/sf/L They hold abundant knowledges about local
lgsfosf dfG5] cfP/ ;f]wk'5 ug]{, tYofÍ tyf hfgsf/L medicnal plants and their uses for treatment
lng]–lbg], ;xof]u ug]{ gu/]sf] b]Vbf b'lv 5g\ . st} of common ailments, bone factors and other
problems. Name list of the healers is mentioned
uP/ ;xof]usf] s'/f uof]{ eg] pN6} tuf/f] xfNg], d'gf in appendix-7. Some observations during the
efFRg] sfd x'G5 . tfnLd cflb lng kfO{b}g . study is given blow- .

Tradional helares:
2.Kathmandu valley:
• Ramesh Chandra Prajapati: treating
Significant numbers of traditional healers, jaundice
having a family tradition going back to
generations, still exist in Kathmandu Valley. • Shiva Prasad gupta: who treats mostly
These groups of traditional practitioners are jaundice, cut wound, cholelithiasis and
deeply rooted in the culture of Ayurveda. sexual weakness
They have aspired to reach the cultural values,
• Akil Ahmad Anshari treats Jaundice
norms, and respect of the people. They are
readily available and work as a member of close • Khalil Chacha is also famoud for Jaundice
relatives or family members and are capable
of managing a diversity of health problems • Bhadra Bahadur Tharu, Deudahakala
with locally available resources. They are the Bardiya is famous for his knowledge and
repository of this culture and science, and are practices for sexual weakness, jaundice,
the wealth of the nation. joints pain

Traditional healers continuing their practice from • Phula Ram Tharu Naindara Bardiya: He
is an example of successful bone-setters.
generation to generation as family profession
Researchers met him while treating
are able to treat majority of common diseases,
several cases of bone fracture, sprain,
and they prepare varieties of Ayurvedic drugs
and mal union of bones, abdominal pain,
themselves. But those who have learned the
and arthritis. He is lving in remote arearof
knowledge from different sources, are just treat Bardiya district sorrouded by forest,
only certain particular diseases like jaundice, collecting fresh herbs, preparing pastes,
stomachache, gastric, gano-gola etc, and don't oils, having three assitence. He is 60 years
have adequate knowledge or don't put interest old man practicing since generations.
on other health disorders. He does not ask for money but accepts
whatever peoples offers. We saw him
accepting donations or honorarium


See the appendix-7 for some renowned traditional ranging from Rupees 5 - 55 by A patient.
healers of Kathmandu valley

24
 • Mr. Kesahba Acharya from Jumla knows • lglZrt /f]u / zf/Ll/s ca:yfsf nfuL
several renouned traditional healers logLx?sf] 1fg / ;]jf k|efjsf/L 5 .
of his district, gave information about
some practitioner and herb traders • logLx? cfˆgf] 1fg / k]zf k|lt O{dfGbf/ 5g\ .
Tilak bahdur Bhandari, Gorakha Bahdur
Pachain, Bishanu Bahdur Shahi, Galbo cfkm}n] agfP/ lbg] cf}ifwLsf] sDkf]lh;gsf] a}1flgs
Lama, Nirbhu Lama, Sindhe Kunwar, cfwf/ AofVof ug{ g;s]klg w]/} h;f] ;sf/fTds kl/
Birkha Nepali, Shiva Chandra Khatri, Bhim
Bahdur Kathayat, Satal Singh Dhami, 0ffd kfPsf] cfwf/df cf}ifwLn] sfd u/]sf] / k|efjsf/L
Bhim Bahadur Bhandari, Nanda Lal Jaishi, /x]sf] :jo+ la/fdLx?sf] k|ltls|ofsf] cfwf/df plgx?
Karma Tamang; some organizations cfkm\gf] 1fg / cg'ejsf af/] bfjL u5{g . pbfx/
working in Jumla area: CECI, ANSAB, 0fsf nfuL, t];f{k§Lsf &$ alif{o Ps j}Bsf] bfjL 5
WUPAP, ICIMOD, SNV, FECOFUN – æax'nf s's'/n] 6f]s]sf] dfG5]nfO{ tLg j6f ls/fx?
/ s]xL hl8a'6L ld;fPsf] pgsf] cf}ifwL vfg lbP/ ;f]
#= kf]v/f
la/fdLnfO{ Ps l5g sf]7fdf y'g] kl5 p;n] s]xL a]/
kf]v/fdf k/Dk/fut lrlsT;f Jofj;foL eGg] lalQs} 56\kl6P/ ax'nf s's'/n] h:t} Aoaxf/ u5{ . s]xL a]/
t];f{k§L If]q / ToxfF k':tf}+ blv o; k];fdf nfu]sf kl5 p;n] lk;fa u/] u¥of] eg] /f]u lgsf] x'G5 . c?
kl/jf/x?sf] gfd cfpF5 . afh] a/fh'sf] kfnfb]lv g} pkrf/} rflxGgÆ . cfw'lgs lrlsT;fnfO{ ;d]t ultnf]
j}Bsf] ?kdf kl/rt / ;Ddflgt, hl8a'6L / lrlsT;f kf7 x'g] o; k|sf/sf] bfjL k|dfl0ft u/fpg eg] pgL;+u
k]zf c+ufn]sf oL :yfgLo Joj;foLx? cfh ef]ln eg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] tYofÍ /]s8{ 5}g .
An8k|;]/ gfKg] oGq, :6]y]:sf]k, ydf{ld6/ cflb k|of]u æt/ slxn]sfxL lgsf] xf]nf h:tf] b]lvg eg] t'"G?t}
u5{g / laleGg sDkgLx?sf /]8Ld]8 cfifwLx? ;d]t c:ktfn n}hfg] ;Nnfx lbG5' .Æ pgsf] of] egfO{n] k];f
lalqm u5{g . lolgx?n] k|fS6L; ug]{ 1fgsf] >f]t / k|ltsf] O{dfGbf/Ltf b]vfpF5 .
cfwf/ eg]sf] cfˆg} afh]x?, ;f] k];fd} ;+nUg cGo
s'/fsfgL ul//xFb}df Ps hgf #) jif{ hltsL dlxnf
Jofj;foLx? / hl8a'6L ;+sng ug]{ :yfgLo AolQmx?
cfO{g . rs6Ldf a;Lg . sfgdf :6]y]:sf]k c8\sfP/
x'g . t/ cfhef]ln eg] ahf/df kfO{g] g]kfnL tyf lxGbL
j}Bn] k]6df a]:;/L bjfP/ lgs} a]/ cWoog u/] .
efiffdf k|sflzt k':tsx? klg :jM cWoog u/]sf]
tL b'O{sf] jftf{nfk ;'Gbf tL dlxnfnfO{ dfl;s ;|fj
kfO{G5 .
;DalGw ;d:of /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsGYof] .
kf]v/f If]qdf cfo'j]{b, xf]ldof]k]yL nufot cfw'lgs
o:tf y'k|} /f]ux?sf gfd 5g h'g pgsf] zAbdf
lrlsT;fsf ;a} vfn] ;'lawfx? ;DkGg c:ktfnx?
pgL ;lhn} lgsf] kfg{ ;S5g . 8folal6h, :j]tk|b/,
pknAw x'Fbf klg lo Joj;foLx? aiff}+ b]lv nuftf/
/Qmk|b/, sfdnf -h08L;_, cDnlkQ cflb ;d:of
k/Dk/fut lrlsT;f k]zfdf ;+nUg /xg' / lolx?sf] k]zf
lnP/ cfpg]sf] ;+Vof c?sf] eGbf al9 x'G5 . gj/;,
lgoldt e} /xg'n] lo b'O{ tYosf] k|efl0ft ub{5 .
rGb|z]v/, cfgGbe}/j, d[To'~ho, ;]tf]knfbL,
2
Ps hgf cfo'j]{b lrlsT;ssf cg';f/ o;f] ug'{sf] b'O{j6f sf/0f cleklQs/ pgn] cfkm} agfpg] cf}ifwLx? x'g .
5g . klxnf] ;lhn} pknAw x'g] ;fwgsf k|of]un] sfd ;/n
agfO{lbg' xf] / bf;|f] la/fdLn] cfh ef]ln o:tf ;fdfGo ;fwgsf]
k|of]u u/]g eg] lrlsT;s g} 7fGb}gg\ . cfhef]ln jghËn uP/

cfh;Dd s:tf vfn] slt hgf la/fdLnfO{ pkrf/ eof] eGg]
hl8a'6L vf]h]/ NofP/ cf}iwL agfpg] sfo{ P}g sfg"g / k'FhLsf] tYofÍ 5}g t/ olb of] pgsf] o; k|sf/sf bfjL ;To 5g\ / Pp6f
lx;fan] klg sl7g ePsf]n] /]8Ld]8 cf}ifwL g} k|of]u ug''{ k/]sf] /fo dfq la/fdL lgsf] ePsf] 5 eg] klg pgsf] of] 1fgn] cfw'lgs
kfO{G5 . lrlsT;fnfO{ ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug]{ lglZrt 5 .

25
cGbfhL $% jif{sf clZjgLs'df/ laut @)–@! Jfif{ vf]Hb} ToxfF k'Ubf ahf/ aGbsf] lbg ePklg pgsf]df
b]lv o; k]zfdf 5g\ . jfj'sf] z]ifkl5 afNosfnd} hfg] cfpg] dflg;x?sf] sdL b]lvPg . xftdf rfdn, km"n
l;s]sf] 1fg / kl5 kl5 laleGg g]kfnL / lxGbL efifdf / blIf0ff lnP/] hf]vgf x]/]/ pkrf/ u/fpg cfpg]x?sf
pknAw ePsf lstfax? k':tsx?sf] :j cWoog u/L nfO{gdf s'/]sf lyP . /f]usf] klxrfg ug]{ lalw h] ;'s}
o; k];f lg/Gt/ /fv]sf]] pgsf] egfO{ 5 . eP klg cf}ifwL hl8a'6Ls} / l;4fGt cfo'j]{bs} .
;f7L jif{ gfu]sf s0f{ axfb'/ tfd|fsf/ klg kf]v/fsf logsf] 1fg / cf}ifwLn] sfd ub}{gYof] t logsf] gfd
k|l;4 j}B x'g . zf/Ll/s ?kdf sdhf]/ eP/ xf]nf kf]v/f ahf/df ;'lgGy]g xf]nf .
pgsf] k;ndf 5f]/fn] la/fdLx?;+u s'/fsfgL ub}{ l6sf/fd kf}8]n gfd u/]s emf/km's] j}B klg o;}
cf}ifwL lbPsf] kfO{of] . cf}ifwL ;]jg ug]{ lalw KoflsË O{nfsfdf /x]sf] kf]v/f ahf/d} ;'g]/ yfxf kfP klg e6]/
ul/Psf] a§fdf n]v]/ lbPsf] b]lvof] . s'/fsfgL ug{ eg] ;lsPg .
8fa/ g]kfnsf xf]n;]n laqm]tf gGb >]i7;+u s'/fsfgL kf]v/fs} ;ldpNnfx gfd u/]sf gfd'b j}B hf] cfo'j]{b
ubf{ pgn] b'n]uf}+8fdf Ps hgf afx'g a'9f /x]sf h;n] lrlsT;f kl/ifbdf ;d]t btf{ lyP, ltgsf] / 5f]/fsf]
hf]vgf klg x]g]{, emf/km's klg ug]{ / cfo'j]{b cf}ifwL ;d]t lgwg ePsf] kfO{of] . pgL ;+u;+u} pgsf] 1fg klg
v'jfpg] s'/f ;'gfP . a}bf/ afh] eg]/ lrlgg] pgsf] 3/ d/]/ uof] .

26
 Appendix: 5

Some pages from Chandranighantu

An illustration from Chandra Nighantustored A text from Chandra Nighantus stored in

in SD Vaidya Khana SDVaidya Khana

27
 Appendix: 6

14. Janajaati Uthhan Pratisthan

List of the major organization/
places visited during the study 15. Changu Narayan Mandir

16. Local herb traders

Kathmandu
17. Local traditional medical practitioners
1. Singh Durbar Vaidya Khana, Anamnagar (healers)
2. National Archieve, Ramsahpath Biratnagar
3. Nardevi Ayurveda Hospital, Nardevi
1. Regional Drug Administration Office
4. Department of Ayurveda, Teku
2. District Forest Office
5. IUCN-Nepal
3. Regional Agricultural Office
6. SNV/Nepal
4. Nepal Homeopathy Medical College
7. Department of Plant Resources,
Thapathali 5. District Ayurveda Health Centers

8. Botanical Gadrden, Godawari 6. Local herb traders

9. Central Department of Botanty, TU 7. Local traditional medical practitioners

(healers)
10. Department of Ayurveda, TU
Pokhara
11. Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal, Kirtipur,
1. Manipal Medical College
12. ICIMOD
2. Institute of Forest
13. Nepal Aadibasi Mahasangh
3. Pokara Univervity

28
4. Zonal Ayurveda Health Center Banke & Bardiya
5. District Ayurveda Health Center 1. District Ayurveda Centres Banke/Baridya
6. Community Forest Consumers' 2. District Forest offices, Banke/Bardiya
Committee
3. JABAN (Jadibuti Association of Nepal)
7. District Forest Office
4. SNV/Nepalgung
8. Annapurna Area Protection Project
5. Rural Developement Offices
9. Local herb traders
6. Nepalganj Medical College
10. Local traditional medical practitioners
(healers)

29
 Appendix: 7

Name list of the traditional healers 16. Laxmi Karki

17. Shanti Lamichhane
A. Traditional healers of Kaski
18. Bishnu BK
1. Lekh Nath Ghimire 19. Bishnu Maya Kumal
2. Keshab Raj Poudel 20. Bhanu Bhakta Devkota
3. Megh Nath Acharya 21. Gyan Bahadur BK
4. Dina Nath Sahrma 22. Netra Bahadur Gurung
5. Bishnu Prasad Ghimire 23. Deu Lama
6. Mina Poudel 24. Man Bahadur Gurung
7. Nanda Lal Ranavat 25. Devi Ram Pariya
8. Krishna Lal Sapkota 26. Krishna Prasad Devkota
9. Krishna Chandra Poudel 27. Ramu Devkota
10. Purna Bahadur Chhetry 28. Hari Dutta Devkota
11. Til Prasad Adhikary 29. Kul Pati Devkota
12. Keshab Bahadur Adhikary 30. Tek Bahadur Nepali
13. Vidhya Lamichhane 31. Babu Ram Devkota
14. Khum Maya Tamang 32. Ran Bahadur Gurung
15. Purna Maya Pun 33. Bal Krishna Devkota
34. Krishna Devkota
 Details address of these practitioners are available in 35. Ram Mani Bhattarai
the District Ayurveda Health Center, Kaski

30
 36. Indra Prasad Bhattarai Harka Man Kayastha, Chhang-3
37. Kala Pati Bhattarai Kedar Kumar Piya, Bandipur-1
38. Gayatri Devi Pariya Bishnu Prasad Pandit, Manpang-8
39. Dina Nath Khanal Chiranjivi Dhakal, Ramjakot-5
40. Atma Ram Bhattarai Shesh Kanta Bhandari, Dhorphirdi-4
41. Fatik Bahadur Nepali C. Dhami/Jhankri and traditional healers
42. Buddhi Kumar Shrestha of Banke district
43. Padam Lal Dhakal Ram Ratan Chaudhari, Baijapur-3
44. Mission Bahadur Buddhi Ram Tharu, Baijapur-3
45. Hari Prasad Sapkota Saban Tharu, Binuna-3
46. Tna Nath Khanal (?) Ram Bahadur Tharu, Kamadi
47. Jank Datta Jamarkattel (?) Lok Mani Sharma, Kohalpur
48. Bhairab Lal Shretha Chhanda Prasad Sharma, Bidhanagar-2
49. Buddhi Maya Thapa Mahad Tharu, Jaispur-2
50. Ramji Prasad Poudel Darbari Kandu, Puraina-2
B. Traditional healers of Tanahun Lal Bahadur Mall, Sitapur-3

Lok Bahadur Thapa Magar, Jamune Bhanjyang-2 Sita Ram Baba, Kohalpu-3

Mukti Nath Wagle, Manpang-6 Jagu Tharu, Thapawa-6

Man Bahadur Thapa Magar, Tanahunsur-8 D. Some traditional healers of

Kathmandu
Pushpa Hari Ranabhat, Bhirkot-7
Chet Bahadur Darai, Vyas-11 1. Krishna Bahadur Manandhar, 66/M,
Danda PouwaVDC-4, Ramko
Kul Prasad Ghimire, Khairenitar-8
Aniridra Bagale, Kyamin-6 2. Vaikunthha Ranjit, 52/M, KMC-15,
Swayambhu
Bhakta Bahadur Shretha,Basantapur-7
3. Makhan Dhungana, 75/F, KMC, Tahachal
Jgannath Acharya, Pokharibhanjyang-1
Bishnu Prasad Neupane, Syamgha-6 4. Piyush Bajra Bajracharya, 52/M, Ha:Kha,
Laitpur
Dhruba Prasad Adhikary, Risti-3
5. Bhuwan R. Shakya, 61/M, LSMC-9,
Ek Bahadur Gurung, Milung-1 Chyasal, Bholakhel
Nar Bahadur Chhetri, Vyas-1
6. Mukta Raj Bajracharya, Guruju, 85/M,
Nar Prasad Poudel, Khairenitar-8 LSMC-20

31
7. Narayan Khatri, 68/M, Sipadol VDC-1, 14. Ram Manandhar, Sitapaila, Kathmandu
Chalise Gaun, Bhaktapur
15. Madhu Bajra Bajaracharya,
8. Purna Bahadur Lama, 53/M, Sipadol VDC- Mahabauddha
2, Katunje
16. Lokman Baidya, Patan, Raju Thapa
9. Lalit Raj Bajracharya, M, Na:Tol, Lailtpur Sitapaila

10. Saptaman Vaidya, 61/M, BM-6, Inacho 17. Siddha Gopal Bajracharya, Patan

11. Narayan Gopal Vaidya, 88/M, BM-6, 18. Shiva Ratna Vaidya, Bhaktapur
Inacho
19. Hari Bahadur Manandhar, Ramkot
12. Tarka Raj Bajracharya, M, LSMC-20

13. Divya Raj Bajracharya, M, LSMC-20

32
 Appendix: 8

Some international organizations • United Nations Industrial Development

and agreements related to Organization (UNIDO)

traditional medicine and IPR • United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP)
• World Intellectual Property Rights
Organization (WIPO) • Worldwide Fund (WWF)

• International Union for the Protection of • Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri

New Varieties of Plants (UPON) Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooporation
(BIMSTEC)
• World Health Organization (WHO)
• Conservation of Bio-Diversity (CBD)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Convention on International Trade in
• Global Environment Facilities (GEF) Endangered Species (CITES)
• United Nations Educational Scientific and • Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Property Rights (TRIPS)
• United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)

33
 Appendix: 9

Institutions involved in the ANSAB has accomplished a program at the

central level to improve the MIS system geared
Promotion of NTFPs♦ towards the benefits of NTFP traders and
collectors for equitable benefits.
Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture
and Bio-resources (ANSAB) RADP CARE International in Nepal
Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and RADP CARE is basically involved in conducting
Bioresources (ANSAB) is an independent, non- seminars, workshops and NTFP management
political and not-for-profit non-governmental training and other types of training programs to
organization with its headquarters in create a common forum for all the stakeholders
Kathmandu, Nepal. ANSAB has been working working in the field of NTFPs. Its objective
in the field of biodiversity and allied disciplines is to identify the problems and constraints
since 1993. ANSAB is committed to biodiversity on cultivation, collection and processing
conservation through natural products based and marketing of NTFPs. It is also working
enterprises, community forestry capacity in Bajhang district in the identification of the
growth of key stakeholders, and creation NTFPs and medicinal plants. It has provided
of enabling policy environment by working training to FECOFUN members on Chiraito
directly with local community and collaborating (Swerita chiraita) cultivation and nursery
with major stakeholders. ANSAB has a focal management and the sustainable harvesting,
position in the field through its work for a management and marketing and networking
system development. It has provided support
decade in biological, technological, economic
to establish NTFP enterprises producing Allo
and socio-cultural fronts associated to people-
and Bhangro products in Bajura district.
centered conservation, management and use
of biodiversity, especially the non-timber forest SNV/Nepal, Bakhundol
products (NTFPs), both within and outside
Nepal. The SNV/Nepal is contributing to biodiversity
conservation and sustainable management
of resources through increased benefits to
 ♦
Information supplied by Mr. Ram Hari Subedi,
ANSAB forest users. One of the major programs is

34
national capacity building for the promotion of valuable species and improve economic
of community based forest enterprises in opportunity by promoting NTFP processing and
Nepal. In this context, capacity building has marketing. The promotion of NTFP processing
been initiated through national partners in and marketing was confined to the low-income
the NTFP sub-sector. It is basically trying to groups of Siraha and Saptari. With its assistance
deliver the business development services to some community-based organizations were
forest based enterprises and has contributed to actively involved in processing and marketing
policy advocacy, reform and implementation of of NTFPs. Besides, the Ministry of Forests and
community forestry and NTFP enterprises. Soil Conservation and the Department of Forest
are supporting NTFP cultivation, processing and
Canadian Centre for International Studies
marketing through various policy measures.
and Cooperation (CECI), Baluwatar
Center for Community Development
CECI/Nepal since recent past has been involved and Research (CCODR), Samakhusi,
in the natural resource management in
Kathmandu
selected districts of far western Nepal. It was
involved in the development of methodologies
CCODAR has been involved in community
for sustainable management of endangered
development program through sustainable use
and high value medicinal plants in Jumla.
of NTFPs. Its target groups are the farmers of
In 1997-98 it had conducted field-testing
Gorkha district and the Gorkha Aurved Company
of methodology for NTFP inventory taking
(GAC). It has initiated income generating
and provided recommendations for future
activities through nursery establishment and
inventories. Information dissemination on the
cultivation practice of NTFPs through local
management and marketing of endangered
farmers as well as processing of NTFPs through
and high altitude medicinal and aromatic plants
GAC and marketing the processed products.
as well as their conservation for sustainable
The products of the GAC are also utilized in
livelihood are some of its on-going programs.
primary health care of the local farmers.
DEPROSC/Nepal, Thapathali Center for Environmental and
Development Projects Services Center Agricultural Policy, Research, Extension
(DEPROSC) Nepal is involved in the identification and Development (CEAPRED), Shanti
of strategic NTFPs for poverty reducation Basti, Lalitpur
programs in collaboration with ICIMOD, Dabur/
Nepal and IFAD. Capacity building of 60 CFUGs Promotion of NTFPs through nursery
for NTFP harvesting, capacity building of 230 establishment in community forests as well as
leasehold forest groups of poor farmers for private lands is the main activity, which creates
cultivation of NTFP and marketing were among market access for NTFPs for rural development
the major programs of DEPROSC/Nepal. and poverty reduction. CEAPRED is also involved
in undertaking community based economic
GTZ/Churia Forest Development Project, development projects for strengthening local
Lahan, Siraha institutions and promoting natural resource
management, such as harvesting and marketing
The project was involved in NTFP related of NTFPs and awareness creation through
activities such as cultivation, land productivity training and other support.
increment by introducing NTFPs, protection

35
Dabur Nepal Ltd. Tinkune, Kathmandu Department of Plant Resources (DPR),
NG, Thapathali, Kathmandu
Dabur Nepal is an Ayurvedic Company and
is operating green house seedlings of high The department is involved in the management
value MAPs such as Taxus wallichiana, Swertia and improvement of NTFP resources. It has
chirayita, Valerina jatamansii, etc., and many farms, botanical gardens and herbariums
distributing the saplings to local farmers and established to undertake action research
institutions. It is also involved in the cultivation activities and piloting of extension activities.
Ex-situ conservation of endeangered as well
of MAPs through out-grower program, contract
as high value NTFPs is the major activity of
cultivation as well as action research in order to
these farms. Data and information collection
strengthen the production mechanism of MAPs on MAPs, integrated research activities,
in the country. publication of documents and extension
materials on NTFPs are the major focus area of
Department of Forest (DoF), NG, the department. It has established a distillation
Babarmahal, Kathmandu unit at Jumla, Tistung, Hetauda and Dhangadifor
the production of high value aromatic oils. It is
Conservation and protection of forest resources also undertaking demonstration of cultivation
are the major functions of the department. The management of high value MAPs and
DoF generates revenue from NTFPs by issuing information dissemination through training.
collection permits to collectors and trades.
Almost all of the 75 district forest offices Environment, Culture, Agriculture,
generate revenue from NTFPs. Research and Development Society
(ECARDS)/ Nepal
Department of Soil Conservation and
Watershed Management Sustainable soil management, advocacy for
community forestry and study and inventory
on forest resources are the major area of focus
The main purpose of the Department is soil
of ECARDS/Nepal. The main purpose of these
conservation and watershed management.
programs is to provide conservation education
The program is promoting conservation of and promotion of soil fertility through
development infrastructure and various soil management of organic components of the
conservation programs through production soil, access to and control over forest resources
and distribution of seedlings/saplings. It is and inventory taking of plant resources. This
also involved in community mobilization organization has also been promoting in-situ
and empowerment through conservation conservation of forest resources through
education, maintenance, management and conservation education and training to farmers,
protection of conservation efforts, training GOs, NGOs, CBOs, local leaders and CFUGs.
and workshops and monitoring and evaluation
Federation of Community Forestry Users
activities. These programs implemented in 17
Nepal (FECOFUN)
districts have been empowering local farmers
and enhancing the capacity of local institutions, FECOFUN is the federation of CFUGs scattered
such as GOs, NGOs, CBOs, and CFUGs. all over the country. It is encouraging mainly
on conservation of MAPs for sustainable

36
livelihoods of its members. It has been Herbs Production and Processing Co. Ltd.
promoting advocacy programs thorough (HPPCL), Koteshwor, Kathmandu
training to create awareness among forest user
groups in order to uplift their livelihood status HPPCL is a government undertaking that is
through sustainable use of NTFPs and MAPs. involved in the farming of aromatic plants on its
own farms and also involving the participation
Forest Action, Ekanta Kuna, Lalitpur of farmers living in the adjoining area. It has its
own distillation and processing plants where
This organization is mainly focussing on the it extracts high value aromatic oils. It also
preparation of bibliography on NTFPs in purchases aromatic oil extracts for its own
order to provide consolidated information medicinal and aromatic products as well as
and relevant literature on NTFPs. It is also for export to foreign countries. HPPCL collects
resin (khoto) and Taxus wallichiana, which is
involved in awareness creation, training of
again sold to local as well as foreign buyers.
manpower on forest management practice and The main function of the HPPCL is resource
research on biodiversity conservation with the collection, its processing, sustainable utilization
involvement and active participation of the and generation of revenue through sales and
local communities. royalty payments to the government.

Forest Product Development Board The World Conservation Union (IUCN),

(FPDB), NG, Babarmahal, Kathmandu Lalitpur

FPDB through its farm at Sagarnath (east Nepal) IUCN is involved in the conservation and
is basically growing and managing Eucalyptus sustainable use of medicinal plants and other
trees. Full-grown Eucalyptus trees are used for NTFPs through community participation. It has
the supply of poles mainly to Nepal Electricity been making concerned central, regional, district
and local level authorities and the stakeholders
Authority. Its leaves are collected to extract
aware of its programs and activities being
Eucalyptus oil. FPDB is also managing in-situ undertaken as conservation initiatives. It works
conservation of Pipla. Local people of the for human resource development through
Sagarnath area are encouraged to manage and documentation, training and dissemination
conserve Pipla. Collection and management of information on ethnobotanical value and
of Pipla is providing income incentives to the importance of NTFPs. The main objective
local people. of IUCN run initiatives are to contribute to
better livelihoods and poverty reduction of
Green Energy Mission, Anamnagar, the local community through linkages with the
Kathmandu conservation of biodiversity and sustainable
use of natural resources.
This organisation has so far conducted various
types of research on herbal and medicinal
National Trust for Nature Conservation
plants and for their potential use as herbal (NTNC); Annapurna Conservation Area
medicines. It has undertaken chemical analysis Project (ACAP), Lalitpur
of about a 100 medicinal plants including some
high value MAPs. It has undertaken action NTNC through its ACAP program has been
research and analysis on Bel and its cultivation issuing harvesting and collection permits of
and management and awareness on its annually perishable NTFPs found in the ACAP
ethnobotanical use has been highlighted. area. It is also producing and distributing NTFP
seedlings through nursery establishments.

37
Apart from the income generating activities promotion of NTFPs through identification and
for the people living along/within the corridor their marketing linkages in order to generate
of the ACAP area, action research is also higher benefit to the rural people. It has been
conducted on growth stock measurement focussing on the expansion of agroforstry that
specifically for Taxus wallichiana (loth sallo) motivates the farmers to adopt the cultivation
and it's sustainable harvesting techniques. of potential and high value NTFPs without
The project awards scholarship to Masters loosing the immediate agricultural subsistence
level students to generate relevant database products that are grown on the farmers’
and other information on NTFPs as well as marginal land pieces.
to enhance the management and utilization
practice of the local people on NTFPs. Various Nepal Forest Resources and Institutions
training programs and exposure tours are (NFRI), Research Program, Pulchowk,
organized to identify biodiversity hotspots, Lalitpur
enhance knowledge about the potentials of
NTFPs and skills on management methods of Basically NFRI is undertaking research activities
the field level staff. Most typical of its activities to establish a long-term database on NTFPs and
is the study of Yarsha Gumba (Ophiocordyceps generate policy documents. The main purpose
sinensis), a miracle NTFP, jointly with the local of the research is to investigate relationship
community and ACAP rangers to find out its between human beings and their actions in
density and distribution as well as discourage forest, the biological and socio-economic
its illegal collection. system and institutional factors that are
affected by human action towards forests.
Livelihoods and Forestry Program (LFP),
Baluwatar, Kathmandu Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project,
Lalitpur
LFP is engaged in NTFP networking coordination
in order to undertake advocacy in policy, The major activities of this project are a)
information and experience sharing. It is also inventory of NTFPs in community forests,
providing management training for nursery b) cultivation of various types of NTFPs like
establishment, identification of NTFPs and their Chiraito, Lokta and Argeli in community forests
harvesting practices. It organizes workshops to and private lands and c) promotion of enterprise
make people and the field level staff aware of and local processing of NTFPs. Training on NTFP
the importance and use of NTFPs and transfer management, in-situ and ex-situ conservation
the technology on cultivation, management and information about market opportunities
and marketing of NTFPs that would in return and linkages to the CFUGs and the field workers
enhance the livelihoods of the community are also the major activities of the project.
people by establishing linkages with the forestry
sector as well as the markets. Nepal Academy of Science and
Technology (RONAST), Lalitpur
Nepal Agroforestry Foundation,
Balkumari, Lalitpur Conservation and management of selected
MAPs in Dang district is the main program of
This organization is working with CFUGs in the NAST. The major purpose of the program is
mid hill areas and private forest groups of the biodiversity conservation, sustainable use of
terai. The main activities are focussed on the MAPs, equitable benefit sharing among the

38
cultivators and the local people involved in Singhadurbar Vaidyakhana Development
the cultivation and management of MAPs and Committee, Anamnagar, Kathmandu
establishment of MAPs centers and germplasm
conservation. This is a government-managed organization
involved in the production of ayurvedic
Rural Reconstruction Nepal (RRN),
medicines for general use. The main function
Lazimpat, Kathmandu of this organization is purchasing of MAPs and
their processing for the production of ayurvedic
One of the major programs of RRN is
medicines to be marketed inside the country as
sustainable resource use and management pilot
demonstration. The program aims to mitigate well as export.. It has been supplying aurvedic
major threats to natural resources, especially preparations to the government managed
forest and water from anthopogenic activities district level Ayurvedic centers (Vaidyakhana), as
with the integration of local community well. It also meets other domestic requirements
participation in the management of natural of the private sector practitioners through its
resources. It is conducting action research to well-established marketing mechanisms. MAPs
explore NTFP based livelihoods opportunities collectors within the country are getting a
that could be replicated to other areas. It is reasonable and fair price, which in turn works
also working for the integration of health and as incentive to cultivate/sustainably manage
biodiversity resource management in order MAPs.
to improve nutritional conditions of the rural
people by empowering and educating women Center for Agro-ecology and
with a focus on women and children. Development (CAED), Baneshwor,
Kathmandu
SAFEConcern, Bijuli Bazar, Kathmandu
CAED is focussing on the underprivileged groups
This organization is undertaking people such as Praja (Chepang) and Dalit (occupational
centered development through environmental caste group). It is assisting the Praja and
conservation and promotion of NTFPs and Dalit households to acquire and manage
MAPs. One of the major program interventions their forestlands as community forests and
of SAFEConcern has been the establishment of increase benefits from NTFPs as a sustainable
nurseries and distribution of saplings/seedlings livelihoods program. Local institutions are
to farmers and motivate/aware them on the provided training for their capacity building
socio-economic importance of NTFPs and MAPs. in order to acquire the forests as community
It has also been conducting action research on forests, empower and enable the marginalised
various NTFPs for their potentials of mass scale ethnic groups, manage the CFs once acquired
domestication and cultivation so as to generate and share benefits afterwards on an equitable
income and employment opportunities to the basis among the users.
rural people. Awareness creation, training and
demonstration and advocacy for biodiversity World Wildlife Fund (WWF)- Nepal,
conservation have been the major activities Baluwatar, Kathmandu
targeted on the CFUGs. Marginal farmers
have also been motivated to adopt agroforstry WWF through its Parks and People Initiative
practices and get benefited from the economic program is working for the conservation of
potentials of cultivation/conservation of medicinal herbs, conservation of indigenous
MAPs. knowledge, traditional practices, education of

39
amchi students and improvement of livelihoods been one of the remarkable functions of the
through improved primary health care and department.
income generation. It is also conducting
Northern Mountain Conservation and Terai National Drugs Limited, Babarmahal,
Arc Landscape program mainly for biodiversity Kathmandu.
conservation. The focus of these programs
is the improved livelihoods of the indigenous The major activity of this institution is the
people through education and awareness on production and distrbution of about 100
biodiversity conservation for the benefit of the types of allopathic medicines. However, it also
community. produces medicines using some of the locally
available NTFPs and MAPs. There are only
Department of National Parks and about five products based on NTFPs and MAPs
Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC), NG, being manufactured and marketed.
Babarmahal, Kathmandu
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation
The main purpose of the DNPWC is the (MFSC), Singhadurbar, Kathmandu
conservation of biological diversity. It is
responsible for the management and operation The ministry formulates rules, regulations
of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries and makes forest and forestry-related
and maintenance of habitat and ecosystem. policy decisions in order to conserve the
Collection and sale of NTFPs from these areas forest resources and enhance the income
is prohibited according to the National Parks and employment status of the rural forest-
and Wildlife Conservation Act. But in some dependent communities. It also coordinates
national parks the local people residing in the among various departments and projects within
corridor are permitted to collect certain NTFPs the ministry. Foreign Aid Coordination Division
as raw materials to use in their own cottage (FACD) of the ministry is responsible for overall
enterprises. The local people can also collect coordination with donors and the recipients,
certain construction materials, fodder and among the government agencies, and I/NGOS
thatches for their domestic use. working in the field of NTFPs and MAPs. Policy
formulation, conflict resolution, information
Department of Forest Research and dissemination and information on markets and
Survey (DFRS), NG, Babarmahal, marketing mechanisms are being provided by
Kathmandu the FACD. Biodiversity conservation, research
and monitoring and evaluation, cultivation
The department has five research centers at management and establishment of marketing
all of the five development regions of Nepal. channels are the major focus of the FACD.
The function of the department is to undertake Recently the Government has established a
research and survey on timber as well as high level NTFP Board for the development
non-timber forest products. Preparation of and promotion of herbs and NTFP sectors to
operational plan for community forests, manage the resources to facilitate conservation
formulation of agro-forestry models and and help economic development of the
propogation techniques, laboratory research stakeholders.
on plant disease and its control are the main
activities of the DFRS. Action research on
bamboo and rattan and its publication has

40
 Appendix: 10

Organization working for Ayurveda • Expand the knowledge of and support for
traditional amchi medicine practitioners
and other traditional medicine regionally and internationally.
The Himalayan Amchi Association Activities
The Himalayan Amchi Association (HAA) is 1. Recognition and Support
dedicated to the preservation and development
of traditional amchi system of medicine, or 2. Development of Medical Education
sowa rigpa, in Nepal. HAAhas networked with Systems
and mutually suppored the scattered amchis
including those in the Himalayan districts of 3. Health Care Delivery: Serving rural
Nepal and beyond including those in Central Communities
Asia. 4. Conservation, Cultivation, and Sustainable
Objectives are to: Utilization of Medicinal Plants

5. Research, Documentation, and

• Improve the quality of and support for Intellectual Property Rights
amchi medicine throughout the greater
Himalayan region. Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal (ESON)
• Obtain government recognition and • Promoting research activities through
support for amchi medicine. --Improve information exchange among plant
and standardize traditional medicines. scientists and institutions at national and
• Coordinate communication within and international levels;
between amchis and their networks. • Increasing public awareness on different
• Organize sustainable collection of issues related to indigenous knowledge
medicinal herbs while promoting their and ensure Intellectual Property Rights;
cultivation. • Organizing seminars, conferences,

41
 and exhibitions on issues related to share their knowledge, enrich professional
economically important plants of Nepal; ethics, build capacity and plead for professional
advocacy, rights and duties and provide services
• Strengthening communities’ capacity to the people .
through training programmes for both
skill and leadership development. Nepal Ayurveda Medical Studients'
Society
• Initiating and promoting cultivation on
medicinal plants and other economically
• To publish different magazines and
important plants for conservation and
Newspapers as a mouthpiece of NAMSS
sustainable use of natural resources.
with a view to promote the Ayurveda
• Publishing books, newsletter, and journal system and its coverage
related to Ethnobotany;
• To organize various programs like
• Mobilise scientific knowledge seminar, workshop and interaction in
and technology especially for the order to identify and find ways to resolve
development of indigenous knowledge, Ayurveda related problems.
and economically important plants.
• To counsel and put recommendation to
• Networking and co-ordination with NGOs/ authorized bodies while promulgating
Government organisations working at the the Ayurveda policies.
grass roots level and other regional NGOs
• To establish bilateral relationship with
and INGOs at the international levels.
national and international organizations
Ayurveda Doctors' Association-Nepal and institutions and work in collaboration
for the fortification of Ayurveda
Ayurveda Doctors' Association-Nepal (ADAN) is
Piyushabarshi Aushadhalaya
a national organization of Ayurveda Physicians
of Nepal. Ayurveda is a culture based health
Piyushabarshi Aushadhalaya, Ayurvedic Clinic
system of Nepal practiced since antiquity. This
of Vaidya (Doctor) Mana Bajra Bajracharya
long tradition can be found in many different
is one of the oldest Ayurvedic Clinics in
ethnic group and culture in our country. This is
Kathmandu, Nepal. As mentioned by the owner,
a national health system and officially practiced
this Ayurvedic Clinic has been serving the
in Nepal. Academic history of Ayurvedic is also
public since last 700 years as a family tradition.
very old in Nepal. This organization (ADAN) is a
legend of Ayurveda tradition of Nepal. This is a During an interview, Mr. Madhu B. Bajracharya
non-governmental, non-political and non-profit mentioned: “Our traditional way of Ayurvedic
making organization, registered in Kathmandu Treatment has cure on many chronic diseases.
District Administration Office (Registration no. Definitely the effect of our medicine is slow,
244) in 1997 (BS 2054). In this organization but our medicines do not have any side effects.
academically university qualified (at least five We have many cases of successful result
and half year university graduate) Ayurveda in treatment of many major diseases like
physicians can be registered as a member. So, Hepatitis (any type), Multiple Sclerosis, any
the main objective of this organization is to type of Arthritis, many cancerous diseases like
gather professionals together, exchange and Breast Cancer, Prostrate Cancer, and also many

42
cases of tumor and cysts, Metastatic conditions, their processing for the production of ayurvedic
Immunity, etc. Beside these diseases, Ayurvedic medicines to market in the country as well
treatment can cure almost all other diseases.” as export.. It has been supplying aurvedic
preparations to the government managed
Contact Address: district level Aurvedic centers (Vaidyakhana), as
well. It also meets other domestic requirements
Mr. Madhu B. Bajracharya of the private sector practitioners through its
Piyushabarshi Aushadhalaya well-established production and marketing
9/35, Masangalli, mechanisms. MAPs collectors in the country
Mahabouddha, Kathmandu, are getting reasonable and fair prices, which
in turn has worked as incentive to cultivate/
SOLID Nepal sustainably collect MAPs.
Solid Nepal has wide-ranging experiences and Singhadurbar Vaidyakhana Development
capacity in media and publications. It has been Committee, Anamnagar, Kathmandu
publishing a bi-monthly Health Magazine,
YOUVAN, since last four years . Its objective is Committee for the Promotion of Public
to impart the information related with Young Awareness and Development Studies
Peoples’ sexual, reproductive and development (COPPADES)
issues (10-24 years) at large. It is quite popular
and being circulated throughout the nation. http://www.coppades-nepal.org/ 27
Also, it has published Ayurveda Science- Basic
April 2008
Principles of Ayurvedic system of medicine
for the promotion of indigenous system of Nepal Ayurveda Society
medicines. It is popular among the practitioners
and students of Ayurveda and other indigenous This organization is currently working for Ministry
medicines. One thousand copies had been of Health and Population as a consultant for the
published in 2055 . Based on the popularity development of policy on traditional systems
and demand of the readers, they have printed of medicine, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs),
additional one thousand copies this year It is and study on service effectiveness of Ayurveda
also quite friendly to general people who are health service organizations. Main objectives
interested in the basic principle of Ayurveda of the organizations are:
and herbs. • To develop Ayurvedic medical system,
Singhadurbar Vaidyakhana Development fighting for its existence as an integral and
primary system of the medical service
Committee, Anamnagar, Kathmandu
• To launch different programs to explore,
This is a government-managed organization identify, preserve and utilize the valuable
involved in the production of ayurvedic herbs
medicines for general use. The main function
of this organization is purchasing of MAPs and • To organize different programs and seminars
to create environmental and public health
awareness
 Source: http://www.ayurnepal.com/ayurveda/
ngonepal.htm (7th May08) • To conduct different programs to popularize

43
 the Ayurveda education not only in the • To conduct effective programs for the
nation but also aboard companionship among different national
and international governmental and non-
• To conduct different programs to identify governmental organizations working
Nepal as a country of effective and specific in public health, environment and
Ayurveda education, health and research. development sector of Ayurveda and other
systems of traditional medicines.
• To emphasize the sentiment, “Ayurveda for
healthy, happy and pleasurable (pleasant?) Address:
life”
Dhapsi, Kathmandu,
Web: www.nepalayurveda.org

44
 Appendix: 11

/fli6«o clen]vfnodf ;+/lIft cfo'j]{b !^ ci6ju{

u|Gyx? !& ci6fÍ x[bo ;+lxtf
!* ci6fË x[bo j}Bzf:q
;"lrkq
!( ci6fË x[bo 6Lsf
ljifo M cfo'j]{b @) cftÍ bk{0fd\ -dfwj lgbfgd\_
! chL0f{ d~h/L @! cftÍ bk0f{d\
@ chL0f{ d~h/L @@ cfgGb dflnsf
# chL0f{ d~h/L @# cfo'j]{b
$ chL0f{ d~h/L @$ cfo'j]{b
% chL0f{ d~h/L @% cfo'j]{b
^ chL0f{ d~h/L @^ cfo'j]{b
& chL0f{ d~h/L @& cfo'j]{b -;'qwfy{ bk{0f_
* c~hg lgbfgd\ @* cfo'j]{b k|sfz
( cg'kfg d~h/L @( cfo'j]{b k|sfz
!) ckfdfu{:tf]qd\ #) cfo'j]{b k|sfz
!! cd[t d~h/L #! cfo'j]{b k|sfz
!@ cs{ k|sfz #@ cfo'j]{b k|sfz
!# cs{ k|sfz ## cfo'j]{b df]blw
!$ cs{ k|sfz #$ cfo'j]{b lj1fgd\
!% cs{ k|sfz #% pkjg ljgf]b

45
#^ pkjg ljgf]b ^& sIfk'6
#& pkjg ljgf]b ^* sIfk'6 l;4 gfufh'{g
#* cfZro{ of]udfnf ^( sIfk'6
#( cf}ifw lgdf{0f ljlw &) sIfk'6
$) cf}ifw k|s[of &! sIfk'6
$! cf}ifwgfd ;+u|x &@ sfs r08]Zj/L dtd\
$@ cf}ifw efu gfd ;+u|x &# sfs r08]Zj/L
$# cf}ifw efu gfd ;+u|x &$ sfs r08]Zj/L dtd\
$$ cf}ifw ;+u|x &% sfs r08]Zj/L dtd\
$% cf}ifw ;+u|x sflz/fh lg3+6' &^ sfs r08]Zj/L dtd\
$^ cf}ifw ;+u|x && sfdw]g'
$& cf}ifw ;+u|x &* sflzgfy k4lt
$* cf}ifwflb tGqd\ &( sfZok ;+lxtf
$( cf}iflw k|of]u *) sfZok ;+lxtf
%) sgf lrGtfdl0f *! sfZok ;+lxtf e"ldsf
%! sNkgf rt''is -r/s ;+lxtf_ *@ sf]s d~h/L
%@ sNkntf *# sf]ifsf}d'bL
%# sNkfjnL *$ sf}t's lrGtfdl0f
%$ sIfk'6d\ *% sf}t's lrGtfdl0f
%% sIfk'6 *^ sf}t's lrGtfdl0f
%^ sIfk'6 *& sf}t's lrGtfdl0f
%& sIfk'6 ** sf}t's lg?k0fd\
%* sIfk'6 *( If]ds't"xnd\
%( sIfk'6 () If]ds't"xnd\
^) sIfk'6 (! If]ds't"xnd\
^! sIfk'6 (@ If]ds't"xnd\
^@ sIfk'6 (# ubfd[td\
^# sIfk'6 ($ u?8 ;+lxtf ;f/ ;+u|x
^$ sIfk'6 (% 3/fo;L j}B -ufx{:y j}B_
^% sIfk'6 cfZro{ of]udfnf (^ uf]/If ;+lxtf
^^ sIfk'6 (& rdTsf/ lrGtdl0f

46
(* r/s ;+lxtf !@( 6f]8/fgGg j}Bsd\
(( r/s ;+lxtf !#) 6f]8/fgGg j}Bsd\
!)) r/0fJo"x kl/lzi6 !#! 6f]8/fgGg j}Bsd\
!)! rf? rkf{ !#@ tGq;f/ sf]if
!)@ lrlsT;f !## tGq;f/
!)# lrlsT;f slnsf !#$ tflGqs
!)$ lrlst;f lrGtfdl0f dfnf !#% tfDa'n sNk
!)% lrlsT;fd[td\ !#^ tfDa'n zf]wg ljlw
!)^ lrlsT;fd[td\ !#& tfDa'n zf]wg ljlw
!)& lrlsT;fd[td\ !#* 6'gf d'gf j}B
!)* ;+u|x lrlsT;f !#( t}n lgdf{0f ljlw
!)( lrlsT;f ;f/ !$) emf/km's]
!!) lrlsT;f ;f/ !$! ;qbf]if zgdgL
!!! lrlsT;f ;f/ !$@ lqzlt
!!@ lrlsT;f ;f/ !$# lqzlt 6Lsf
!!# Hof]ltidtL /;fogd\ !$$ bzsNk
!!$ lhXjf zf]wg ljlw !$% b|Jou'0f ztsd\
!!% lhXjfzf]wg dGq !$^ b|Jo gfd u'0f sygd\
!!^ lhXjfzf]wg dGq !$& b|Jo lg0f{o lg306'
!!& Hj/ tk{0f !$* wg~ho lg306'
!!* Hj/ltld/ efis/ !$( wg~ho lg306'
!!( Hj/ltld/ efis/ !%) wg~ho lg306'
!@) Hj/ltld/ efis/ !%! wg~ho lg306'
!@! Hj/ lg0f{o !%@ wgjGt/L lg306'
!@@ Hj/ lg0f{o !%# gfufh'{ggf]kfVofgd\
!@# Hj/ lg0f{o ljj/0fd\ !%$ gf8L hLjgd\
!@$ Hj/ ;d"Rro !%% gf8L k/LIff
!@% Hj/fg';Gwfgd\ !%^ gf8L k/LIff
!@^ Hj/f]TklQ !%& gf8L k/LIff
!@& Hj/f/f]ux/ sNk !%* gf8L k/LIff
!@* emf/km's] !%( gf8L k/LIff

47
!^) gf8L k/LIff !(! kfsfjln
!^! gf8L k/LIff !(@ kfsfjln
!^@ gf8L k/LIff !(# lkQ Zn]Zd lgbfgd\
!^# gf8L k/LIff !($ k'?iff]Qd bQ j}Bsd\
!^$ gf8L k/LIff !(% k'?iff]Qd j}bsd\
!^% gfgfu|Gy ;d'Rro !(^ k]olb lgdf{0f ljlw
!^^ gfgf}ifsNk !(& k|;tfj /tgfs/
!^& lg306' !(* jfnaf]w -j}B;f/ lrlsT;f_
!^* lg306' !(( jfnlrlsT;fd[td\
!^( lg306' @)) efj k|sfz
!&) lg306' @)! efj k|sfz
!&! lg306' bk{0ffd\ @)@ efj k|sfz
!&@ lg306' bk{0f @)# efj k|sfz
!&# lg306' zfslbju{ @)$ efj k|sfz
!&$ lg306' @)% efj k|sfz
!&% lg306' ;f/ @)^ eLd;]g ljgf]b
!&^ lgbfgd\ -cfo'j]{b_ @)& eLd;]g ljgf]b
!&& gLns07w/ j}Bsd\ @)* eLd;]g ljgf]b
!&* g[l;+x gf/fo0f t}n ljlw @)( eLd;]g ljgf]b
!&( kYofkYo ljlw @!) e]ifhfjnf]s
!*) kYofkYo ljlw @!! e}ifHo gfddfnf
!*! e]ifhfjnf]s @!@ dbgkfn lg306'
!*@ kYofkYo ljjf]ws @!# dbgkfn lg306'
!*# kYokfYo ;+u|x @!$ dbgkfn lg306'
!*$ kfs ljlw @!% dbg ljgf]b lg306'-sfzL/fh lg306'_
!*% kfs ljlw @!^ dfwj lgbfg -dw'sf]if JofVof_
!*^ kfs zf:qd\ @!& dw'sf]if JofVof
!*& kfs zf:qd\ @!* dNxd lgdf{0f ljlw
!** kfsfjln @!( dfwj slnË kl/efiff
!*( kfsfjln @@! dbg ljgf]b lg306' -sfzL/fh lg306'_
!() kfsfjln @@@ dbgljgf]b lg306'

48
@@# dbgljgf]b lg306' @%$ of]u;f/
@@$ dbgljgf]b lg306' @%% of]u ;'wf
@@% dbgljgf]b lg306' @%^ of]u;'wf lglw
@@^ dbgljgf]b @%& /Tglu/Lgfd j}Bzf:qd\
@@& lrlsT;f ;f/ -dfwj lgbfg_ @%* /;sNk
@@* dfwj lgbfg @%( /;sNkb|'d
@@( dfwj lgbfgd\ @^) /;lrGtfdl0f
@#) dfwj lgbfg @^! /;bk{0f
@#! dfwj lgbfg @^@ /;k4lt
@#@ dfwj lgbfgd\ @^# /;d~h/L
@## dfwj lgbfg @^$ /;d~h/L
@#$ dfwj lgbfg JofVof @^% /;d~h/L
@#% dfwj lgbfg JofVof @^^ /;d~h/L
@#^ dfwj lgbfg JofVof @^& /;/Tgd\
@#& df}lQms zf]wg ljlw @^* /;/Tg k|bLk
@#* oIf0fL sNk @^( /;/Tg k|bLk
@#( o'Qmfo'Qm ljrf/ @&) /;/Tg k|bLk
@$) of]u rlGb|sf @&! /;/Tg k|bLk
@$! of]ut/lË0fL @&@ /;/Tgd\
@$@ of]ut/lË0fL @&# /;/Tg k|bLk
@$# of]ut/lË0fL @&$ /;/Tg
@$$ of]udfnf @&% /;/Tgfs/
@$% of]u/Tg ;+u|x @&^ /;/Tgfs/
@$^ of]u/Tg ;+u|x @&& /;/Tgfs/
@$& of]u/TgfjnL @&* /;/Tgfs/
@$* of]uztsd\ @&( /;/Tgfs/
@$( of]uztsd\ @*) /;/Tgfs/
@%) of]uztsd\ @*! /;/Tgfs/
@%! of]uztsd\ @*@ /;/Tgfs/
@%@ of]uzt ;"qd\ @*# /;/Tgfs/
@%# of]u ;+u|x @*$ /;j0f{

49
@*% /; zf]wgd\ #!^ n]xlrGtfdl0f
@*^ /;;+lxtf #!& jË;]g
@*& /;;f/ #!* jË;]g
@** /;;f/ #!( jË;]g
@*( /;;f/ #@) jË;]g
@() /;;f/ #@! jfue§
@(! /; l;4 k|sfz #@@ jfUe§Lo lrlsT;f
@(@ /; :jR5Gb #@# ljZjgfy k|sfz
@(# /; x[bo #@$ jf/fRrg sf}d'bL
@($ /;fogflwsf/ lrlsT;f zf:q #@% jL/ l;+xfjnf]s
@(% /;fogfg'kfg ljlw #@^ jL/ l;+xfjnf]s
@(^ /;fog /;]Zj/fwg ljlw #@& jL/ l;+xfjnf]s
@(& /;fog /;]Zj/fwg ljlw #@* jL/ l;+xfjnf]s
@(* /;]Gb| lrGtfdl0f #@( jL/ l;+xfjnf]s
@(( /;]Gb| lrGtfdl0f ##) jL/ l;+xfjnf]s
#)) /fd ljgf]b ##! j}Bsd\
#)! ?lUjlgZro ##@ j}Bsd\
#)@ ?lUjlgZro ### j}Bsd\
#)# ?lUjlgZro ##$ j}Bsd\
#)$ ?lUjlgZro ##% j}Bsd\
#)% ?lUjlgZro ##^ j}Bsd\
#)^ ?lUjlgZro ##& j}Bsd\
#)& nÍfjtf/ ##* j}Bsd\
#)* n3'r/s ;+lxtf ##( j}Bsd\
#)( n3' lrlsT;f lrGtfdl0f #$) j}Bsd\
#!) n3' lrlsT;f #$! j}Bsd\
#!! n3' lrlsT;f #$@ j}Bsd\
#!@ n3' lrlsT;f #$# j}Bsd\
#!# n3'klqsf #$$ j}Bsd\
#!$ n]x lrGtfdl0f #$% j}Bsd\
#!% n]x lrGtfdl0f #$^ j}Bsd\

50
#$& j}Bsd\ #&* j}Bsd\
#$* j}Bsd\ #&( j}Bsd\ -efiff_
#$( j}Bsd\ #*) j}Bsd\ -j}bfË_ -lxGbL g]kfnL efiff_
#%) j}Bsd\ #*! j}Bsd\
#%! j}Bsd\ #*@ j}Bsd\
#%@ j}Bsd\ #*# j}Bsd\
#%# j}Bsd\ #*$ j}Bsd\
#%$ j}Bsd\ #*% j}Bsd\
#%% j}Bsd\ #*^ j}Bsd\
#%^ j}Bsd\ #*& j}Bsd\
#%& j}Bsd\ #** j}Bsd\
#%* j}Bsd\ #*( j}Bsd\
#%( j}Bsd\ #() -j}Bdgf]T;j_j}Bs ;+u|x
#^) j}Bsd\ #(! j}Bs ;+u|x
#^! j}Bsd\ #(@ j}Bs ;+u|x
#^@ j}Bsd\ #(# j}Bs ;+u|x
#^# j}Bsd\ #($ j}Bs ;+u|x
#^$ j}Bsd\ #(% j}Bs ;+u|x
#^% j}Bsd\ #(^ j}Bzf:q ;+u|x
#^^ j}Bsd\ #(& j}Bs ;+u|x
#^& j}Bsd\ #(* j}Bs ;+u|x
#^* j}Bsd\ #(( j}Bs ;+u|x
#^( j}Bsd\ $)) j}Bs ;+u|x
#&) j}Bsd\ $)! j}Bs ;+u|x
#&! j}Bs -dfwjlgbfg_ $)@ j}Bs ;+u|x
#&@ j}Bs -dfwjlgbfgd\_ $)# j}Bs ;+u|x
#&# j}Bsd\ -dfwjlgbfgd\_ $)$ j}Bs ;+u|x
#&$ j}Bsd\ -dfwjlgbfgd\_ $)% j}Bs ;+u|x
#&% j}Bsd\ -lg306'_ $)^ j}Bs ;+u|x
#&^ j}Bsd\ $)& j}Bs ;+u|x
#&& j}Bsd\ $)* j}Bs ;+u|x

51
$)( j}Bs ;+u|x $$) j}Bs ;+u|x
$!! j}Bs ;+u|x $$! j}B/Tgf]Bf]t
$!@ j}Bs ;+u|x $$@ j}B/GtBf]t
$!# j}Bs ;+u|x $$# j}B/x:od\
$!$ j}bfË ;f/ $$$ j}B/x:od\
$!% j}Bs;f/ $$% j}B/x:od\
$!^ j}Bs;f/ $$^ j}BjNe
$!& j}Bs;f/ ;+u|x $$& j}Bljgf]b
$!* j}B rGb|f]bo $$* j}Bljgf]b
$!( j}B rGb|f]bo $$( j}Bljgf]b
$@) j}B rGb|f]bo $%) j}Bd[td\
$@! j}B rGb|f]bo $%! Jof; olIf0fL ;+jfb
$@@ j}B rGb|f]bo $%@ ztZnf]sL
$@# j}B hLjg $%# ztZnf]sL JofVof
$@$ j}B hLjgd\ $%$ z/L/ lgjGw ;+u|x
$@% j}B hLjgd\ $%% z/L/ lgjGw ;+u|x
$@^ j}B hLjg $%^ zf/Ëw/ ;+lxtf
$@& j}B hLjg $%& zf/Ëw/ ;+lxtf
$@* j}B hLjgd\ $%* zf/Ëw/ ;+lxtf
$@* j}B hLjgd\ $%( zf/Ëw/ ;+lxtf
$@( j}B hLjgd\ $^) zf/Ëw/ ;+lxtf
$#) j}BhLjg 6Lsf $^! zf/Ëw/ ;+lxtf
$#! j}BhLjg 6Lsf $^@ zf/Ëw/ ;+lxtf
$#@ j}BhLjg 6Lsf $^# zf/Ëw/ ;+lxtf
$## j}B hLjg JofVof $^$ lz/f]/f]u lrlsT;f
$#$ j}B Hof]ltif of]u ;+u|x $^% ;lGgkft rlGb|sf
$#% j}B dgf]T;j $^^ ;j{;+u|x lrlsT;f
$#^ j}B dgf]T;j $^& ;fTDo bk{0fd\
$#& j}B dgf]T;lj $^* ;fTDo bk{0fd\
$#* j}B dgf]T;j $^( l;4 dGq k|sfz
$#( j}Bdfwj $&) l;l4/; k|aGw

52
$&! ;'j0f{ ;f/ !% lrlsT;f
$&@ ;'j0f{ ;f/ !^ lrlsT;f -g]=ef=_
$&@ j}B/Tg efiff !& lrlsT;f -g]=ef=_
$&# ;'>'t ;+lxtf !* Hj/ lrlsT;f
$&$ x/d]vnf !( Hj/ ;d'Rro
$&% x/d]vnf @) Hj/ ;d'Rro
$&^ x/d]vnf @! lbJof}iflw gfddfnf
$&& x/d]vnf @@ lbJof}iflw gfddfnf
$&* x/d]vnf @# b|Jou'0f lg?k0fd\
$&( x/d]vnf @$ wg~ho lg306'
$*) x/d]vnf 6Lsf @% gf8L nIf0fd\
$*! xl/tfn zf]wg ljlw @^ kfs ljlw
$*@ xl/tfn zf]wg ljlw @& kfs ljlw
$*# xl/tfn ;+lxtf @* kfs lg306'
@( e]ifh gfddfnf
#) e]ifh gfddfnf
cfo'j]{b tf8 kq #! e]ifh gfddfnf
! ci6fË x[bo -tf=k_ #@ e]ifh gfddfnf
@ ci6fË x[bo ;+lxtf ## dbg ljgf]b lg306'
# cfo{den sf]if #$ dw'sf]if JofVof
$ cfo'j]{b -lx=ef_ #% dfwj lgbfgd\
% cf}ifw #^ of]u/Tg ;d'Rro
^ s:olrlGgbfg:o 6Lsf #& of]u/Tg ;+u|x -k+lhsf ;lxt_
& sfZok ;+lxtf #* of]u ztsd\
* u?8 ;+lxtf ;f/ ;+lxtf #( of]u ztsd\
( rqbQ ;+u|x $) of]uztsd\ 6Lsf
!) rqmbQ j}Bs $! of]u;f/
!! rqmbQ j}Bs ;+u|x $@ of]u;f/
!@ rqmbQ ;+u|x $# of]ufjnL
!# r/s ;+lxtf $$ of]ufjnL
!$ lrlsT;f $% /;/Tgfsf/

53
$^ /;fjif{ && ;'>'tf ;+lxtf
$& ?lUjlgZro &* ;'>'tf ;+lxtf
$* ?lUjlgZro &( ;'>'y ;+lxtf-kmf]6f]slk dfq ;+u|lxt ul/Psf]_
$( n3'lrlsT;f lrGtfdl0f *) x/d]vnf
%) nÍfjtf/ *! x/d]vnf
%! nÍfjtf/ *@ x/d]vnf
%@ n]x ;d'Rro *# x/d]vnf
%# agf}iflw *$ x/d]vnf
%$ jfxg ;f/ *% x/d]vnf
%% ljZjgfy k|sfz *^ j}bzf:q ;DalGw
%^ j}Bs -;lGgkftsfnflb_
%& j}Bsd -g]=ef=_ cfo'j]{b ifi7d nut
%* j}Bsd -g]=ef=_
! chL0f{ d~h/L -If]d s't'xnd\_
%( j}Bsd -g]=ef=_
^) j}Bsnd\n ;+=k+=#($,lj=;+=^)-s_,kq !! @ clt;f/
^! j}Bsd\ # g'kfg d~h/L
^@ j}Bsd\ $ cd[t d~h/L -g]kfnL efiff_
^# j}Bsd\ -g]kfnL efiff_ % cfo'j]{b lgbfg lrlsT;f
^$ j}Bsd\ -g]=ef=_
^ cfo'j]{bsf km'6s/ kq
^% j}Bsd\ -d"nsf]if_
& chdf]bfsf] j0f{g -g]kfnL efiff_
^^ j}Bsd\ -k|sL0f{ kqfl0f_
^& j}Bsd\ * cl3sdf;sf] j0f{g
^* j}Bsd\ ( chdf]bfsf] j0f{g
^( j}Bsd\ !) cdnfsf] j0f{g
&) ;f/ ;+u|x !! cZjuGwfsf] j0f{g
&! ;f/ ;+u|x
!@ cul:tsf] j0f{g
&@ ;f/f]Q/ lg306'
!# chokfnsf] j0f{g
&# l;4;f/ lg306'
&$ l;4;f/;+lxtf !$ cn}lrsf] j0f{g
&% l;4;f/ ;+lxtf !% cltjfnsf] j0f{g
&^ l;4;f/ ;+lxtf !^ cu?sf] j0f{g

54
!& cQ/ u'fjsf] j0f{g $& s[lifdf a'l4sf] rdTsf/
!* cd/ j]nsf] j0f{g $* vdf/Lsf] j0f{g
!( cfsfzsf] zo/ $( v'/f;flg ojflgsf] j0f{g
@) cdnfsf] dfxfTDo %) u'Uu'n'sf] j0f{g
@! c;'/fsf] j0f{g %! u'hf]{sf] j0f{g
@@ ckfdfu{sf] j0f{g %@ uf]/vd'l08sf] j0f{g
@# cDnj]tsf] j0f{g %# rGb|z'/sf] j0f{g
@$ cfn'sf] j0f{g %$ lrt'sf] j0f{g
@% cfo'j]+{bsf] ljifosf h/La'6L gfdfjnL %% lrqsNkd\
@^ cfo'j]{b ;j{/f]u ljifos gf/L 1fg+ Pj{ ljljw %^ lrpnLsf] j0f{g
ljifo k':tsd\ %& 5'ltjgsf]
@& cfFksf] j0f{g %* h'lxsf] j0f{g
@* cfFssf] j0f{g %( h]7Ldw'
@( pi0ftfsf] j0f{g ^) 6;/ /]zsf] j0f{g
#) P/08-c0f]/_sf] j0f{g ^! 6'gLsf] j0f{g
#! P]em]?sf] j0f{g ^@ 7"nf] ;'ksf] j0f{g
#@ cf]nsf] j0f{g ^# tfn dvfgsf] j0f{g
## cf}iflwsf] k|of]u ^$ tf8sf] j0f{g
#$ sj]sf] j0f{g ^% lttf] nf}sfsf] j0f{g
#% sbdsf] j0f{g ^^ t'n;Lsf] j0f{g
#^ sk"/sf] j0f{g ^& bfjL{sf] j0f{g
#& sfp5f]sf] j0f{g ^* b'Uw /Iff uf9f ug]{ pkfo
#* sfsf]nLsf] j0f{g ^( b|f]0f k'iksf] j0f{g
#( sfF;sf] j0f{g &) wt'/f]sf j0f{g
$) sfs r'Rr]sf] j0f{g &! gl/jnsf] j0f{g
$! sf7] Hofld/sf] j0f{g &@ gj u|xsf] j0f{g
$@ s'zsf] j0f{g &# gfusf] s]z/sf] j0f{g
$# s]/fsf] j0f{g &$ gfujfnfsf] j0f{g
$$ s}ysf] j0f{g &% lgnsf] j0f{g
$% sf]O/fnfsf] j0f{g &^ bfnlrgLsf] j0f{g
$^ s+6sf/Lsf] j0f{g && b]zL /+u

55
&* k/a/sf] j0f{g !)( dl~hi7fsf] j0f{g
&( knfzsf] j0f{g !!) /QmrGbgsf] j0f{g
*) kf7fsf] j0f{g !!! /f:gfsf] j0f{g
*! kfgsf] j0f{g !!@ ?v s6x/sf] j0f{g
*@ lkknsf] j0f{g !!# b]jf lrgLsf] j0f{g
*# lkknfsf] j0f{g !!$ nj+usf] j0f{g
*$ k'is/d"nsf] j0f{g !!% nId0ffsf] j0f{g
*% k[YjLsf] b}lgs ult / slgs rdTsf/ !!^ nf]ysf] j0f{g
*^ k[lZgsf] j0f{g !!& afklrsf] j0f{g
*& k]i6nf]hLsf] j0f{g !!* lj1fgsf] rdTsf/
** km;nsf] zq' !!( ztfj/L
*( j/fxL sGbsf] j0f{g !@) z+vk'IkLsf] j0f{g
() jn'sf] j0f{g !@! zfnLk0fL{sf] j0f{g
(! ljh'nLsf] r"nf] !@@ >fj0fL tyf pkfsd{ ljlw
(@ ljbf/L sGbsf] j0f{g !@# >Lv08sf] j0f{g
(# ljwf/fsf] j0f{g !@$ Zj]tjfrfsf] j0f{g
($ ljld/fsf] j0f{g !@% ;Nnf]sf] j0f{g
(% j]nsf] j0f{g !@^ l;dnsf] j0f{g
(^ j]nLsf] j0f{g !@& ;j{>]i7 agfpg] lzIff xf]
(& af]emf]sf] j0f{g !@* l;jflnsf] j0f{g
(* j+znf]rgsf] j0f{g !@( l;pFl8sf] j0f{g
(( aGWofssf]{bsLsf] j0f{g !#) ;gsf] j0f{g
!)) ef/+uLsf] j0f{g !#! ;'vd]nsf] j0f{g
!)! dxflgjsf] j0f{Gf !#@ ;'3lGwt t]n
!)@ dfnsfu'g'sf] j0f{g !## ;"o{d"lvsf] j0f{g
!)# dxfjnfsf] j0f{g !#$ ;]tf] ck/flhtfsf] j0f{g
!)$ d'b\uk0fL{sf] j0f{g !#% ;]tf] k'gg{gjfsf] j0f{g
!)% d"nfs]f j0f{g !#^ ;f}jr{nsf] j0f{g
!)^ dxf ztfj/Lsf] j0f{g !#& :jb]zL /Ë yfg#
!)& df]r/;sf] j0f{g !#* :yn sndsf] j0f{g
!)* df}n;/Lsf] j0f{g !#( x/f]{sf] j0f{g

56
!$) xf8] j]/sf] j0f{g !&! /;bk{0f
!$! lxÍsf] j0f{g !&@ jË;]g -j}Bsd\_
!$@ x+;bLksf] j0f{g !&# jË;]g -kl~hsf ;lxt_
!$# 3[ts'df/Lsf] j0f{g !&$ ljZgfy k|sfz
!$$ pkjg ljgf]b !&% j}BhLjg 6Lsf
!$% cf}iflw ljifo-cfo'j]{b_ !&^ ljZj k|sfz
!$^ k'ik;f/ -pkjg ljgf]b_ !&& j}BhLjgd\
!$& r/s ;+lxtf zf/L/ :yfg !&* j}B;DalGw kqd\
!$* gfgfj}B ef/km's dGq -lrq ;lxt_ !&( ztZnf]sL JofVof
!$( ;g306' bk{0fd\ !*) kYofkYo
!%) lgbfgf]Qm kl/qmdfg';f/L lrlsT;f k|of]u !*! ztZnf]sL JofVof -/Tgkl/Iff_
!%! kWofkYosf] k':ts !*@ zfË{w/ ;+lxtf -;Dk"0f{ dWodv08_
!%@ kfsfjfnL efiff !*# zfË{w/ ;+lxtf -JofVof ;lxt_
!%# kfsfjnL !*$ zfË{w/ ;+lxtf -bLlksf JofVof_
!%$ afnaf]w /;fog !*% ;fTdbk{0fd\
!%% efjk|sfz -cfo'j]{b_
!%^ efjk|sfz
!%& efjk|sfz cfo'j]{b / kl/lzi6 -s_
!%* efjk|sfz ! cfo'j]{b k':tsd\
!%( eLd ljgf]b @ cfo'j]{b k':tsd\
!^) e[Ë/fh sNk -OGb|hfn_ # cfo'j]{b k':tsd\
!^! of]utl/lË0fL $ cfo'j]{b k':tsd\
!^@ dfwj lgbfgd\ % sfdw]g' /;hf/0f ljlw
!^# dfwj lgbfgd\ ^ lrlsT;f zf:qd\
!^$ dfwjlgbfg 6Lsf & wgjGtl/ lg306'
!^% dfwj lgbfgd\ * gf8L nIf0fd
!^^ dfwj lgbfgd\ -cftÍ bk{0f JofVof ;lxtd\_ ( lgbfgf]lQm kl/qmdM1
!^& >L dfwj lgwfgd\ !) efjr'8f dl0fl/o+
!^* /;;f/ !! dfwj lgbfg 6Lsf
!^( /;;fu/d\ !@ dfwj lgbfg -g]kfnL efiff_
!&) /;d~h/L !# /;/fhf/0f ljlw -/; bk{0f_

57
!$ /;k|bLk -lxGbL efiff_ uhfo'{j]b
!% /; /Tgfs/
! s/l6sf}t'sd
!^ /;;f/
@ uhk|;+;f
!& /;;f/
# uh k|;+;f
!* j+un ;]g
$ uhxf]q
!( j}bfË
% uhfo'j]{b -uhf lrlst;f_
@) j}bfË
^ uhfo'j]{b -kfnsfJo_ g]kfnL efiff
@! j}bfË k':tsd\
& uhfo'j]{b
@@ j}bfË ;+u|x
* uhfo'j]{b -kfnsfJo_
@# j}Bzf:qd\ d+un t}n ;+u|x g]jf/L efiff
( uhfo'j]{b kfnsfJod\
@$ zfË{w/ k4lt
!) kfnsfJo -uhfo'j]{b_
@% zfË{w/ k4lt
!! kfnsfJo -uhfo'j]{b_
@^ l;4gfufh'{g sIfk'6
!@ uh k|z+;f -ifi7d\ kl/lzi6af6_
@& x/d]vnf 6Lsf
@* zflnxf]q ;f/ ;+u|x
Zo]gfo'j]{b
cfo'j]{b 5of;ld;af6 -ljljw_ ! s'df/ ljgf]b
@( jfUe§ @ jfh -Zo]g_
#) lg306' # jfh nIf0fd\
#! jfn/f]u ;ddg ljlw g]kfnL efiff $ aflh zfln xf]qd\
#@ zflnxf]q g]jf/L tyf g]kfnL efiffdf % aflh zflnxf]qd\
## ;fwf/0f rNtLsf] cf}ifwL g]kfnL efiff ^ jfh zflnxf]qd\
#$ lrlsT;f ;f/ -If]ds't'xn_
& afh zfln xf]qd\
#% sDk k/LIff
#^ sf}t's lrGtfdl0f
#& kfsfjln cZjfo'j]{b
#* cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f sfn 1fg ljljw ifi7d\
#( k'ik lrGtfdl0f ljljw ifi7d\ nutaf6 ! cZjlrlsT;f
$) j}b hLjg -ljljw ifi7d\ nutaf6 @ cZjlrlsT;f
$! zflnxf]q -ljljw_ ifi7d\ nutaf6 # cZjlrlsT;f
$@ cfo'j]{b k':tsd ljljw ifi7d\ nutaf6 $ cZjbk{0f
$# j}bfË j'6L k|s/0f ljljw ifi7d\ nutaf6 g]kfnL efiff
% cZjbf]if lg?k0fd\
$$ :jo+ j}B ljljw ifi7d\ nutaf6 g]kfnL efiff

58
^ cZj g]q k/LIff #( of]ud~h/L
& cZj k/LIf0fd\ $) jfxg ;f/
* cZj nIf0f+ xl:tnIf0ff+r ;leqd\ $! jfxg ;f/
( cZj nIf0f+ ;lrqd\ $@ jflh /x:od\
!) cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ $# jflh /x:od\
$$ jflh /x:od\
!! cZj j}Bs zf:qd\
$% jflh /x:od\
!@ cZj j}Bs zf:qd\
$^ jflh /x:o k|sfz
!# cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ $& zflnxf]qd\
!$ cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ $* zflnxf]qd\
!% cZj j}Bsd\ $( zflnxf]qd\
!^ cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %) zflnxf]qd\
!& cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %! zflnxf]qd\
!* cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %@ zflnxf]qd\
!( cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %# zflnxf]q efiff
@) cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %$ zflnxf]qd\ g]kfnL efiff
@! cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %% zflnxf]qd\ g]jf/L efiff
@@ cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %^ zflnxf]qd\ g]kfnL efiff
@# cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %& zflnxf]qd\ -;+lxtf_
@$ cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %* zflnxf]q ;f/ ;+u|x
@% cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ %( zflnxf]q
@^ cZj j}Bs zf:qd\ ^) l;4of]u ;+u|x
@& cZjfo'j]{b -l;4of]u ;+u|x gfd cZjzf:q_
@* gs'n lrlsT;f cGoaf6 cZjfo'j]{b
@( gs'n lrlsT;fd\
#) gs'n lrlsT;fd\ ! cZjj}Bsd
#! gs'n lrlsT;fd\ @ zflnxf]qd\
#@ gs'n lrlsT;fd\ # zflnxf]q ;f/ ;+u|x
## gs'n lrlsT;fd\ $ zflnxf]q ;f/ ;+u|x ifi7d kl/lzi7af6
#$ cZjzf:qd\ -gfgfu|Gy ;d'Rro_
#% cZjzf:qd\ -gfgfu|Gy ;d'Rro_
#^ cZjzf:qd\ -gfgfu|Gy ;d'Rro_
#& cZjzf:qd\ -gfgfu|Gy ;d'Rro_
#* cZjzf:qd\ -gfgfu|Gy ;d'Rro_

59
 Appendix: 12

An example of treasure of Medicinal & 17. Ankhataruwa Heynea trijuga

Aromatic Plants: reported in Gorkha 18. Apamarga Achyranthes aspera
District in 1996
19. Asuro Justicia adhatoda
20. Aryili Edgeworthia gardeneri
21. Aryuili Edgeworthia gardeneri
Nepali Name Scientific Name
22. Ashuk Hippophae salicifolia
1. Aamla Phyllanthus emblica
23. Ashuk Hippophae tibetana
2. Aduwa Zingiber officinale 24. Asuro Justicia adhatoda
3. Alainchi Amomum subulatum 25. Aswagandha Withania somnifera
4. Alas Linum usitatissimum 26. Atibala Abutilon indicum
5. Alichi Amomum subulatum 27. Atis Aconitum heterophyllum
6. Allo Griardania diversifolia 28. Babari phool Ocimum basilicum
7. Amalbed Rheum moorcroftianum 29. Bael Aegle marmelos
8. Amaltas Cassia fistula 30. Bajradanti Potentilla fulgens
9. Ambashtha Cissampelos pareira 31. Bala Sida cordifolia
10. Amilche Hippophae salicifolia 32. Ban lunde Amaranthus spinosus
11. Amilche Hippophae tibetana 33. Bansiochan Bambusa arundinaceae
12. Amp Mangifera indica 34. Barahijand Tacca aspera
13. Anantamul Hemidesmus indicus 35. Barhamasay
14. Anar Punica granatum Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
phool
15. Ander Ricinus communis 36. Barro Terminalia bellirica
16. Ankh Calotropis gigantea 37. Bathndu Cissampelos pareira
38. Bayer Zizyphusmauritiana
39. Bayubidanga Embelia ribes
 Field Research Report by Prof. L.M. Singh, Dr.
R.R.Koirala and Team in 1995

60
40. Bel Aegle marmelos 76. Dhaturo Datura metel
41. Belyattra Butea monosperma 77. Dhupi Juniperus communis
42. Bhirung pati Vitis vinifera 78. Dhupi Juniperus indica
43.Bhumi amiaki Phyllanthus niuri 79. Dhupi Juniperus recurva
44. Bhutle Nardostachys grandiflora 80. Dhupi Rhododendron arboreum
45. Bhyakur Dioscorea deltoidea 81. Digitalis Digitalis purpurea
46. Bidarikand Ipomoea paniculata 82. Dudal Taraxacum officinale
47. Bijayasal Pterocarpus marsupium 83. Eklebir Lobelia pyramidalis
48. Bikh Aconitum spicatum 84. Gaikhure jahr Tribulus terrestris
49. Bikh Aconitum ferox 85. Gaitihare Inula cappa
50. Bikhama Aconitum bisma 86. Galainchi Plumeria rubra
51. Bikhma Aconitum bisma 87. Gamari Gmelina arborea
52. Bisfej Polypodium vulgare 88. Gamdol Orchis spp.
53. Bojho Acorus calamus 89. Gedi Elaeocarpus sphaericus
54. Botulpate Cissampelos pareira 90. Ghans Equisetum debile
55. Bringraj Eclipta prostrata 91. Ghante jahr Leucas cephalotes
56.Buchhe chyau Morchella esculenta 92. Ghiukumari Aloevera
57. Chabo Piper chaba 93. Ghodtapre Centella asiatica
58. Chandmaruwa Rauvolfia serpentina 94. Ghortapray Centella asiatica
59. Chhatiwan Alstonia scholaris 95. Ghuchi chau Morchella esculenta
60. Chiraito Swertia chirayita 96. Ghyekumari Aloe vera
61. Chitu Plumbago zeylanica 97. Gokukdhup Commiphora mukul
62. Chulthi amilo Rheum australe 98. Guggulu Commiphora mukul
63. Chutro Berberis aristata 99. Gune mauro Dioscorea deltoidea
64. Chutro Berberis asiatica 100. Gurjo Tinosporasinensis
65. Chyau Withania somnifera 101. Hakulal Symplocos paniculata
66. Citronella Cymbopogon winterianus 102. Haldi Curcumadomestica
67. Dahiri Woodfordia fruticosa 103. Halhale sag Rumex crispus
68. Dalchini Cinnamomum zeylanicum 104. Harro Terminalia chebula
69. Dalchini 105. Hattibar Agave sp.
Cinnamomum tamala
(bark) 106. Himalcheri Antidesma bunius
70. Daruharidra Berberis asiatica 107. Hinguwa Camellia kissi
71. Dhainyaro Woodfordia fruticosa 108. Imali Tamarindus indica
72. Dhangre salla Taxus wallichiana 109. Indrajau
Holarrhena pubescens
73. Dhaniya Coriandrum sativum (seed)
74. Dhasingaray Gaultheria fragrantissima 110. Indrayani Trichosanthes palmata
75. Dhaturo Datura stramonium 111. Indryani Citrullus colocynthis

61
112. Isabgol Plantago major 147. Karu Gentiana kurroa
113. Jai patri Myristica fragrans 148. Karu Aesculus indica
114. Jamuno Szygium cumini 149. Kasandi Cassia occidentalis
115. Jangali 150. Katchoor Curcuma zeodoaria
Solanum nigrum
biheen 151. Kauso Mucuna prurita
116. Japa puspi Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 152. Kera Musa paradisica
117. Jara Dryopteris filix-mas 153. Keshar Croccus sativus
118. Jatamansi Nardostachys grandiflora 154. Khadir Acacia catechu
119. Jhyau Lichen ssp. 155. Khair Acacia catechu
120. Jhyau Permellia spp. 156. Khamari Gmelina arborea
Desmotrichum 157. Khas khas Vetiveria zizanioides
121. Jiwanti
fimbriatum 158. Khayer Acacia catechu
122. Kachur Curcuma zeodoaria 159. Khurpu Hippophae salicifolia
123. Kachur Hedychium spicatum 160. Khurpu Hippophae tibetana
124. Kafal Myrica esculenta 161. Khursani Capsicum annuum
125. Kakati path Daphne papyracea 162. Kormalito Hippophae salicifolia
126. Kala sirish Albizzia lebbec 163. Kormalito Hippophae tibetana
127. Kali dhaturo Datura metel 164. Kuchia Strychnos nux-vomica
128. Kali nyuro Tectaria macrodonta 165. Kuchila Strychnos nux-vomica
129. Kali sarson Brassica campestris 166. Kukur tarul Dioscorea deltoidea
130. Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata 167. Kukur tarul Dioscorea bulbifera
131. Kalo Datura metel 168. Kurilo Aspargus racemosus
132. Kamala Mallotus philipinensis 169. Kurkure Equisetum debile
133. Kamel Mallotus philipinensis 170. Kutaja) Holarrhena pubescens
134. Kamila Mallotus philipinensis Picrorhiza
135. Kampillak Mallotus philipinensis 171. Kutaki
scrophulariiflora
136. Kanghi Abutilon indicum 172.
137. Kanike kuro Cynoglossum zeilanicum Picrorhiza
173. Kutki
138. Kante baans Bambusa arundinaceae scrophulariiflora
139. Kanthakari Solanum xanthocarpum 174. Laghu patra Podophyllum hexandrum
140. Kanukpa Evodia fraxinifolia 175. Lahare jhyau Lycopodium clavatum
141. Kaphal Myrica esculenta 176. Laharejai Jasminum officinale
142. Kapur Cinnamomum camphora 177. Lapsi Choerospondis axillaris
143. Kapur 178. Lauth salla Taxus wallichiana
Hedychium spicatum
kachari 179. Lodh Symplocos racemosus
144. Karanji Pongamia pinnata 180. Lokta Daphne papyracea
145. Karingi) Holarrhena pubescens Daphne bholua var.
181. Lokta
146. Karpur Cinnamomum camphora glacialis

62
182. Loth Symplocos paniculata 217. Pangra Aesculus indica
183. Lunde Amaranthus viridis 218.
Hedychium spicatum
184. Machino Gaultheria fragrantissima Pankhaphool
185. Madesi souf Foeniculum vulgare 219. Panvar Cassia occidentalis
186. Mahaphala Aegle marmelos 220. Pashanved Bergenia ciliata
187. Maharangi Onosma echioides 221. Patha Cissampelos pareira
188. Majitho Onosma echioides 222. Patindu Cissampelos pareira
Cinnamomum 223. Patpate Gaultheria fragrantissima
189. Malagiri
glaucescens 224. Phirse Hippophae salicifolia
190. Marich Piper nigrum 225. Phirse Hippophae tibetana
191. Mawo Carum carvi 226. Pipla Piper longum
Trigonella foenum- 227. Pothi Swertia chirayita
192. Methi
graecum 228. Pudina Mentha spicata
193. Mitsumata Edgeworthia papyrifera 229. Pudinah Mentha arvensis
194. Mothe Cyperus rotundus 230. Punranava Boerhaavia diffusa
195. Musali Curculigo orchioides 231. Rai Brassica nigra
196. Musk seed Abelmoschus moschatus 232. Rajbriksha Cassia fistula
197. Mustak Cyperus rotundus 233. Rudilo Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
198. Nagbeli Lycopodium clavatum 234. Rudraksha Elaeocarpus sphaericus
199. Nagesar Mesua ferrea 235. Sahasrapal Aspargus abscendens
200. Nakali- 236. Sainsarbuti Aspargus abscendens
Valeriana hardwickii
Jatamansi 237. Sajiwan Jatropha curcas
201. Naswa Nardostachys grandiflora 238. Chiraito Swertia chirayita
202. Neem Azadirachta indica 239. Sal Shorea robusta
203. Nilo bikh Aconitum ferox 240. Sano lodo Symplocos paniculata
204. Majitho Rubia manjith 241. Ppala Piper longum
205. Nirmansi Aconitum orochryseum 242. Sariva Hemidesmus indicus
206. Nishotha Operculina turpathum 243. Sarmaguru Swertia multicaulis
207. Okhar Juglans regia 244.
208. Padamchal Rheum australe Rauvolfia serpentina
Sarpagandha
209. Padh Cissampelos pareira 245. Satawari Aspargus racemosus
210. Padina Ocimum basilicum 246. Satisal Dalbergia latifolia
211. Padmachal Rheum moorcroftianum 247. Satuwa Paris polyphylla
212. Pakhanbed Bergenia ciliata 248. Setak Chini Emblica ribes
213. Palansi Butea monosperma 249. Seto phuli Lepigathis incurva
214. Palasi Butea monosperma 250. Shatamuli Aspargus abscendens
215. Palimara Alstonia scholaris 251. Shatawari Aspargus abscendens
216. Panchaunle Orchis latifolia

63
252. Shati Hedychium spicatum 271. Tarul Dioscorea bulbifera
253. Shingujira Carum carvi 272. Tejpat
Cinnamomum tamala
254. Shirish Albizzia lebbec (leave)
255. Sihundi Euphorbia royleana 273. Thulo
Astilbe rivularis
256. Sikakai Acacia rugata okhate
257. Simali Vitex negundo 274. Til Sesamum indicum
258. Sindur Mallotus philipinensis 275. Timoor Zanthoxylum armatum
259. Sinudi Euphorbia royleana 276. Timur Zanthoxylum armatum
260. Siris Albizzia lebbec 277. Tine Arctium lappa
261. Sisno Urtica dioica 278. Tiptaka) Holarrhena pubescens
262. Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo 279. Tuki phul Taraxacum officinale
263. Somlata Ephedra gerardiana 280. Tulasi Ocimum sanctum
264. Soph Pimpinella anisum 281. Tulsi patra Ocimum sanctum
265. Sugandha Cinnamomum 282. Tulu Hippophae salicifolia
kokila glaucescens 283. Tulu Hippophae tibetana
266. Sugan 284. Tumeric Curcuma domestica
Valeriana jatamansii
dhawal 285. Ukuche jhar Rungia parviflora
Rhododendron 286. Uniu Dryopteris filix-mas
267. Sunpati
anthopogon 287. Vasaka Justicia adhatoda
Amorphophallus 288. Vyakur Dioscorea deltoidea
268. Szran
campanula 289. Yandita Parnassia mubicola
269. Talispatra Taxus wallichiana 290. Yarsagumba Ophioordyceps sinensis
270. Talispatra Abies spectabilis

64
 Photos

A Bone-setter of Nepalgunj

Traditionsal healer in store room (Banke)

Physical processing for medicine prepration

65
A Traditional Healer of Biratnagar Conversation with a Healer during field work

Sida rhombhifolia L. Tinospora cordifolia Linn

66
Cheilanthes albomarginata C.B. Clarke

Boerhavia diffusa L.

67
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz.

Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand

68