Introduction To Circuit Protection

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1
Introduction To Circuit Protection
PAGE
Fuseology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
PTC Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Overcurrent Selection Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
Overvoltage Suppression Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
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Overvoltage Selection Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-19
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION TO
ESD Suppressor Selection Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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w w w. l i t t e l f u s e . c o m
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Introduction to Circuit Protection

Fuseology
Fuse Facts
The application guidelines and product data in this guide are intended to provide technical information that will help with application design. Since
these are only a few of the contributing parameters, application testing is strongly recommended and should be used to verify performance in the
circuit/application. In the absence of special requirements, Littelfuse reserves the right to make appropriate changes in design, process, and
manufacturing location without notice.
The purpose of the Fuseology Section is to promote a better understanding of both fuses and common application details. The fuses to be considered
are current sensitive devices which are designed as the intentional weak link in the electrical circuit. The function of the fuse is to provide protection of
discrete components, or of complete circuits, by reliably melting under current overload conditions. This fuseology section will cover some important
facts about fuses, selection considerations, and standards.
FUSE FACTS
The following fuse parameters or application concepts should be well The fuses in this catalog range in size from the approx. 0402 chip size
understood in order to properly select a fuse for a given application. (.041"L x .020"W x .012"H) up to the 5 AG, also commonly known as
a“MIDGET” fuse (13/32" dia. x 11/2" length). As new products were
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: Refers to the temperature of the air
developed throughout the years, fuse sizes evolved to fill the various
immediately surrounding the fuse and is not to be confused with “room electrical circuit protection needs. The first fuses were simple, open-wire
temperature.” The fuse ambient temperature is appreciably higher in devices, followed in the 1890’s by Edison’s enclosure of thin wire in a
many cases, because it is enclosed (as in a panel mount fuseholder) lamp base to make the first plug fuse. By 1904, Underwriters Laboratories
or mounted near other heat producing components, such as resistors, had established size and rating specifications to meet safety standards.
transformers, etc. The renewable type fuses and automotive fuses appeared in 1914, and
in 1927 Littelfuse started making very low amperage fuses for the
BREAKING CAPACITY: See Interrupting Rating. budding electronics industry.
CURRENT RATING: The nominal amperage value of the fuse. It is The fuse sizes in the chart below began with the early “Automobile
established by the manufacturer as a value of current which the fuse can Glass” fuses, thus the term “AG”. The numbers were applied
carry, based on a controlled set of test conditions (See RERATING). chronologically as different manufacturers started making a new size:
Catalog Fuse part numbers include series identification and amperage “3AG,” for example, was the third size placed on the market. Other
ratings. Refer to the FUSE SELECTION GUIDE section for guidance on non-glass fuse sizes and constructions were determined by functional
making the proper choice. requirements, but they still retained the length or diameter dimensions
of the glass fuses. Their designation was modified to AB in place of AG,
RERATING: For 25°C ambient temperatures, it is recommended that indicating that the outer tube was constructed from Bakelite, fibre,
fuses be operated at no more than 75% of the nominal current rating ceramic, or a similar material other than glass. The largest size fuse
established using the controlled test conditions. These test conditions are shown in the chart is the 5AG, or “MIDGET,” a name adopted from its
part of UL/CSA/ANCE (Mexico) 248-14 “Fuses for Supplementary use by the electrical industry and the National Electrical Code range
Overcurrent Protection,” whose primary objective is to specify common which normally recognizes fuses of 9/16" x 2" as the smallest standard
test standards necessary for the continued control of manufactured items fuse in use.
intended for protection against fire, etc. Some common variations of
these standards include: fully enclosed fuseholders, high contact resist- FUSE SIZES
ances, air movement, transient spikes, and changes in connecting cable DIAMETER LENGTH
size (diameter and length). Fuses are essentially temperature-sensitive SIZE (Inches) (Inches)
devices. Even small variations from the controlled test conditions can
1AG 1/4 .250 5/8 .625
greatly affect the predicted life of a fuse when it is loaded to its nominal 2AG — .177 — .588
value, usually expressed as 100% of rating. 3AG 1/4 .250 11/4 1.25
The circuit design engineer should clearly understand that the purpose of 4AG 9/32 .281 11/4 1.25
these controlled test conditions is to enable fuse manufacturers to main- 5AG 13/32 .406 11/2 1.50
tain unified performance standards for their products, and he must 7AG 1/4 .250 7/8 .875
8AG 1/4 .250 1 1
account for the variable conditions of his application. To compensate
for these variables, the circuit design engineer who is designing for TOLERANCES: The dimensions shown in this catalog are nominal.
trouble-free, long-life fuse protection in his equipment generally loads his Unless otherwise specified, tolerances are applied as follows:
fuse not more than 75% of the nominal rating listed by the manufacturer, ± .010" for dimensions to 2 decimal places.
keeping in mind that overload and short circuit protection must be ± .005" for dimensions to 3 decimal places.
adequately provided for. The factory should be contacted concerning metric system and fractional
The fuses under discussion are temperature-sensitive devices whose tolerances. Tolerances do not apply to lead lengths.
ratings have been established in a 25°C ambient. The fuse temperature
FUSE CHARACTERISTICS: The characteristic of a fuse design refers
generated by the current passing through the fuse increases or
to how rapidly the fuse responds to various current overloads. Fuse charac-
decreases with ambient temperature change.
teristics can be classified into three general categories: very fast-acting,
The ambient temperature chart in the FUSE SELECTION GUIDE section fast-acting, or Slo-Blo® Fuse. The distinguishing feature of Slo-Blo® fuses is
illustrates the effect that ambient temperature has on the nominal current that these fuses have additional thermal inertia designed to tolerate
rating of a fuse. Most traditional Slo-Blo® Fuse designs use lower melting normal initial or start-up overload pulses.
temperature materials and are, therefore, more sensitive to ambient
temperature changes. FUSE CONSTRUCTION: Internal construction may vary depending on
ampere rating. Fuse photos in this catalog show typical construction of a
DIMENSIONS: Unless otherwise specified, dimensions are in inches. particular ampere rating within the fuse series.
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Fuseology
Fuse Facts
FUSEHOLDERS: In many applications, fuses are installed in fuse- TEST SAMPLING PLAN: Because compliance with certain specifica-
holders. These fuses and their associated fuseholders are not intended tions requires destructive testing, these tests are selected on a statistical 1
for operation as a “switch” for turning power “on” and “off ”. basis for each lot manufactured.
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION TO
INTERRUPTING RATING: Also known as breaking capacity or short TIME-CURRENT CURVE: The graphical presentation of the fusing
circuit rating, the interrupting rating is the maximum approved current characteristic, time-current curves are generally average curves which
which the fuse can safely interrupt at rated voltage. During a fault or short are presented as a design aid but are not generally considered part of
circuit condition, a fuse may receive an instantaneous overload the fuse specification. Time-current curves are extremely useful in defin-
current many times greater than its normal operating current. Safe ing a fuse, since fuses with the same current rating can be represented
operation requires that the fuse remain intact (no explosion or body by considerably different time-current curves. The fuse specification
rupture) and clear the circuit. typically will include a life requirement at 100% of rating and maximum
opening times at overload points (usually 135% and 200% of rating).
Interrupting ratings may vary with fuse design and range from 35
A time-current curve represents average data for the design; however,
amperes AC for some 250V metric size (5 x 20mm) fuses up to 200,000
there may be some differences in the values for any one given
amperes AC for the 600V KLK series. Information on other fuse series
production lot. Samples should be tested to verify performance, once
can be obtained from the factory.
the fuse has been selected.
Fuses listed in accordance with UL/CSA/ANCE 248 are required to
have an interrupting rating of 10,000 amperes, with some exceptions UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES: Reference to “Listed by
(See STANDARDS section) which, in many applications, provides a Underwriters Laboratories” signifies that the fuses meet the requirements
safety factor far in excess of the short circuit currents available. of UL/CSA/ANCE 248-14 “Fuses for Supplementary Overcurrent
Protection”. Some 32 volt fuses (automotive) in this catalog are listed
NUISANCE OPENING: Nuisance opening is most often caused by under UL Standard 275. Reference to “Recognized under the
an incomplete analysis of the circuit under consideration. Of all the Component Program of Underwriters Laboratories” signifies that the
“Selection Factors” listed in the FUSE SELECTION GUIDE, special atten- item is recognized under the component program of Underwriters
tion must be given to items 1, 3, and 6, namely, normal operating current, Laboratories and application approval is required.
ambient temperature, and pulses. For example, one prevalent cause of
nuisance opening in conventional power supplies is the failure to ade- VOLTAGE RATING: The voltage rating, as marked on a fuse,
quately consider the fuse’s nominal melting I2t rating. The fuse indicates that the fuse can be relied upon to safely interrupt its rated
cannot be selected solely on the basis of normal operating current and short circuit current in a circuit where the voltage is equal to, or less
ambient temperature. In this application, the fuse’s nominal melting I2t rat- than, its rated voltage. This system of voltage rating is covered by
ing must also meet the inrush current requirements created by the input N.E.C. regulations and is a requirement of Underwriters Laboratories
capacitor of the power supply’s smoothing filter. The procedure for con- as a protection against fire risk. The standard voltage ratings used by
verting various waveforms into I2t circuit demand is given in the FUSE fuse manufacturers for most small-dimension and midget fuses are 32,
SELECTION GUIDE. For trouble-free, long-life fuse protection, it is good 63, 125, 250 and 600.
design practice to select a fuse such that the I2t of the waveform is no
more than 20% of the nominal melting I2t rating of the fuse. Refer to the In electronic equipment with relatively low output power supplies, with
section on PULSES in the FUSE SELECTION GUIDE. circuit impedance limiting short circuit currents to values of less than
ten times the current rating of the fuse, it is common practice to specify
RESISTANCE: The resistance of a fuse is usually an insignificant part fuses with 125 or 250 volt ratings for secondary circuit protection of 500
of the total circuit resistance. Since the resistance of fractional amperage volts or higher.
fuses can be several ohms, this fact should be considered when using
them in low-voltage circuits. Actual values can be obtained from the As mentioned previously (See RERATING), fuses are sensitive to
factory. Most fuses are manufactured from materials which have positive changes in current, not voltage, maintaining their “status quo” at any
temperature coefficients, and, therefore, it is common to refer to cold voltage from zero to the maximum rating of the fuse. It is not until the
resistance and hot resistance (voltage drop at rated current), with actual fuse element melts and arcing occurs that the circuit voltage and avail-
operation being somewhere in between. Cold resistance is the resistance able power become an issue. The safe interruption of the circuit, as it
obtained using a measuring current of no more than 10% of the fuse’s relates to circuit voltage and available power, is discussed in the section
nominal rated current. Values shown in this publication for cold resistance on INTERRUPTING RATING.
are nominal and representative. The factory should be consulted if this
parameter is critical to the design analysis. Hot resistance is the resist- To summarize, a fuse may be used at any voltage that is less than its
ance calculated from the stabilized voltage drop across the fuse, with cur- voltage rating without detriment to its fusing characteristics. Please
rent equal to the nominal rated current flowing through it. Resistance data contact the factory for applications at voltages greater than the
on all Littelfuse products are available on request. Fuses can be supplied voltage rating.
to specified controlled resistance tolerances at additional cost.
SOLDERING RECOMMENDATIONS: Since most fuse constructions

incorporate soldered connections, caution should be used when installing
those fuses intended to be soldered in place. The application
of excessive heat can reflow the solder within the fuse and change its rat-
ing. Fuses are heat-sensitive components similar to semi-conductors,
and the use of heat sinks during soldering is often recommended.
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Fuseology
Fuse Facts and Fuse Selection Guide

DERIVATION OF NOMINAL MELTING I2t: Laboratory tests are procedure is to assure that the heat created has insufficient time to
conducted on each fuse design to determine the amount of energy thermally conduct away from the fuse element. That is, all of the heat
required to melt the fusing element. This energy is described as nominal energy (I2t) is used, to cause melting. Once the measurements of current
melting I2t and is expressed as “Ampere Squared Seconds” (A2 Sec.). A (I) and time (t) are determined, it is a simple matter to calculate melting
pulse of current is applied to the fuse, and a time measurement is taken I2t. When the melting phase reaches completion, an electrical arc occurs
for melting to occur. If melting does not occur within a short duration of immediately prior to the “opening” of the fuse element. Clearing
about 8 milliseconds (0.008 seconds) or less, the level of pulse current is I2t = Melting I2t + arcing I2t. The nominal I2t values given in this publication
increased. This test procedure is repeated until melting of the fuse pertain to the melting phase portion of the “clearing” or “opening”.
element is confined to within about 8 milliseconds. The purpose of this
FUSE SELECTION GUIDE

The application guidelines and product data in this guide are intended to provide technical information that will help with application design. Since
these are only a few of the contributing parameters, application testing is strongly recommended and should be used to verify performance in the
circuit/application.
Many of the factors involved with fuse selection are listed below: CHART SHOWING EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON
CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY (TYPICAL)
Selection Factors
1. Normal operating current KEY TO CHART:
2. Application voltage (AC or DC) Curve A: Thin-Film Fuses and 313 Series (.010 to .150A)
3. Ambient temperature Curve B: Very Fast-Acting, Fast-Acting, and Spiral Wound Slo-Blo® Fuses
Curve C: Resettable PTC’s
4. Overload current and length of time in which the fuse must open.
5. Maximum available fault current C
6. Pulses, Surge Currents, Inrush Currents, Start-up Currents, and 140
Circuit Transients
7. Physical size limitations, such as length, diameter, or height 120
A
PERCENT OF RATING*
8. Agency Approvals required, such as UL, CSA, VDE, METI, MITI B

100
or Military B
9. Considerations: mounting type/form factor, ease of removal, axial
80
leads, visual indication, etc.
10. Fuseholder features: clips, mounting block, panel mount, p.c. board A
60
mount, R.F.I. shielded, etc.
25°C
NORMAL OPERATING CURRENT: The current rating of a fuse is 40
C
typically derated 25% for operation at 25°C to avoid nuisance blowing.
For example, a fuse with a current rating of 10A is not usually recom- 20
mended for operation at more than 7.5A in a 25°C ambient. For -60°C -40°C -20°C 0°C 20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C
additional details, see RERATING in the previous section and -76°F -40°F -4°F 32°F 68°F 104°F 140°F 176°F 212°F 248°F
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE below. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
VOLTAGE: The voltage rating of the fuse must be equal to, or *Ambient temperature effects are in addition to the normal rerating,
greater than, the available circuit voltage. For exceptions, see see example.
VOLTAGE RATING.
Example: Given a normal operating current of 2.25 amperes in an
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: The current carrying capacity tests of application using a Very Fast Acting fuse at room temperature, then:
fuses are performed at 25°C and will be affected by changes in ambient
temperature. The higher the ambient temperature, the hotter the fuse will Normal Operating Current
operate, and the shorter its life will be. Conversely, operating at a lower Catalog Fuse Rating =
temperature will prolong fuse life. A fuse also runs hotter as the normal
0.75
operating current approaches or exceeds the rating of the selected fuse. or
Practical experience indicates fuses at room temperature should last 2.25 Amperes
indefinitely, if operated at no more than 75% of catalog fuse rating. = 3 Amp Fuse (at 25°C)
0.75
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Fuseology
Fuse Selection Guide

Similarly, if that same fuse were operated at a very high ambient The following example should assist in providing a better understanding
temperature of 80°C, additional derating would be necessary. Curve of the application of I2t. 1
“B” (Spiral Wound Slo-Blo® Fuse) of the ambient temperature chart
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
EXAMPLE: Select a 125V, very fast-acting PICO® fuse that is capable
INTRODUCTION TO
shows the maximum operating “Percent of Rating” at 80°C to be 95%, of withstanding 100,000 pulses of current (I) of the pulse waveform
in which case; shown in Figure 1. The normal operating current is 0.75 ampere at an
ambient temperature of 25°C.
Catalog Fuse Rating = Nominal Operating Current
0.75 x Percent of Rating Step 1 — Refer to Chart I (page #6) and select the appropriate pulse
or waveform, which is waveform (E) in this example. Place the applicable
2.25 Amperes value for peak pulse current (ip) and time (t) into the corresponding
= 3.15 Amp Fuse (at 80°C)
0.75 x 0.95 formula for waveshape (E), and calculate the result, as shown:
1
I2t= (ip)
OVERLOAD CURRENT CONDITION: The current level for which 5
protection is required. Fault conditions may be specified, either in terms
of current or, in terms of both current and maximum time the fault can
be tolerated before damage occurs. Time-current curves should be 1 x 82 x .004 = 0.0512 A2 Sec.
consulted to try to match the fuse characteristic to the circuit needs, 5
while keeping in mind that the curves are based on average data.
This value is referred to as the “Pulse I2t”.
MAXIMUM FAULT CURRENT: The Interrupting Rating of a fuse Step 2 — Determine the required value of Nominal Melting I2t by
must meet or exceed the Maximum Fault Current of the circuit. referring to Chart II (page 6). A figure of 22% is shown in Chart II for
PULSES: The general term “pulses” is used in this context to describe 100,000 occurrences of the Pulse I2t calculated in Step 1. This Pulse I2t
the broad category of wave shapes referred to as “surge currents”, is converted to its required value of Nominal Melting I2t as follows:
“start-up currents”, “inrush currents”, and “transients”. Electrical pulse Nom. Melt I2t = Pulse I2t/.22
conditions can vary considerably from one application to another. = 0.0512/.22 = 0.2327 A2 Sec.
Different fuse constructions may not all react the same to a given pulse
condition. Electrical pulses produce thermal cycling and possible
mechanical fatigue that could affect the life of the fuse. Initial or start-up
pulses are normal for some applications and require the characteristic of
a Slo-Blo® fuse. Slo-Blo® fuses incorporate a thermal delay design to
enable them to survive normal start-up pulses and still provide protection
against prolonged overloads. The start-up pulse should be defined and
then compared to the time-current curve and I2t rating for the fuse.
Application testing is recommended to establish the ability of the fuse
design to withstand the pulse conditions.
10
Nominal melting I2t is a measure of the energy required to melt the fusing
element and is expressed as “Ampere Squared Seconds” (A2 Sec.). This
Current (Amperes)
nominal melting I2t, and the energy it represents (within a time duration 8
of 8 milliseconds [0.008 second] or less and 1 millisecond [0.001 second]
or less for thin film fuses), is a value that is constant for each different
fusing element. Because every fuse type and rating, as well as its corre- 6
sponding part number, has a different fusing element, it is necessary to
determine the I2t for each. This I2t value is a parameter of the fuse itself
and is controlled by the element material and the configuration of the 4
fuse element. In addition to selecting fuses on the basis of “Normal
Normal Operating Current
Operating Currents”, “Rerating”, and “Ambient Temperature” as dis- l2 t
cussed earlier, it is also necessary to apply the I2t design approach. 2
This nominal melting I2t is not only a constant value for each fuse ele- Pulse
ment design, but it is also independent of temperature and voltage. Energy
Most often, the nominal melting I2t method of fuse selection is applied to
.001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006
those applications in which the fuse must sustain large current pulses of
Time (Seconds)
a short duration. These high-energy currents are common in many appli-
cations and are described by a variety of terms, such as “surge current”, Figure 1
“start-up current”, “inrush current”, and other similar circuit “transients”
that can be classified in the general category of “pulses.” Laboratory
tests are conducted on each fuse design to determine its nominal
melting I2t rating. The values for I2t given in this publication are nominal
and representative. The factory should be consulted if this parameter is
critical to the design analysis.
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Fuseology
Fuse Selection Guide

CHART I Step 3 — Examine the I2t rating data for the PICO® II, 125V, very fast-
acting fuse. The part number 251001, 1 ampere design is rated at 0.256
A2 Sec., which is the minimum fuse rating that will accommodate the
WAVESHAPES FORMULAS 0.2327 A2 Sec. value calculated in Step 2. This 1 ampere fuse will also
accommodate the specified 0.75 ampere normal operating current,
when a 25% derating factor is applied to the 1 ampere rating, as
previously described.
ip i=k
A I2t = ip2 t TESTING: The above factors should be considered in selecting a
t fuse for a given application. The next step is to verify the selection by
requesting samples for testing in the actual circuit. Before evaluating the
ib samples, make sure the fuse is properly mounted with good electrical
connections, using adequately sized wires or traces. The testing should
i = ip -kt include life tests under normal conditions and overload tests under fault
B ip I2t = (1/3)(ip2 + ipib + ib2) t conditions, to ensure that the fuse will operate properly in the circuit.
t CHART II
PULSE CYCLE WITHSTAND CAPABILITY
100,000 Pulses Pulse I2t = 22% of Nominal Melting I2t
ip i = ip sin t 10,000
1,000
Pulses
Pulses
Pulse I2t = 29% of Nominal Melting I2t
Pulse I2t = 38% of Nominal Melting I2t
C I2t = (1/2) ip2 t 100 Pulses Pulse I2t = 48% of Nominal Melting I2t
t 100000
D ip
I2t = (1/3) ip2 t
t 10000
Number of Pulses
E ip OR
i = kt2 OR i = ip (1-kt)2
I2t = (1/5) ip2 t 1000
t t
F ip i = ipe–kt)
100
t1 I2t ≅ (1/2) ip2 t1 10% 100%
Pulse I2 t / Average Melting I2 t
Note: Adequate time (10 seconds) must exist between pulse events
to allow heat from the previous event to dissipate.
FUSEHOLDER SELECTION GUIDE
RERATING: For 25°C ambient temperatures, it is recommended that of rating. Some of the more common, everyday applications may differ
fuseholders be operated at no more than 60% of the nominal current from these UL test conditions as follows: fully enclosed fuseholders,
rating established using the controlled test conditions specified by high contact resistance,air movement, transient spikes, and changes in
Underwriters Laboratories. The primary objective of these UL test connecting cable size (diameter and length). Even small variations from
conditions is to specify common test standards necessary for the the controlled test conditions can greatly affect the ratings of the fuse-
continued control of manufactured items intended for protection against holder. For this reason, it is recommended that fuseholders be derated
fire, etc. A copper dummy fuse is inserted in the fuseholder by by 40% (operated at no more than 60% of the nominal current rating
Underwriters Laboratories, and then the current is increased until a established using the Underwriter Laboratories test conditions, as
certain temperature rise occurs. The majority of the heat is produced by stated above).
the contact resistance of the fuseholder clips. This value of current is
considered to be the rated current of the fuseholder, expressed as 100%
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Fuseology
Standards
Littelfuse is at your service to help solve your electrical protection problems. When contacting Littelfuse sales engineers, please have all the
requirements of your applications available. Requests for quotes or assistance in designing or selecting special types of circuit protection components 1
for your particular applications are also welcome. In the absence of special requirements, Littelfuse reserves the right to make appropriate changes in
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION TO
design, process, and manufacturing location without prior notice.
Fuse ratings and other performance criteria are evaluated under labora- INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (IEC)
tory conditions and acceptance criteria, as defined in one or more of Publication 60127, Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
the various fuse standards. It is important to understand these standards
so that the fuse can be properly applied to circuit protection applications. The IEC organization is different from UL and CSA, since IEC only
writes specifications and does not certify. UL and CSA write the
UL/CSA/ANCE (Mexico) 248-14 FUSES FOR SUPPLEMENTARY specifications, and are responsible for testing and certification.
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (600 Volts, Maximum) (Previously UL Certification to IEC specifications are given by such organizations as
198G and CSA C22.2, No. 59) SEMKO (Swedish Institute of Testing and Approvals of Electrical
UL UL LISTED
® Equipment) and BSI (British Standards Institute , as well as UL
A UL Listed fuse meets all the requirements of the UL/CSA 248-14 and CSA.
Standard. Following are some of the requirements.UL ampere rating IEC Publication 60127 defines three breaking capacity levels (interrupting
tests are conducted at 100%, 135%, and 200% of rated current. The fuse rating). Low breaking capacity fuses must pass a test of 35 amperes or
must carry 100% of its ampere rating and must stabilize at a temperature ten times rated current, whichever is greater, while enhanced breaking
that does not exceed a 75°C rise. capacity fuses must pass a test of 150 amperes and finally high breaking
The fuse must open at 135% of rated current within one hour. It also capacity fuses must pass a test of 1500 amperes.
must open at 200% of rated current within 2 minutes for 0-30 ampere
60127 Part 2
ratings and 4 minutes for 35-60 ampere ratings.
Sheet 1 – Type F Quick Acting, High Breaking Capacity
The interrupting rating of a UL Listed fuse is 10,000 amperes AC Sheet 2 – Type F Quick Acting, Low Breaking Capacity
minimum at 125 volts. Fuses rated at 250 volts may be listed as Sheet 3 – Type T Time Lag, Low Breaking Capacity
interrupting 10,000 amperes at 125 volts and, at least, the minimum Sheet 4 – Style Fuses 1/4 x 1 1/4
values shown below at 250 volts. Sheet 5 – Type T Time Lag, High Breaking Capacity
Ampere Rating Interrupting Rating Voltage Sheet 6 – Type T Time Lag, Enhanced Breaking Capacity
of Fuse In Amperes Rating The letters ‘F’ and ‘T’ represent the time-current characteristic of the
0 to 1 35 250 VAC fast-acting and time delay fuses. One of these letters will be marked
1.1 to 3.5 100 250 VAC on the end cap of the fuse.
3.6 to 10 200 250 VAC
10.1 to 15 750 250 VAC UL/CSA/ANCE (Mexico) 248-14 vs. IEC 60127 Part 2 FUSE
15.1 to 30 1500 250 VAC OPENING TIMES (UL/CSA/ANCE (Mexico) 248-14 Was
®
Recognized Under the Component Program of Previously UL 198G and CSA 22.2, No. 59) vs. METI B , METI B
Underwriters Laboratories Percent UL & CSA IEC TYPE F IEC Type F IEC Type T IEC Type T METI/MITI
of Rating STD 248-14 Sheet 1 (*) Sheet 2 (*) Sheet 3 (*) Sheet 5 (*) B
The Recognized Components Program of UL is different from UL Listing.
110 4 Hr. Min. — — — —
UL will test a fuse to a specification requested by the manufacturer. The
test points can be different from the UL Listed requirements if the fuse has 130 — — — — — 1Hr. Min.
been designed for a specific application. Application approval is required 60 Minutes
135 — — — —
Max.
by UL for fuses recognized under the Component Program.
60 Minutes 60 Minutes 60 Minutes 60 Minutes
150 —
UL 275 AUTOMOTIVE GLASS TUBE FUSES (32 Volts) Min. Min. Min. Min.
160 — — — — — 1 Hr. Max.
UL Listed
2 Minutes 2 Minutes
200 — — — —
UL ampere ratings tests are conducted at 110%, 135%, and 200%. Max. Max.
Interrupting rating tests are not required. 30 Minutes 30 Minutes 2 Minutes 30 Minutes
210 —
Max. Max. Max. Max.
® CSA Certification
CSA Certification in Canada is equivalent to UL Listing in the (*) Note: The IEC Specification is only written up to 6.3A (8 and 10A will
United States. be added soon), any components above these ratings are not recog-
nized by the IEC (although the fuses may have those opening charac-
The Component Acceptance Program of CSA is equivalent
®
teristics).
to the Recognition Program at UL. IEC also has requirements at 275%, 400% and 1000%; however, the
METI APPROVAL chart is used to show that fuses with the same ampere rating made to
different specifications are not interchangeable. According to the IEC
METI approval in Japan is similar to UL Recognition in the United States. 60127 Standard, a one ampere-rated fuse can be operated at one
METI B has its own design standard and characteristics. ampere. A one ampere-rated fuse made to UL/CSA/ANCE 248-14
MITI APPROVAL should not be operated at more than .75 ampere (25% derated —
See RERATING section of FUSEOLOGY).
MITI approval in Japan is similar to UL Recognition in the United States.
MITI B has its own design standard and characteristics. METI B covers only one characteristic i.e. there are no ‘delay’ definitions
on other performance variants.
7
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Fuseology
Standards and Packaging Information

Publication IEC 60127-4 MILITARY/FEDERAL STANDARDS
(Universal Modular Fuse-Links [UMF] ) See Table of Contents for Military Product Section.
Fuses and holders approved to the following Military specifications are
This part of IEC 60127 covers both PCB through-hole and surface mount on the Qualified Products List (QPL) for that specification.
fuses. This standard covers fuses rated 32, 63, 125, and 250 volts. This
standard will be accepted by UL/CSA making it the first global fuse MIL-PRF-15160 and MIL-PRF-23419
standard. This specification uses different fusing gates than IEC 60127-2; These specifications govern the construction and performance of fuses
the gates used here are 125%, 200%, and 1000%. suitable primarily for military electronic applications.
The fuses must not open in less than one hour at 125% of rated current MIL-PRF-19207
and open within two minutes at 200% of rated current. The 1000%
overload is used to determine the fuse characteristic. The time for each This specification governs the construction and performance of
rating is listed below. fuseholders suitable for military applications.
DSSC Drawing #87108
Type FF: Less than 0.001 sec.
Type F: From 0.001 - 0.01 sec. This drawing governs the construction and performance of .177" x .570"
Type T: From 0.01 - 0.1 sec. (2AG size) cartridge fuses and axial lead versions suitable for military
applications. DSSC #87108 designation is included in the fuse end
Type TT: From 0.1 - 1.00 sec.
cap marking.
These characteristics correlate to the terminology used in IEC 60127-1. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION W-F-1814
Breaking capacity (interrupting rating) varies based on voltage rating.
This specification governs the construction and performance of fuses
Parts rated at 32 & 63 volts must pass a test of 35 amperes or ten times
with high interrupting ratings that are approved for federal applications.
rated current, whichever is greater.Parts rated at 125 volts must pass a
Fuses approved to these specifications are on the Federal Qualified
test of 50 amperes or ten times rated current, whichever is greater. Parts
Products List.
rated at 250 volts are further defined as either low, intermediate or high
breaking. The low breaking capacity fuses must pass a test of 100 Write to the following agencies for additional information on standards,
amperes or ten times rated current, while intermediate breaking capacity approvals, or copies of the specifications.
fuses must pass a test of 500 amperes and, finally, high breaking
capacity fuses must pass a test of 1500 amperes. Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)
333 Pfingsten Road
Packaging Suffixes Northbrook, IL 60062
Att: Publications Stock
R = Taped & reeled fuses
A/X = 1 unit per bag Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
V = 5 units per box 178 Rexdale Boulevard
T = 10 units per box Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3
H = 100 units per box Att: Standard Sales
U = 500 units per box
M = 1000 units per box International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
D = 1500 units per box 3, Rue de Varembe
P = 2000 units per box 1211 Geneva 20
E = 2500 units per box Switzerland
W = 3000 units per box Att: Sales Department
N = 5000 units per box
K = 10,000 units per box Naval Publications and Military Standards
Form Center (for Military and Federal Standards)
RT1 = Taped & reeled. Spacing (x) = 2.062 inches (52.4 mm)
5801 Tabor Avenue
RT2 = Taped & reeled. Spacing (x) = 2.50 inches (63.5 mm) Philadelphia, PA 19120
RT3 = Taped & reeled. Spacing (x) = 2.874 inches (73 mm) Att: Commanding Officer
Tape and Reel packaging per EIA-296:
Defense Supply Center Columbus (DSCC)
• Tape spacing is defined as the width of the tape and reeled fuse 3990 East Broad Street
(x) as measured from inside tape to inside tape. Columbus, OH 43216-5000
• Pitch is defined as the space between two tape and reeled fuses Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI)
(y) as measured from lead to lead. Kasumigaseki
Chi-Youda-Ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
x
8
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Fuseology
PTC Facts
Overcurrent circuit protection can be accomplished with the use of either TEMPERATURE RATING: The useful upper limit for a PTC is gener-
a traditional fuse or the more recently developed resettable PTC. Both ally 85°C while the maximum operating temperature for fuses is 125°C. 1
devices function by reacting to the heat generated by the excessive
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION TO
current flow in the circuit. The fuse melts open, interrupting the current The following temperature rerating curves that compare PTCs to fuses
flow, and the PTC changes from low resistance to high resistance to limit illustrate that more rerating is required for a PTC at a given temperature.
current flow. Understanding the differences in performance between the Additional operating characteristics can be reviewed by the circuit
two types of devices will make the best circuit protection choice easier. designer in making the decision to choose a PTC or a fuse for
The most obvious difference is that the PTC is resettable. The general overcurrent protection.
procedure for resetting after an overload has occurred is to remove
power and allow the device to cool down. There are several other Key to chart: Curve A: Thin-Film Fuses and 313 Series (.010 to .150A)
Curve B: Very Fast-Acting, and Spiral Wound Fuses
operating characteristics that differentiate the two types of products. Curve C: Resettable PTCs
The terminology used for PTCs is often similar but not the same as for C
fuses. Two parameters that fall into this category are leakage current 140
and interrupting rating.
120
LEAKAGE CURRENT: The PTC is said to have “tripped” when it has A
PERCENT OF RATING*
transitioned from the low resistance state to the high resistance state due B
100
to an overload. B
80
A
60
25°C
40
C
20
Log resistance (ohms)
-60°C -40°C -20°C 0°C 20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C
-76°F -40°F -4°F 32°F 68°F 104°F 140°F 176°F 212°F 248°F
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
• Ambient temperature effects are in addition to the normal derating.
AGENCY APPROVALS: PTCs are Recognized under the Component

Trip Point
Program of Underwriters Laboratories to UL Standard 1434 for
Thermistors. The devices have also been certified under the CSA
Component Acceptance Program. Approvals for fuses include
Recognition under the Component Program of Underwriters Laboratories
Temperature (°C)
and the CSA Component Acceptance Program. In addition, many fuses
are available with full “Listing” in accordance with the new Supplementary
Fuse Standard UL/CSA/ANCE (Mexico) 248-14.
Protection is accomplished by limiting the current flow to some low leak-
age level. Leakage current can range from less than a hundred milliamps RESISTANCE: Reviewing product specifications indicates that similarly
at rated voltage up to a few hundred milliamps at lower voltages. The rated PTCs have about twice (sometimes more) the resistance of fuses.
fuse on the other hand completely interrupts the current flow and this
TIME-CURRENT CHARACTERISTIC: Comparing the time-current
open circuit results in “0” leakage current when subjected to an overload.
curves of PTCs to time-current curves of fuses show that the speed of
INTERRUPTING RATING: The PTC is rated for a maximum short response for a PTC is similar to the time delay of a Slo-Blo® fuse.
circuit current at rated voltage. This fault current level is the maximum
SUMMARY: Many of the issues discussed become a matter of
current that the device can withstand but the PTC will not actually
preference, but there is an important area of application where the use
interrupt the current flow (see LEAKAGE CURRENT above). A typical
of resettable PTCs is becoming a requirement. Much of the design work
PTC short circuit rating is 40A. Fuses do in fact interrupt the current flow
for personal computers and peripheral devices is strongly influenced by
in response to the overload and the range of interrupting ratings goes
Microsoft and Intel System Design Guide which states that “Using a fuse
from hundreds of amperes up to 10,000 amperes at rated voltage.
that must be replaced each time an overcurrent condition occurs is
The circuit parameters may dictate the component choice based on unacceptable.” And the Plug and Play SCSI (Small Computer Systems
typical device rating differences. Interface) Specification for this large market includes a statement that
OPERATING VOLTAGE RATING: General use PTCs are not rated “. . . must provide a self-resetting device to limit the maximum amount of
above 60V while fuses are rated up to 600V. current sourced”.
The PTC / fuse discussion provides some insight as to when PTCs may
CURRENT RATING: The operating current rating for PTCs can be up be the appropriate choice for providing overcurrent circuit protection. A
to 11A while the maximum level for fuses can exceed 20A. selection guide worksheet appears on the following page as an aid in
choosing the best circuit protection component.
9
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Fuseology
Overcurrent Selection Guide Worksheet

1. Define the circuit operating parameters.
Complete the following form:
Normal operating current in amperes:
Normal operating voltage in volts:
Maximum interrupt current: (see page 3)
Ambient Temperature/Rerating: (see page 4)
Typical overload current:
Required opening time at specified overload:
Transient pulses expected: (see page 5)
Resettable or one-time:
Agency Approvals:
Mounting type/form factor:
Typical resistance (in circuit):
2. Select the proper circuit protection component.
LITTELFUSE CIRCUIT PROTECTION COMPARISON TABLE:
1206 PTC 1812 PTC 3425 PTC 30V PTC 60V PTC 0402 SMF 0603 SMF 1206 SMF
Operating 0.20 - 0.5 - 1.5 - 0.900 - 0.100 - 0.250 - 0.250 - 0.125 -
Current Range 1.50A 2.60A 3.0A 9.0A 3.75A 2A 5A 7A
Maximum Voltage (*) 6-15V 15V 6-15V 30V 60V 24V 32V 125V
Maximum
40A 40A 40A 40A 40A 35A 50A 50A
Interrupting Rating (**)
-40°C to -40°C to -40°C to -40°C to -40°C to -55°C to -55°C to -55°C to
Temperature Range
85°C 85°C 85°C 85°C 85°C 90°C 90°C 90°C
Thermal Rerating High High High High High Medium Low Low
Opening time at Fast to
Slow Slow Slow Slow Slow Fast Fast
200% IN (***) Medium
Transient Withstand Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Resistance Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low
UL, CSA, UL, CSA, UL, CSA, UL, CSA, UL, CSA, UL, CSA, UL, CSA, UL, CSA,
Agency Approvals
TUV TUV TUV TUV TUV
Operational Uses Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple One Time One Time One Time
Mounting/Form Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface
Leaded Leaded
Factor Mount Mount Mount Mount Mount Mount
(*) Maximum operating voltage in the series, parts may be used at voltages equal to or less than this value.
(**) Maximum interrupting rating at specified voltage which may be less than maximum operating voltage.
(***) Opening time is in relation to other forms of protection. A fast device will typically operate within three seconds at 200% of
rated current.
10
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Fuseology
Overcurrent Selection Guide Worksheet

3. Determine the opening time at fault.
Consult the Time-Current (T-C) Curve to determine if the selected part will operate within the constraints of your application. If the device 1
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
opens too soon, the application may experience nuisance operation. If the device does not open soon enough, the overcurrent may damage
INTRODUCTION TO
downstream components.
To determine the opening time for the chosen device, locate the overload current on the X-axis of the appropriate T-C Curve and follow its line
up to its intersection with the curve. At this point read the time listed on the Y-axis. This is the average opening time for that device. If your
overload current falls to the right of the curve the device will open. If the overload current is to the left of the curve the device will not operate.
4. Verify ambient operating parameters.
Ensure that the application voltage is less than or equal to the device’s rated voltage and that the operating temperature limits are within
those specified by the device.
5. Verify the device’s dimensions.
Using the information from the Designer’s Guide page, compare the maximum dimensions of the device to the space available in
the application.
6. Test the selected product in an actual application.
LITTELFUSE CIRCUIT PROTECTION COMPARISON TABLE:
Nano2® SMF Fuse PICO® II Fuse 2AGs 5x20mm 3AGs/3ABs Midgets

Operating 0.062 - 0.062 - 0.100- 0.032 - 0.010 - 0.100 -
Current Range 15A 15A 10A 15A 35A 30A
Maximum Voltage (*) 250V 250V 250V 250V 250V 600V
Maximum
Interrupting Rating (**) 60A 50A 10,000A 10,000A 10,000A 200,000A
Temperature Range -55 C to

o
-55 C to
o
-55 C to
o
-55 C to
o
-55 C to
o
-55oC to
125oC 125oC 125oC 125oC 125oC 125oC
Thermal Rerating Low Low Low Low Low Low
Opening time at
Fast to Slow Fast to Medium Fast to Medium Fast to Slow Fast to Slow Fast to Slow
200% IN (***)
Transient Withstand Low to Medium Low to Medium Low to High Low to High Low to High Low to High
Resistance Low Low Low Low Low Low
Agency Approvals UL, CSA, UL, CSA, UL, CSA, CSA, BSI, VDE, UL, CSA, UL, CSA,
METI, UMF METI METI METI, SEMKO, UL METI
Operational Uses One Time One Time One Time One Time One Time One Time
Mounting/Form Surface Leaded or Leaded or Leaded or
Leaded Cartridge
Factor Mount Cartridge Cartridge Cartridge
(*) Maximum operating voltage in the series, parts may be used at voltages equal to or less than this value.
(**) Maximum interrupting rating at specified voltage which may be less than maximum operating voltage.
(***) Opening time is in relation to other forms of protection. A fast device will typically operate within three seconds at 200% of
rated current.
11
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Transientology
Overvoltage Suppression Facts

Voltage Transients can be defined as short duration excursions or surges
of electrical energy. Transients result from the sudden release of
previously stored energy. In terms of electrical or electronic circuits, this 100
energy can be released through intentional, controlled switching action, 90
or induced into a circuit from external sources. If the voltage magnitude %
of the transient is large enough, circuit component damage or malfunc-
Current (I) %
tion of circuit may result. I30
Transients occur in either repeatable fashion or as random impulses. I 60

Repeatable transients, such as commutative voltage spikes or inductive
load switching are more readily observable, characterized, and
suppressed as required. These might be caused from the operation
of motors, generators, or the switching of reactive circuit components.
Examples of random transients are lightning (Figure 1) and ElectroStatic
30n
Discharge (ESD) (Figure 2) which generally occur unpredictably, and
may require more elaborate monitoring means to be accurately 60n
measured if induced at the circuit board level.
tr = 0.7 to 1.0ns
As stated, three common sources of transients are caused by the Figure 2. ESD Test Waveform
switching of a charged reactance, lightning, or ESD. In order to properly
suppress these events it becomes necessary to quantify the various A third waveform standard example (Figure 3) represents the discharge
parameters of the transient. Numerous standards groups related to the of energy stored within an alternator charging system for the DC system
electrical and electronic industries have analyzed these voltage transient of an automobile. It represents a random inductive switching transient
occurrences using accepted monitoring or test methods. and is termed “Load Dump”. It may reach 120V peak amplitude and have
a duration of 400 milliseconds.
Transient voltage spikes most often exhibit a “double exponential”
wave form. This is shown in Figure 1 for the open circuit waveshape V T
of lightning. T1
The exponential rise time is about 1.2 µSec (essentially 0 to 90%) and 90%
the duration is defined as 50 µSec (50% of peak values). It is referred to
VS
Vp
10%
Vp/2
VB t
VB = 25V to 125V T1 = 5ms to 10ms
VB = 14V R = 0.5Ω to 4Ω
T = 40ms to 400ms
t1 t Figure 3. Load Dump Transient
t2
These few examples illustrate the wide variation in characteristics of
real world transients. The waveshape, duration, and peak amplitude are
Figure 1. Lightning Transient Waveform three variables that must be known in order to properly choose a
suppressor technology.
as the “1.2x50” open circuit voltage when it occurs on an AC service line.
As a short circuit current waveform it becomes 8x20 µSec. However, this From analysis of voltage transients such as those examples described
same event can be observed as 10x560 µSec or 5x310 µSec when it above, the required attributes of a suppressor device can be defined in
occurs on telephone twisted pair lines. terms of adequate surge current and energy ratings.
Likewise, electrostatic discharges from the human body can be Secondly, the electrical characteristics of the application circuit in which
represented, or modeled, differently. Figure 2 characterizes the current the transient is induced will affect suppressor selection since it would
waveform of this very fast transient as developed by the International serve no purpose to attenuate a transient if in doing so the circuit itself
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). could not function properly. Knowledge of items such as line impedance,
stray capacitance or inductance and susceptibility of adjacent
While the voltage rise time and shape will be a function of the circuit into components to over-voltage can aid in the determination of the
which it is induced, ESD can reach 10 kV to 30 kV under low humidity suppression element.
and with the combination of certain triboelectric materials.
12
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Transientology

Since there are numerous sources of voltage transients with widely CECC (CENELEC Electronic Components Committee)
varying characteristics and endless circuit applications, each with specif- CENELEC is the “European Committee for Electrotechnical 1
ic tolerance or sensitivity, no single suppression technology can possibly
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
Standardization” which provides harmonized standards for the European
INTRODUCTION TO
solve them all. In fact, in the selection process of a suppression element, Community based upon IEC and ISO publications. This group is based
two fundamental objectives must be met. in Brussels.
First is to choose a suppressor that is appropriately designed for the All Littelfuse radial Varistor series are approved to Specification 42201-006.
specific conditions presented by the expected transient, Secondly, it must
be compatible to the application circuit by not adversely affecting normal
function or performance. CSA (Canadian Standards Association)
Based in Canada, this regulatory agency writes standards to which it
To meet these criteria, Littelfuse offers the widest selection of conducts product safety tests. Upon successful completion, a file number
suppression technologies. A brief description of each is presented is established, the product is “Certified” and may display the CSA logo
on the following pages. as indication. Specific Littelfuse Varistors have been tested to CSA
Standard number 22.2, No.1-94. Littelfuse file number is LR91788.
Standards
Applicable Littelfuse Varistors have been investigated and evaluated NSAI (National Standards Authority of Ireland)
and are Certified, Recognized or otherwise approved with pertinent This Irish testing organization is facilitated and authorized to evaluate
safety or standards organizations as shown below. (Due to their products to the various Euro Norms CECC specifications thereby
intended circuit application, Multilayer Varistors are not covered by granting declarations of conformity.
existing safety standards).
AGENCY AND SPECIFICATION NUMBER
UL UL UL CSA VDE NSAI

UL1449 UL1414 UL497B 22.2-1 CECC CECC
Spec Spec
42201-006 42201-006
Device Package Style/ file file file Cert. license Cert.
Series Technology E75961 E56529 E135010 LR91788 104846E HI-001
UltraMOV™ Varistor Radial/MOV X X X
LA Radial/MOV X X X X X X
C-III Radial/MOV X X X X
ZA Radial/MOV X1 X X X
BA Industrial/MOV X
DA/DB Industrial/MOV X
HA Industrial/MOV X X
HB Industrial/MOV X X2
CH Leadless Chip/MOV X 1
X
PA Industrial Base Mount/MOV X X
RA Low Profile Box/MOV X X X X
Surgector™ DO-214 X
Suppressor
TMOV™ Varistor Radial/MOV X
NOTES:
• The information provided is accurate at the time of printing. Changes can occur based upon new products offered by Littelfuse, revision of an existing
standard, or introduction of a new standard or agency requirement. Contact Littelfuse Sales for latest information.
• Not all Littelfuse TVS products require safety listing due to their low operating voltage and intended applications. These include PulseGuard®
Suppressor, SP Series, and Multilayer (ML, MLN, MLE, MHS) leadless chips.
1. Not all types within the series are applicable for recognition.
2. Pending completion of testing.
13
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Transientology

UL (Underwriters Laboratories) IEC 61000-4-2 consists of four test severity levels of ESD immunity
UL writes “standards” to which products are investigated. Upon comple- using both a Contact Discharge and Air Discharge test method. The
tion of the tests, a “Listing” or “Recognition” to the standard with condi- EUT or DUT may be subjected to increasing levels of severity until
tions of acceptability is given under a unique file number. All of Littelfuse failure. Or, a particular level of immunity may be prescribed for EM
applicable Varistors are in the “Recognized Components” category to compatibility of an end product.
one or more of the following standards:
For more information about the IEC 61000-4-2 test method, see
• UL1449 Transient Voltage Suppressors. Application Note AN9734, “IEC Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards
for Industrial Process Measurement and Control Equipment.”
• UL1414 Across the Line Capacitors, Antenna Coupling and Line By-
Pass Capacitors for Radio and Television Type Appliances. Varisitors and Multilayer Varistor
Littelfuse Varistors are voltage dependent, nonlinear devices which have
• UL497B Protectors for Data and Communication and Fire Alarm electrical characteristics similar to back to back zener diodes. They are
Circuits. composed primarily of zinc oxide with small additions of other metal
oxides. The metal oxide Varistor or “MOV” is sintered during the
(Note that the terms “Approved” or “Certified” are not correct in referring manufacturing operation. This forms a ceramic and results in a crys-
to devices listed or recognized by UL.) talline microstructure across the entire bulk of the device. It is this attrib-
ute that allows MOVs to dissipate very high levels of transient energy.
VDE (Verband Deutscher Electrotechniker) Therefore, Varistors are typically used for the suppression of lightning
Based in Germany, this is the Association of German Engineers who and other high level transients found in industrial or AC line applications.
develop specific safety standards and test requirements. VDE tests and Additionally, Varistors are used in DC circuits such as low voltage power
certifies devices or products, assigning a license number. supplies and automobile applications. Their manufacturing process
permits many different form factors with the radial leaded disc being the
Littelfuse Radial Varistors are currently certified under license number most common.
104846 E having successfully met CECC standard 42 201-006
(issue 1/1996). Multilayer Varistors are constructed of zinc oxide material similar to
standard MOVs, however, they are fabricated with interleaved layers of
ESD Standards metal electrodes and supplied in leadless ceramic packages. As with
standard MOVs, Multilayers transition from a high impedance to a
Several industry standards and specifications exist that are used to conduction state when subjected to voltages that exceed their nominal
qualify and quantify ESD events. Since many circuits or systems must voltage rating. MLVs are constructed in various chip form sizes and are
demonstrate immunity to ESD, these standards are often incorporated in capable of significant surge energy for their physical size. Thus, data line
the testing of ESD capability. Of particular concern is the immunity level and power supply suppression are achieved with one technology.
for semiconductors. The “standards” include Human Body Model (HBM)
to MIL-STD-883 or IEC 61000-4-2, Machine Model (MM) such as EIAJ
The following parameters apply to Varistors and/or Multilayer Varistors and
IC121, and Charged Device Model (CDM) such as US ESD DS 5.3. The
Human Body Model, Machine Model and Charged Device Model should be understood by the circuit designer to properly select a device
primarily relate to manufacturing and testing process of an IC. for a given application.
One of the most severe is IEC 61000-4-2 from the International TERMS
Electrotechnical Commission and referenced in the EMC directive.
Level 4 of this test method is the highest level, subjecting the device Rated AC Voltage (VM(AC)RMS)
under test to 8kV contact discharge method (preferred) and/or 15kV air This is the maximum continuous sinusoidal voltage which may be
discharge. Each Littelfuse technology is designed for this level. The applied to the MOV. This voltage may be applied at any temperature up
recommended types are the silicon based SP05x, SP723 and SP724 to the maximum operating temperature of 85°C.
SCR/Diode Arrays, the polymeric VVM based PulseGuard® Suppressor,
and the V18ML, MLE, MHS or MLN Multilayers.
PERCENT OF PEAK VALUE
100
The designer should be aware of the ESD ratings of the semiconductors 90

used in the circuit. For example, semiconductor manufacturers that rate
their devices to MIL-STD-883 to 2kV may not pass 2kV when subjected 50
to the more difficult IEC test method (150pF / 330Ω instead of 100pF /
1500Ω ). Additionally, even if semiconductors do meet some level of
ESD immunity to IEC standards, that does not imply that additional ESD
10
suppression is not required. Real world ESD transients can exceed the
O1 TIME
peak currents and voltages as defined by the standards and can have t
t1
much faster rise times.
t2
Figure 4. Peak Pulse Current Test Waveform
14
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Transientology

Maximum Non-Repetitive Surge Current (ITM) Voltage Clamping Device
This is the maximum peak current which may be applied for an 8/20µs A clamping device, such as an MOV, refers to a characteristic in which 1
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
impulse, with rated line voltage also applied, without causing greater the effective resistance changes from a high to low state as a function
INTRODUCTION TO
than 10% shift in nominal voltage. of applied voltage. In its conductive state, a voltage divider action is
established between the clamping device and the source impedance
Maximum Non-Repetitive Surge Energy (WTM) of the circuit. Clamping devices are generally “dissipative” devices,
This is the maximum rated transient energy which may be dissipated for converting much of the transient electrical energy to heat.
a single current pulse at a specified impulse and duration (2µs), with the
rated VRMS applied, without causing device failure. PulseGuard® Suppressors
PulseGuard devices are designed for ESD transients. This technology
Nominal Voltage (VN(DC)) is manufactured utilizing a polymer-over-gap procedure resulting in
This is the voltage at which the device changes from the off state to extremely low capacitance. Likewise, leakage current is essentially
the on state and enters its conduction mode of operation. This voltage non-existent, an important factor for certain portable products.
is characterized at the 1mA point and has specified minimum and PulseGuard Suppressors, therefore, do not skew fast edge rates or
maximum voltage ratings. attenuate high speed data signals due to capacitive loading. They are
suited to data rate applications ranging beyond 5GHz. The PulseGuard
Clamping Voltage (VC) family of devices are fabricated in various surface mount package form
This is the peak voltage appearing across the MOV when measured at as well as a D-Sub connector insert film. Like Multilayer Varistors, these
conditions of specified pulse current amplitude and specified waveform devices are not applicable for existing safety agency standards listing.
(8/20µs). PulseGuard devices are intended for the suppression of Human Body
Model ESD transients, such as defined in IEC 61000-4-2.
Operating Temperature Range
The minimum and maximum ambient operating temperature of the TERMS
circuit in which the Varistor will be applied, allowing for other adjacent Capacitance
components which could effect the surrounding temperature.
The capacitance measured between input pins and the common
terminal, at 1 MHz.
Power Dissipation Ratings
When transients occur in rapid succession the average power dissipation Leakage Current
is the energy (watt-seconds) per pulse times the number of pulses per Until the PulseGuard suppressor transitions to the “on” state, it is
second. The power so developed must be within the specifications electrically transparent to the circuit. Leakage current passing through
shown on the Device Ratings and Characteristics table for the specific the device is less than 1 nA.
device. Certain parameter ratings must be derated at high temperatures
as shown in Figure 5. Voltage Rating
PulseGuard suppressors are rated for use in operating environments up
to 24 VDC.
100
PERCENT OF RATED VALUE
90 Temperature Rating
80
70
The operating temperature range is –65°C to +125°C. Unlike the
60 polymer PTCs, these devices do not operate as a result of thermal
ML, MLE, MHS, MLN
50 CH, CP, CS, RA SERIES
action; therefore, there is no rerating necessary.
40
30 BA/BB, CA, DA/DB, Agency Approvals
LA, "C"III, HA, NA, MA,
20 At this time, there are no applicable standards for ESD suppressor
UltraMOV, PA, ZA SERIES
10 components. Nonetheless, PulseGuard suppressors have been
0
-55 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
subjected to all levels of severity of the IEC 61000-4-2 test specification
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (ºC) using both the Contact Discharge and Air Discharge injection methods.
In all cases, clamping of the ESD transient is provided and the devices
Figure 5. Current, Energy, Power Derating v/s Temperature. survived the multiple ESD events.
Resistance
While in the “off” state, the suppressors remain electrically transparent
to the circuit. The measured resistance of the suppressors is 10 MΩ,
or greater.
15
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Transientology

Time-Voltage Characteristic 4, 8 and 16 sensitive digital or analog input circuits on data, signal, or
Because the magnitude of the voltage and the time duration vary with the control lines with voltage levels up to 5VDC. The devices are ideal for
individual ESD event, a general form of this curve is shown below. high-speed signal lines due to their low capacitance (39pF), low clamping
voltage, and leakage current and very fast response time. Both unipolar
and bipolar versions are available.
Rail Clamp TVS Diode Arrays

The Rail clamp arrays are low capacitance (3pf), low leakage (10nA) and
high-energy structures designed for transient protection. The rail clamp
devices are connected to the sensitive signal line and to the power sup-
ply rails. When a transient voltage exceeds either supply rail by a diode
drop (0.7V), the SCR /diode action directs the transient away from the
sensitive line to the power supply. After the transient subsides, the rail
clamp device returns to its off state. There are two main product types
within the rail clamp technology. This includes a high voltage (35v) SP72x
family and lower voltage (5V) SP05x family.
USB Port Terminator with EMI Filter and TVS protection

Figure 6. ESD Event. The newest family of devices offer a highly integrated solution for protect-
ing USB1.1 ports on peripheral (upstream) products such as Digital
Cameras, MP3 players, printers or scanners.
The design integrates passive components including resistors, capacitors
Silicon Protection (SP) Introduction: and TVS Avalanche diodes into a monolithic device. To save board
Silicon Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) technology offers a high space, the device is packaged in an ultra small SC70-6 lead plastic
level of protection (up to 30kV per IEC 61000-4-2 Direct Discharge) with package. The end result of this design is the recommended termination
very low capacitance, leakage current and clamp voltage. In addition to a resistance and filter (EMI) characteristic of the USB1.1 specification.
single line 0402 device, high-density arrays are available for up to 18 The device offers very robust 15kV(IEC 61000-4-2 direct discharge) bi-
lines including power rail protection. The next generation of products directional protection of the data and Vbus lines
available offers TVS protection plus filtering and termination. For more
robust applications, silicon devices are available for EFT and Lightning TERMS
threats per IEC-61000-4-4/5. The SP family consists of three main tech-
Operating Voltage Range (Vsupply)
nology types. This includes a single line or array TVS Avalanche diodes,
Rail Clamp Diode arrays and filter/protection. The range limits of the power supply voltage that may be across the V+
and V-terminals. The SCR/ Diode arrays do not a have a fixed breakover
TVS Avalanche Diode or operating voltage. These devices “float” between the input and power
supply rails and thus the same device can operate at any potential
The Surface Mount families of TVS Avalanche Diode arrays are specifi- within its range.
cally designed to protect circuits from Electrostatic Discharge (ESD). This
family is rated per the International Electromagnetic Compatibility (IEC) Forward Voltage Drop
transient immunity standards IEC 61000-4-2 for level 4 (20kV Direct
The maximum forward voltage drop between an input pin and respective
Discharge). The devices are typically connected between the sensitive
power supply pin for a specific forward current.
signal line and ground. When a transient event occurs, the device turns
on and directs the transient into the ground plane. These space saving Input Leakage Current
arrays protect multiple data lines in ultra small package sizes including
The DC input current that is measured at maximum Vsupply with
the SC70, SOT23, TSSOP, and MSOP package. The arrays are config-
1/2 Vsupply applied to the input.
ured to protect 2,3,4,5 or 6 sensitive digital or analog input circuits on
data, signal, or control lines with voltage levels up to 5VDC. The devices Quiescent Supply Current
are ideal for high-speed signal lines due to their low capacitance (30pF),
The maximum DC current into V+ / V- pins with Vsupply at its
low clamping voltage, leakage current and very fast response time.
maximum voltage.
The TVS Avalanche Diodes are also offered in an ultra small Chip Scale Input Capacitance
Package (CSP) size with outstanding ESD protection. The single line
0402 or high-density arrays are ideal for hand held and computer applica- The capacitance measured between the input pin and either supply pin at
tion where board space is at a premium. The CSP families of TVS 1MHz / 1VRMS applied.
Avalanche Diode arrays are specifically designed to protect circuits from
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD). This family is rated per the international Comparing the Technologies
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) transient immunity standards IEC The differences between the families offer the designer specific options to
61000-4-2 for level 4. These space saving arrays protect multiple data best suit the circuit application. Basic comparisons are listed in the tables
lines in an ultra small CSP package. The arrays are configured to protect on page 23 which highlight the fundamental attributes of each.
16
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Transientology

The considerations below restate how the product attributes/offerings Surgector™ Suppressors
can differ as an aid in determining which device family may be
The telephone twisted wire pair infrastructure is subject to lightning
1
most appropriate.
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
transients. At the same time, the modern silicon chip interface circuits
INTRODUCTION TO
may not be rated for high voltage thereby limiting the usage of a
When to choose the Silicon Protection
clamping suppression device. Littelfuse SurgectorTM Suppressors are
• The device being protected requires the lowest possible clamp voltage SCR structures and as such they exhibit a “crowbar” action for
(9.2), low capacitance (3 to 40pF) and low leakage (5nA to 10uA). suppression. Once triggered by the transient voltage, the Surgector’s
rapid conduction state allows only a few volts across the line it protects
• Board space is at a premium and high density single line (0402) or until the transient subsides.
multi-line protection is needed.
Surgectors are offered in various voltage ranges and replace industry
• Additional features such as EMI and termination are required.
“Sidactor” types. Littelfuse Surgectors may be combined with Littelfuse
461 Series Telecom NANO2® fuses for coordinated over-voltage and
• Transients are ESD or beyond such as EFT or Lightning.
over-current protection for products connected to telco lines. Surgectors
are recognized components to Underwriters Laboratories UL497B
When to choose the PulseGuard® Suppressors
specification.
• The application cannot tolerate added capacitance (high speed
data lines)
TERMS
• ESD is the primary transient threat VDRM
• On data, signal, and control lines (not power supply lines) Maximum Off-State Voltage (DC or Peak) which may be applied
continuously.
• The suppression function must be within a Dsub connector
(PGD types) IDRM
Maximum Reverse Current measured with VDRM applied
When to choose the ML, MLE or MLN Series (Off-State Current).
• Surge currents or energy beyond ESD is expected in the application
(EFT, Lightning remnants). VT
Forward voltage drop at the specified Forward Current IT. In the
• Replacing high wattage TVS Zeners (300-1500W).
On-Stage Latch Mode.
• Added capacitance is desirable for EMI filtering (3pF - 6000pF).
VBO
• Power supply line or low/medium speed data, signal lines are to Maximum Breakover Voltage at which the device switches to the
be protected. On-State latched mode.
• Single, leadless SM package is required in EIA sizes. (MLN is 4-line)
IH
• The operating voltage is above the SP or PulseGuard® Minimum On-State Current required to maintain the device in the
Suppressor ratings. latched-on state.
CO
Terminal Capacitance measured at the specified off-state bias Voltage.
ITSM
Maximum Peak Surge Current at the specified AC cycle waveform.
Test Severity Level Ipp

Peak Pulse Surge Current rating of a designated waveform.
Test Voltage Test Voltage
Level Contact Discharge Air Discharge
Crowbar Device
1 2kV 2kV
The class of suppressors that exhibit a “crowbar” characteristic is
2 4kV 4kV usually associated with a 4-layer NPNP silicon bipolar or spark
3 6kV 8kV gap device. Upon reaching a threshold or Breakover Voltage, further
increase in current flow will cause the device to rapidly conduct with
4 8kV 15kV only a few volts of forward drop. In essence, the line is momentarily
X Special Special “short-circuited” during the duration of the transient.
Notes:
1. X is an open level.
2. The test severity levels shall be selected in accordance with the most
realistic installation and environmental conditions.
17
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Transientology
Overvoltage Suppression Facts and Selection Guide

Conclusion
Choosing the most appropriate suppressor depends upon a balance
between the application, its operation, voltage transient threats expected
and sensitivity levels of the components requiring protection. Form
factor/package style also must be considered.
The three Littelfuse technologies described offer a comprehensive choice

for the designer. Reviewing the attributes of each can result in a suitable
ESD suppression solution for most applications. See the individual data
sheets for specific electrical and mechanical information.
Overvoltage Suppression Selection Guide

PulseGuard® SurgectorTM
Suppressors Silicon Protection Suppressors Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV)
Surface Chip Scale Surface Surface Surface Axial

Mount Package (CSP) Mount Leaded Mount Mount Surface Mount Multilayer Leaded
Series Name PGB SP05X SP72X SP05X SP05X SP05X SPUSB1 SP72X SGT CH ML MLE AUML MLN MHS MA
Voltage TVS Rail Clamp TVS Rail Rail Clamp USB Port Silicon Silicon Zinc Multilayer Multilayer Multilayer Multilayer Multilayer Zinc
Technology Variable Avalanche SCR/Diode Avalanche Clamp w/ Avalanche Terminator SCR/Diode
Type Thyristors Oxide Zinc Oxide Zinc Oxide Zinc Oxide Zinc Oxide Zinc Oxide Oxide
Polymer Diodes Array Diode Diode (w/ESD Array
suppressing
EMI filter)
Operating AC
Voltage Range ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– 14-275 2.5-104 ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– 9-264
Operating DC
Voltage Range 0-24 0-5.5 0-30 0-5.5 0-5.5 0-5.5 0-5.5 0-30 58-300 18-369 3.5-120 0-18 18 5.5-18 0-42 13-365
Peak Current
Range (A)** 45 ––––– 45 ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– 45 600 250-500 30-250 20 20 ––––– ––––– 40-100
Peak Energy
Range (J) * * * * * * * * ** 1-23 0.1-2.0 0.5 ––––– 0.05 0.025 0.06-1.7
Temperature
Range (Deg.C) -65 – +125 -40 – +85 -55 – +125 -20 – +85 -20 – +85 -20 – +85 -40 – +85 -55 – +125 -40 – +85 -55 – +125 -55 – +125 -55 – +125 -55 – +125 -55 – +125 -55 – +125 -55 – +85
Lines Protected 1-8 1, 4, 8, 16 4,6,14 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 6, 18 2, 4, 6, 18 3 6,14 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1

SOT23, S0T143,
Mount/Form Surface Surface S0T143, QSOP8, MSOP8, Mount Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Axial
Factor Mount Mount SOIC MSOP8, MSOP8, SOIC8, SC70-6 PDIP DO-214AA Mount Mount Mount Mount Mount Mount Leaded
TSSOP8, SOIC8 QSOP24
SC70
Disc Size
(MOV) ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– 3mm
Agency UL UL
Approvals ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– ––––– –––––
* Not an applicable parameter for this technology ** Not an applicable parameter for Crowbar devices
18
Next Previous

Transientology
Overvoltage Application Guide and Selection Guide

Overvoltage Application Guide
1
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
Application Segment Typical Applications and Circuit Examples Typical Transient Threats Device Family or Series Technology
INTRODUCTION TO
* EDP * Computer * Hand-Held/Portable Devices CH, MA, ZA, RA MOV
* Instrumentation * Controllers * Remote Sensors ML, MLE, MLN, MHS Multilayer MOV
* Mobile Communications ESD, EFT, EMI SP72X SCR/Diode Array
Low Voltage,
Board Level Products * I/O Port and Interface * Medical Electronics, etc. Voltage Variable Polymer
* Broad Band * USB 1.1 ESD PGB, PGD, SP05X TVS Avalanche Diodes
* Ethernet * Security and Alarm Systems TVS Protection with
ESD, EMI SPUSB1 Series
Filter and Termination
High-Speed * USB 2.0 * Gigabit Ethernet * RF Antenna Circuits ESD PGB Voltage Variable Polymer
Dataline Protection * InfiniBandSM * IEEE 1394
* UPS * Power Meters * AC Appliance/Controls Lightning, Inductive Load CH, TMOV™, iTMOV™,
AC Line,TVSS UltraMOV™, LA, C-III, HA,
Products * Power Supplies * AC Power Taps * Circuit Breakers Switching, Commutative Pulses MOV
* TVSS Devices * AC Panels * Consumer Electronics HB and RA Varistors
CH, ZA MOV
Load Dump Multilayer MOV
AUML, ML
Automotive * ABS * EEC * Body Controllers
Electronics * Multiplex Bus * EFI * Instrument Cluster SP72X, SP05X SCR/Diode Array
* Air Bag/Window Control/Wiper Modules ESD PGB, PGD Voltage Variable Polymer
ML Multilayer MOV
* Cellular/Cordless Phone CH,ZA, SP72X MOV
* Repeaters * Line Cards Lightning
Surgector™ (SGT) Thyristor
Telecom Products * Modems * Data Line Connectors
* COE * Secondary Phone Line SP72X, SP05X SCR/Diode Array
* T1/E1/ISDN Protectors ESD, EFT, EMI
ML, MLE, MLN, MHS Multilayer MOV
ESD SP05X, PGB TVS Avalanche Diode,
Voltage Variable Polymer
Industrial, High Energy * Robotics * Large Motors, Pumps, Compressors Lightning, Switching, DA/DB, BA,BB, CA, MOV
AC Product * High Current Relays * Motor Drives * AC Distribution Panel Commutative Pulses HA, HB, NA, PA
Radial Leaded Packaged Bare Disc

ZA RA LA C-III UltraMOV™ TMOV™/iTMOV™ PA HA HB34 DA/DB BA/BB NA CA
Varistor Varistors
Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc Zinc
Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide
4-460 4-275 130-1000 130-320 130-625 130-320 130-660 130-750 130-750 130-750 130-2800 130-750 130-2800
5.5-615 5.5-369 175-1200 ––––– 170-825 170-420 175-850 175-970 175-970 175-970 175-3500 175-970 175-3500
1,200- 6,000- 1,750- 6,000- 25,000 50,000 20,000

50-6,500 100-6,500 6,500 9,000 10,000 10,000 6,500 40,000 40,000 40,000 70,000 40,000 70,000
0.1-52 0.4-160 11-360 45-210 12.5-220 50-273 70-250 200-1050 270-1050 270-1050 450-10000 270-1050 200-10000
-55 – +85 -55 – +125 -55 – +85 -55 – +85 -55 – +85 -55 – +85 -55 – +85 -55 – +85 -55 – +85 -55 – +85 -55 – +85 -55 – +85 -55 – +85
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Radial Packaged Radial Radial Radial Radial Packaged Packaged Industrial Industrial Packaged Bare Bare
Leaded Leaded Leaded Leaded Leaded Packaged Package Disc Disc
5, 7, 10, 7,10,14 7,10,14 32, 40 &

14, 20mm 8,16,22mm 20mm 14,20mm 20mm 14,20mm 20mm 32,40mm 34mm 40mm 60mm 34mm 60mm
UL,VDE UL,CSA UL,CSA UL,CSA UL,CSA UL UL&CSA UL&CSA UL&CSA UL UL ––––– –––––
&VDE &VDE &VDE
19
Previous

Transientology
ESD Suppressor Selection Guide

Littelfuse manufacturers three different surface mount product families for ESD suppression. Each technology provides distinct attributes for
compatibility to specific circuit requirements.
1. Review the circuit requirements or parameters from the left hand column and compare them to the Littelfuse product offerings shown.
2. Refer to Littelfuse data sheets and application notes for complete technical information
PulseGuard®
Suppressors Silicon Protection Multilayer Varistors
Surface Chip Scale
Mount Package (CSP) Surface Mount Surface Mount
Series Name PGB SP05X SP72X SP05X SP05X SP05X SPUSB1 ML MLE MLN MHS
TVS Silicon TVS Rail Rail Clamp USB Port Terminator MLV MLV MLV MLV
Technology Type VVM Avalanche SCR/Diode Avalanche Clamp w/ Avalanche w/ESD suppression ZnO ZnO ZnO ZnO
Diode Diode Diode and EMI filters
0-120VDC
Working Voltage 0-24VDC 0-5.5VDC 0-30VDC 0-5.5VDC 0-5.5VDC 0-5.5VDC 0-5.5VDC 0-18VDC 0-18VDC 0-42VDC
range by type
SOT23 (2),
DIP, SOIC S0T143 (3), S0T143 (2),
(6, 14) S0T23-5 (4), MSOP-8 (6), MSOP-8 (6)
Array Package SOT23 (2), CSP SOT23 S0T23-6 (5), SOIC-8 (6), SOIC-8 (6), SC70-6 (3) No No 1206 No
(No. of Lines) 0805 (4) (4, 8, 16) (4) TSSOP-8 (4), QSOP-24(18) QSOP-24(18) (4)
MSOP-8 (6),
SC70 (2, 5, 6)
Single Line Package 0402, 0603 0402 No No No No No 0402-1210 0402-1206 ––––– 0402
Typical Device Capacitance 0.05pF 39pF 3-5pF 30pF 3-7pF 3-7pF 47pF 40-6000pF 40-1700pF 45-430pF 3-12pF
Leakage Current <1nA <10µA <20µA <10µA <1µA <1µA <100nA <5µA <10µA <2µA <5µA
Rated Immunity to Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
IEC 61000-4-2 level 4
Also Rated for EFT or No TBD Yes TBD TBD TBD TBD Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lightning Wave
Bidirectional (transients Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
of either polarity)
Performs Low Pass Filtering – – – – – – Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
20

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Introduction to Circuit Protection

Introduction to Circuit Protection

SOLDERING RECOMMENDATIONS: Since most fuse constructions

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Fuse Facts and Fuse Selection Guide

FUSE SELECTION GUIDE

8. Agency Approvals required, such as UL, CSA, VDE, METI, MITI B

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Fuse Selection Guide

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Fuse Selection Guide

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Standards and Packaging Information

Introduction to Circuit Protection

AGENCY APPROVALS: PTCs are Recognized under the Component

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overcurrent Selection Guide Worksheet

2. Select the proper circuit protection component.

LITTELFUSE CIRCUIT PROTECTION COMPARISON TABLE:

Resistance Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overcurrent Selection Guide Worksheet

LITTELFUSE CIRCUIT PROTECTION COMPARISON TABLE:

Nano2® SMF Fuse PICO® II Fuse 2AGs 5x20mm 3AGs/3ABs Midgets

Temperature Range -55 C to

Resistance Low Low Low Low Low Low

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overvoltage Suppression Facts

Transients occur in either repeatable fashion or as random impulses. I 60

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overvoltage Suppression Facts

AGENCY AND SPECIFICATION NUMBER

UL UL UL CSA VDE NSAI

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overvoltage Suppression Facts

The designer should be aware of the ESD ratings of the semiconductors 90

Figure 4. Peak Pulse Current Test Waveform

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overvoltage Suppression Facts

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overvoltage Suppression Facts

Rail Clamp TVS Diode Arrays

USB Port Terminator with EMI Filter and TVS protection

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overvoltage Suppression Facts

Test Severity Level Ipp

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overvoltage Suppression Facts and Selection Guide

The three Littelfuse technologies described offer a comprehensive choice

Overvoltage Suppression Selection Guide

Surface Chip Scale Surface Surface Surface Axial

Lines Protected 1-8 1, 4, 8, 16 4,6,14 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 6, 18 2, 4, 6, 18 3 6,14 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1

Introduction to Circuit Protection

Overvoltage Application Guide and Selection Guide

Radial Leaded Packaged Bare Disc