Mensuration
Mathematics for Engineers
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Class 1A
By
Delos Santos, Bill D.
Eguia, Darwin S.
Daquigan, Vhon Jerom A.
October 2019
I. Introduction
Mathematics have many branches. One of the branches was the Mensuration.
Mensuration is very important in geometry in measuring the shapes or their areas and
volume. Mensuration is used to tell the length of side, height, parameters, measures of
angle, etch. There are kind of mensuration. The Solid mensuration and Plane figure.
Solid mensuration deals with the measurement of the volume of the various solid
figures including pyramids, prisms, and other polyhedrons, cylinders, cones,, etch. The three
important component of solid mensuration are the width, length and height. The field of solid
mensuration is highly important in engineering and architecture. There are two types of
mensuration; the 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional .2-dimensional shape can be define as a
flat plane figure or shape that two dimension, the length and width, thus two dimension does
not have any thickness and can be measures in only two faces. The some figure of 2-
Dimension are squares, circles, triangles, hexagons, and the other shape that have no
thickness. The 3-Dimensional shape can be defined as solid figure or an object or shape that
three dimension; the length, width, and height. Unlike the Two Dimensional, The Two
Dimensional have a thickness or depth. Three Dimensional Object is solid, while the solid
The most basic principle of Keynesian economics is that if an economy's
investment exceeds its savings, it will cause inflation. Conversely, if an
economy's saving is higher than its investment, it will cause a recession. This
was the basis of Keynes belief that an increase in spending would, in fact,
decrease unemployment and help economic recovery. Keynesian economics
also advocates that it's actually demand that drives production and not supply.
In Keynes time, the opposite was believed to be true.
With this in mind, Keynesian economics argues that economies are boosted
when there is a healthy amount of output driven by sufficient amounts of
economic expenditures. Keynes believed that unemployment was caused by a
lack of expenditures within an economy, which decreased aggregate demand.
Continuous decreases in spending during a recession result in further
decreases in demand, which in turn incites higher unemployment rates, which
results in even less spending as the amount of unemployed people increases.
Keynes advocated that the best way to pull an economy out of a recession is
for the government to borrow money and increase demand by infusing the
economy with capital to spend. This means that Keynesian economics is a
sharp contrast to laissez-faire in that it believes in government intervention.
British economist, John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) wrote his seminal "The General Theory of
Employment, Interest and Money" in 1935. This book has been the cornerstone of economic
practice for many countries, including the United States, for decades.
Keynes believed that government should manage consumer demand through policy and
taxation, thereby avoiding inflation and unemployment, the results of too much and too little
demand, respectively. Keynesian economics has several positive outcomes.
Higher Employment Levels
In recessionary periods, employment drops off and unemployment rates soar as businesses cut back on the
size of their workforce. Lack of employment then decreases consumer demand for products and services as
families tighten their belt. Thus, a dangerous downward spiral is created. When the government steps in to
financially stimulate businesses, those companies begin to hire once again. When the government invests
in public works projects, they directly increase employment. With both methods, the downward spiral is
halted.
Stabilization of the Banking Industry
As witnessed during the 2008 to 2009 recession, instability in the American economy led to banks and
other lending institutions tightening up on lending. Without access to funding, small business start-up and
growth halted, and the real estate industry suffered as mortgages were difficult to obtain. When the
government steps in to guarantee loans, lenders are more confident in providing the capital needed in both
the business and consumer markets.
Tighter Control on Government Spending
While Keynesian theory allows for increased government spending during recessionary times, it also calls
for government restraint in a rapidly growing economy. This prevents the increase in demand that spurs
inflation. It also forces the government to cut deficits and save for the next down cycle in the economy.
New Tools to Monitor a Country's Economic Output
One of Keynes' goals was to be able to monitor the total economic output of a country, an action that, at
that time, had not yet been done in America or England. Keynes developed the precursor to the Gross
National Product, in which the health of the economy can be measured by its production versus its
capacity. By understanding and measuring these indicators, a government is better able to predict
recessionary and inflationary cycles, and is thus better equipped to step in early to intervene in negative
situations.
Moderation of Interest Rates
In an overly-stimulated economic cycle, the demand for loans to increase consumption and investment
outstrips lenders' abilities to provide them. This causes increases in interest rates, fueling inflation. Under
Keynesian theory, government spending in such a market is curtailed, lowering the overall demand for
loans and cooling off interest rates and, ultimately, inflation
