Module-1: Introduction to TCP/IP

Prashant Mude | 10th May 2017

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 Version Tracker

Created by Reviewed by Approved by Approval date Version

Prashant Mude Prashant Mude Saurabh 10/05/2017 V1.2

Network L&D Srivastava
Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd
RCP, Navi Mumbai
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Index
Module-1
Lesson 1: OSI & TCP/IP model
Lesson 2: Understanding Ethernet
Lesson 3: Exploring Packet Delivery Process

Module-2 IPv4 and IPv6 Overview

Module-3 Routing Overview-ISIS & BGP

Module-4 MPLS

Module-5 IP-MPLS Hardware Overview

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Lesson-1 TCP-IP Model

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Understanding Host-to-Host Communications

– Older model
• Proprietary
• Application and combinations software controlled by one vendor
– Standards-based model
• Multivendor software
• Layered approach

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Why a Layered Network Model?

192.168.30.2
192.168.10.2

192.168.20.1 192.168.30.1
192.168.10.1

192.168.20.2

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TCP/IP Stack vs. the OSI Model

 Reduces complexity
 Standardizes interfaces
 Facilitates modular engineering
 Ensures interoperable technology
 Accelerates evolution
 Simplifies teaching and learning

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The TCP/IP Model

• TCP/IP” is the acronym that is commonly used for the set of network protocols that compose
the Internet Protocol suite.
• TCP/IP is now the most widely used protocol for a number of reasons, including its flexible
addressing scheme, its usability by most operating systems and platforms, its many tools and
utilities, and the need to use it to connect to the Internet.
• Originally also known as the DoD Model, built by DARPA an agency of the US Department of
Defense.
• Provide end-to-end Connectivity specifying how data should be packetized, addressed,
transmitted.
• TCP/IP model specifies 5 Layers, it specifies various protocols at each layer which handing one
aspect of the network communications.

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TCP/IP Stack Layers

Application • 5 Layers in TCP/IP Stack.

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

Physical

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Application Layer

• This layer is closest to the User.

• Provides Network service to the applications of the user, such as email, file transfer, and terminal
emulation.
• Ensure that data is readable by receiving systems
• Formats data, structure data, provide data Encryption, Compression and Authentication.
• Negotiates data transfer syntax for application.
• Protocols Running at Application Layer : SMTP,DNS,FTP,POP3,SSH

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Transport Layer

• Handles transportation issues between hosts

• The purpose of the transport layer is to hide the network requirements from the application layer.
• Connection-oriented transport provides reliable transport; connectionless transport provides best-
effort transport
• Provide reliability through fault detection, flow control, acknowledgement of receipt, Congestion
control, data recovery.
• UDP is a protocol that operates at the transport layer and provides applications with access to the
network layer without the overhead of the reliability mechanisms of TCP. UDP is a connectionless,
best-effort delivery protocol.
• TCP is a protocol that operates at the transport layer and provides applications with access to the
network layer. TCP is connection-oriented, provides error checking, delivers data reliably, operates
in full-duplex mode, and provides some data recovery functions.

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Reliable vs. Best-Effort Comparison

Reliable Best Effort

Protocol TCP UDP
Connection Type Connection-Oriented Connectionless
Sequencing Yes No
Uses • Email • Voice Streaming
• File Sharing • Video Streaming
• Downloading

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TCP Characteristics

• Transport layer of the TCP/IP stack

• Access to the network layer for applications
• Connection-oriented protocol
• Full-duplex mode operation
• Error checking
• Sequencing of data packets
• Acknowledgement of receipt
• Data-recovery features

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TCP Acknowledgment

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Flow Control

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UDP Characteristic

• Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP models

• Provides applications with access to the network layer without the overhead of reliability
mechanisms
• Is a connectionless protocol
• Provides limited error checking
• Provides best-effort delivery
• Has no data-recovery features

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TCP/IP Applications

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IP PDU

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 Internet Layer

• Exchanging information between the host connected in different networks.

• Route data packets and select best path to deliver data.
• Provide logical addressing (IP address),which uniquely identify each device on a network.
• Every host (computer, networking device, peripheral) must have a unique address called IP
address.
• Two variants for logical address: IPv4 and IPv6
• Provide fragmentation of packet to fit the packet size as per the next Network requirements.

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Network Interface Layer

• Provide node to node communication with in the same network.

• Network interface layer provide interface between Software layer (internet) and hardware layer
(physical).
• Defines the Network access methods for the host.
• The network interface defines a addressing scheme know as: Hardware address/Physical
address/MAC address
• Encapsulate the packets received from network layer in to a frame and also add error detection
information.
• Protocol in this layer include: Ethernet for LAN & PPP, HDLC, Frame-Relay ATM for WAN

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MAC Address Components

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MAC Address

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Physical

• Send the data in Bits, Bytes format. Convert Bits, Bytes in voltage levels.
• Defines the electrical, Mechanical, Procedural, and functional specifications for activating,
maintaining and deactivating the physical link.
• Does not try to interpret the meaning of the information it is handling.

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Address Resolution Process (ARP)

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Peer-to-Peer Communications

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Data Encapsulation

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Data De-Encapsulation

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End to End Communication Model

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Lesson-2 Understanding Ethernet

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Local Area Network

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LAN Components

– Computers
• PCs
• Servers
– Interconnections
• NICs
• Media
– Network devices
• Hubs
• Switches
• Routers
– Protocols
• Ethernet
• IP
• ARP
• DHCP

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Functions of a LAN

– Data and applications

– Share resources
– Provide communication path to other networks

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Ethernet Evolution

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LAN Standards

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Ethernet Frame Structure

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Communicating Within the LAN

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MAC Address Components

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MAC Addresses

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Network Interface Card

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Comparing Ethernet Media Requirements

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Differentiating Between Connections

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1000BASE-T GBIC

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Ethernet Connector and Jack

• Short wavelength (1000BASE-SX) • RJ-45 Connector

• Long wavelength/long haul
(1000BASE-LX/LH)
• Extended distance (1000BASE-ZX)

• RJ-45 Jack

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Switch Operation

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 Issues in a Poorly Designed Network

• Unbounded failure domains

• Large broadcast domains
• Large amount of unknown
MAC unicast traffic
• Unbounded multicast traffic
• Management and
support challenges
• Possible security
vulnerabilities

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VLAN Overview

 A VLAN is a Virtual LAN

 VLAN=Broadcast Domain
 VLAN=Logical Network (subnets)
 VLAN address these needs:
-Segmentation
-Security
-Network Flexibility

VLAN = Broadcast Domain = Logical Network (Subnet)

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Type of VLAN: Dynamic Vs. Static VLANs

• VLANs can be configured dynamically or statically.

• Static VLAN:

– Static VLANs are configured port-by-port.

– End-User devices become members in a VLAN based on the physical switch port to
which they are connected.
– Each port receives a port VLAN ID (PVID) that associates it with a VLAN number.

• Dynamic VLAN ports automatically learn their VLAN assignment

– Software database of MAC address-to-VLAN mappings

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 VLAN Link Types

• Two types of links

1) Access Port:
• An access port can have only one VLAN configured on
the interface; it can carry traffic for only one VLAN.
• Non-VLAN aware devices

2) Trunk links
• Switch-to-switch links
• Switch-to-router links
• A trunk port can have two or more VLANs
configured on the interface; it can carry traffic for
several VLANs simultaneously.

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 Trunking with 802.1Q (Cont.)

• Combining many VLANs on the same port called

trunking.
• A trunk allows the transportation of frames from
different VLANs.
• Each frame has a tag that specifies the VLAN that it
belongs to.
• Frames are forwarded to the corresponding VLAN
based on the tag information.

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 VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
• IEEE 802.1Q
• A group of devices on different physical LAN segments which can communicate with each
other as if they were all on the same physical LAN segment.

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802.1Q Frame

VID- VLAN ID is the identification of the VLAN. It

has 12 bits and allow the identification of 4096
(2^12) VLANs. Of the 4096 possible VIDs, a VID
of 0 is used to identify priority frames and value
4095 (FFF) is reserved, so the maximum possible
VLAN configurations are 4,094

Frame tagging
• IEEE 802.1q
• Also known as frame identification
• Adds a four-byte field to Ethernet frame

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Native VLAN

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ENodeB to CSR Logical Connectivity

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Small Cell to CSR/AG1 VLAN Mapping

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Lesson-3 Exploring Packet Delivery

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Role of Switch in Packet Delivery Process

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Role of Switch in Packet Delivery Process

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Role of Switch in Packet Delivery Process

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Role of Switch in Packet Delivery Process

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Role of Switch in Packet Delivery Process

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Thank You

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