6).

PROCESS DESIGN:

(A) REACTOR(Major equipment):

Sulfonator is a continuous stirred tank reactor.

It is assumed that reaction takes place only in the reactor.

The reaction is given by
Alkyl benzene + oleum --> alkyl benzene sulfonic acid + sulfuric acid
Since oleum is used in large amount the reaction is pseudo first order.

The rate of the reaction is given by

(-rA)=CA[2667(XA- ½ Xw + ¼ XS) -9.329 +5349/T ]

Where
XA - mole fraction of H2SO4
Xw - mole fraction of water
Xs - mole fraction of alkyl aryl sulfonic acid
T - abs temp
CA – concentration of alkyl aryl sulfonic acid (moles / lit)
(-rA) - rate (moles /hr/lit)
XA - 0.598
XS - 0.307
XW - 0.095
T - 303 K

Density of oleum = 1830 kg/m3

Density of alkyl benzene = 840 kg/m3
Flowrate of oleum=7029.4kg/hr
Flowrate of alkyl benzene=6386.7kg/hr
Total volumetric feed rate = (6386.7 / 840) + (7029.4 / 1830)
v0 = 11.44 m3/hr

Initial concentration of alkyl benzene =CA0 = F/v

F = molar flow rate(input)
=25960 moles / hr
v =volumetric flow rate
= 7.60 m3/hr
CAo = 25960 / 7.6
= 3451.1 moles /m3
= 3.4 mole /lit

Assuming constant density system,

CA = CAo (1-XA)
CA –Final concentration
Conversion, XA = 98%
CA = 3.4(1-0.98)
=0.068 moles / lit.

For different concentration, rate is found &

Graph of (-1/rA) vs CA is plotted.
Table:
CA(moles/lit) (-rA)(moles/hr/lit) (-1/rA)(x 102)
3.4 303.3 0.33
3.07 270 0.37
2.75 243.3 0.411
2.44 212.8 0.47
2.07 181.8 0.55
1.74 153.8 0.65
1.4 123.5 0.81
0.737 66.7 1.5
0.402 35.7 2.8
0.068 5.99 16.7

From the graph of (-1/rA) vs CA

Area under the curve = 0.7
Residence time,τ = 0.7 hr
Volume of the reactor, V = v0 x τ
= 11.44 x 0.7
= 8 m3
(Πd2 / 4 ) x l = V
Where
d-Dia of the reactor
l-Height of the reactor

By taking (l/d) =2
V=(πd2/4)x2d
Dia of the reactor,d = 1.72 m
Height of the reactor,l = 3.44 m
(B)HEAT EXCHANGER:
(Minor equipment)
Total amount of heat to be removed, Q = 684.8 KJ/sec
Hot fluid - Mixture of reaction product & oleum
Cold fluid – water
Q=mCp∆t
Mass flow rate of liquid mixture,m = 3.72 Kg/sec
Specific heat of liquid mixture,Cp=2.092 KJ/KgK
Outlet temp = 30°C
∆t=88°C
Inlet temp = 118°C
Let inlet temperature of water =20°C &
Outlet temperature =40°C
Specific heat of water=4.18KJ/KgK
Mass flow rate of water = 684.8 /( 4.18 x 20)
= 8.2 kg/hr

Routing of fluids:
Water which has the high flow rate is taken in tube side.
Liquid mixture which has viscosity higher than water is taken in shell side.
LMTD:
Liquid mixture Water ∆t
↓ 118°C 40°C 78°C
30°C ↑ 20°C 10°C
LMTD = (78-10)/ln(78/10) = 33.10
For R = 4.4 and S = 0.19
FT = 0.76
(LMTD)cor=0.76 x 33.10 = 25.16

Heat transfer area:

U = 750 W/m2K.
 Area = Q / (LMTD x U)
= (684.8 x 103) / (750 x 25.16)
= 36.29 m2
Length = 10ft = 3.054 m

Let us take
¾” O.D. tubes , 12 BWG gauge
Do = 19.05 mm
Di = 13.25 mm
External surface per m length = 0.05948 m
Heat transfer area = 0.05948 (3.054 - 50 x 10-3) [50mm allowance]
= 0.179 m2 per tube
Number of tubes = 36.29 / 0.179 = 202
Choosing TEMA L or M type:
208 tubes (Nt) , 4 passes (Np) , one shell pass.
Shell ID= 438mm, pitch = 1 inch(triangular)
Corrected area = 0.179 x 208
= 37.23 m2

Corrected U = (684.8 x 103 )/ (37.23 x 25.16)

= 731 W/m2K

Fluid velocities:
Tube side - water
Properties: Specific heat = 4.18 kJ/kg k
Density = 996 kg/m3
Viscosity = 0.85 cP
Thermal conductivity = 0.61 W/mK

Flow area, at =((Π x (Di)2)/4) x (Nt/Np)

=(Π(13.25 x 10-3)2 /4)x (208/4)
 = 7.35 x 10-3 m2
Velocity ,Vt= mass flow rate / (density x area)
= 8.2 / (996 x 7.35 x 10-3)
= 1.23 m/sec

Shell side – Liquid mixture

Properties - Density - 1238 kg/m3
Specific heat - 2.093 KJ/kg K
Viscosity - 1.5 cP
Thermal conductivity - 0.176 W/mK

Cross flow area at center of the shell, Sm = ((P1-Do)Ls)(Ds / P1)

Do = 19.02 mm
P1 = 1 inch
Ds=Shell ID
Ls = Baffle pitch=0.2 Ds = 0.2 x 0.438 = 0.0876 m

Number of baffles=(L/Ls)-1

=(3.054/(0.2 x 0.438)) -1
=30

Sm = ((25.4-19.02) x 0.438 x 0.2 x 0.438) / 25.4

=9.6 x 10-3 m2

Velocity , Vs= 3.72 / (1238 x 9.6 x 10-3)

=0.31m/sec

Heat transfer coefficients:

Tube side:

Re = (VtDiρ)/µ

=(13.25 x 10-3 x 1.23 x 996) / (0.85 x 10-3)

=20,184
 Pr= Cpµ/K

=(0.85 x 4.18) / 0.61

= 5.82.

Nu = 0.023(Re)0.8(Pr)0.4

= 129.33

hi=(129.33 x 0.61)/(13.25 x 10-3)

=5954 W/m2K

Shell side:

Re =( VsDoρ) /µ

=(0.31 x 19.05 x 10-3 x 1238) / (1.5 x 10-3)

=4968.3

Pr=µCp/K

=(1.5 x 2.093) / 0.176

= 15.07

jH = 10-2

Nu = 10-2 x 4968.3 x (15.07)1/3

= 122.76

ho=(0.176 x 122.76)/ 0.01905

= 1134.19 W/m2K

Overall heat transfer coefficient:

(1/Uod)=(1/ho)+(Do/Di)(1/hi)+(Doln(Do/Di))/2Kw (clean)

Kw = 50

1/Uod=1.16 x 10-3

1/Uod = 1.16 x 10-3 + 2 x 10-4 (dirt)

Uod = 735 W/m2K

Pressure drop:

Tube side:

Re = 20184

f = 0.079 (20.184)-0.25
= 6.63x10-3

∆PL=(4fLVt2ρg)/(2gDi)

=(2 x 6.63 x 0.001 x 3.054 x 1.2 x1.2 x996)/0.01325

=4192 N/m2

∆PE=2.5(ρVt2/2)

=1798.8 N/m2

(∆P)total = Np(∆PL+∆PE)

= 4(4192 +1792.8)

=23.93 KPa

Shell side:

Cross flow zones:

∆Pc=(fk b W2Nc/ρSm2) x (µw/µb)0.14
b=2x10-3
fk=0.08
W=3.72kg/sec
Sm=9.6 x 10-3

Nc-No. of tube rows crossed in each cross flow region.

Pp-Pitch parallel to flow
=22
lc=Baffle cut
 =25%of Ds

lc
Ds[1 − 2 ]
Nc= Ds
PP
= 438(1-2(0.25 x 0.438)/0.438))/22
= 9.95 = 10

3
2 x10 − x3.722 x0.08 x10
∆Pc =
1238 x(9.6 x10 −3 ) 2
= 0.194 Kpa

End Zones:
Naw
∆Pe = ∆Pc[1 + ]
Nc
Naw = No. of effective cross flow rows in each window=
=0.8 x lc/Pp
=0.8 x 0.25 x 438 /22
=3.98 = 4
∆Pe=0.194(1+4/10)
=0.27KPa

Window zones:
∆Pw=(bW2(2+0.6Naw))/(SmSwρ)
b=5 x 10-4
Sw-area for flow through window
Sw = Swg-Swt
Swg=Cross window area
Swt = area occupied by the tubes
Swt = Nt/8(1-Fc)πDo2
=208/8[1-0.7)xπ(19.05x10-3)2
 =8.89x10-3
Swg = 38 in2 = 0.0245 m2
Sw=0.0156m2

5 x10 −4 x3.72 2 [2 + 0.6 x 4]

∆Pw =
0.0156 x1238 x9.96 x10 − 3
= 0.16 KPa

(∆P)total = 2 x ∆Pe + (Nb-1) ∆Pc+Nb (∆Pw)

= 2x0.27 +(34-1)0.194+34 x 0.16
= 12.86 KPa

7.MECHANICAL DESIGN

(A) Reactor
Vessel shell internal diameter – 1.72m
Internal pressure – 2.04 Kg/cm2
Design pressure – 2.44 Kg/ cm2
Material – openhearth steel (IS-2002)
Allowable stress – 980 Kg/cm2
Shell thickness :
ts = PDi/(2fJ –P)
J = Joint efficiency factor
= 0.85
ts = (2.44 x 1720)/(2 x 0.85 x 980 – 2.44)
= 2.52 mm
Use 4 mm thickness including corossion allowance

Agitator:
Diameter of agitator – 525 mm (Da)
Speed (maximum) – 200 rpm
Overhang of agitator shaft between bearing and agitator – 1300 mm (l)
Agitator blades – 6 (n)
Width of the blade – 75 mm (w)
Thickness of blade – 8 mm (t)
Shaft material – commercial cold rolled steel
Permissible shear stress in shaft – 550 Kg/cm2
Elastic limit in tension – 2460 Kg/cm2
Modulus of elasticity – 19.5 x 105 Kg/cm2 (E)

Permissible stress for key (carbon steel)

Shear – 630 Kg/cm2
Crushing – 1300 Kg/cm2
Stuffing box ( carbon steel) - 950 Kg/cm2
Studs and bolts (hot rolled carbon stee l)
Permissible stress – 587 Kg/cm2

It is assumed that vessel geometry conforms to the standard tank configuration

ρNda2/µ = 1.4 x 103 x 200/60 x (500/1000)2/1.7 x 10-2

` = 683.52 x 102 > 10,000

From power curve, Np = 6

Power , P = NPρ N3 Da5/(gc x 75)
= (6 x 1.4 x 103 x (200/60)3)x (500/1000)5 ) / (9.81 x 75)
= 13.22 hp
Gland losses (10%) – 1.322 hp
Power input = 13.22 + 1.3 = 14.52 hp
Transmission system losses (20%) = 14.52 x 0.2
= 2.904 hp
Total hp = 14.52 + 2.904 = 17.42

This will be taken as 18.5 hp to allow for fitting losses

Shaft design
Continuous average rated torque on the agitator shaft,
Tc= (hp x 75 x 60)/ (2 π N)
= (18.5 x 75 x 60)/ (2 π x 200)
= 66.25 Kg m

Polar modulus of the shaft,

Zp = Tm/fs
Tm = 1.5 Tc
fs – shear stress – 550 kg/cm2
Zp =(1.5 x 66.25 x 100) /550
= 18.07 cm3
πd3/16 = 18.07
d = 4.5 cm
Diameter of shaft = 5 cm

Force, Fm = Tm/0.75Rb
 Rb – Radius of blade
Fm =(1.5 x 66.25 x 100) / (0.75 x 25)
= 530 Kg

Maximum bending momentum

M = Fm x l
= 530 x 1.3
= 689 Kg-m
Equivalent bending moment
1
Me = M + M 2 + Tm 
2

2 

=
1
2
[
689 + 6892 + 99.4 2 ]
=692.5 Kg .m

The stress due to equivalent bending

F = Mc/Z
Z = π(5)3/32 (Modulus of reaction of the shaft cross section)
=12.27
f = (692.5 x 100)/12.27
= 5642.9kg/cm2

Stress f is higher than the permissible elastic limit (2460 Kg/Cm2). Therefore use a 7 cm
diameter shaft for which the stress will be
f = 2056 Kg/cm2

Deflection of shaft, δ = (Wl3) /(3 EI) [ W = Fm]

= (130)3 x 530/3 x 19.5 x 105 x π x 74/64
= 1.69cm

Critical speed , Nc = (4.987 x 60) /√δ

 = 230.16rpm

Since actual shaft speed is 200 rpm which is 87% of the critical speed it is necessary to
increase the value of critical speed by decreasing the deflection.
Choose therefore a 8cm dia shaft.
Then,
δ = 1.00 cm
Nc = 60 x 4.987/ 1.00 = 300 rpm
Actual speed is 66.6 % of the critical speed

Blade design:
F =( maximum torque)/(tw2/n)
= 99.375/(0.8 x 7.52/6)
= 132.5 Kg/cm2
Stress is well within the limit

Hub and key design:

Hub diameter of agitator = 2 x shaft diameter
= 16 cm
Length of the hub = 2.5 x 8 = 20 cm
Length of key = 1.5 x shaft dia = 12 cm

Tmax/(d/2 )= lbfs = (lt/2)fc = 99.25 x 100/(8/2)

fs- shear stress in key

fc – stress in crushing of key

12 xb x 650 = 12 x t/2 x 1300 = 2481.25

b = 3.18 mm
t = 3.18 mm
Use 4mm x 4mm x 12 cm key
Stuffing box and gland:
b = d +√d
= 8 + √8 = 10.28 cm
Permissible stress in the material of stuffing box,
t = Pb/2f + C
t = (2.44 x 10.28 x 10 /2 x 950) + 6
= 6.13mm
a = b + 2t
= 10.28 + 2 x 0.613
= 11.51 cm

Load on gland,
F = (π/4) p(b2 – d2)
= (π/4)(10.282 – 82)2.44
= 79.87 Kg

Size of the stud:

F = (πd02/4) nf
n – no of stud = 4
f – permissible stress for stud
=587 Kg/cm2
d02 = 0.043 cm
d0 = 0.658mm
Minimum stud diameter – 15 mm
Flange thickness = 1.75 x 15
= 27.25=30mm
Coupling: -
A clamp coupling of cast iron is used

Force per bolt = 2 Tmax/(πµ x n/2)

No of bolts ,n= 8
µ - coffecient of friction = 0.25
Force = (2 x 99.25 x 100) / (π x 0.25 x 8 x (8/2))
= 789.7 kg

Area of bolt = 789.7/587

= 1.35cm2
Diameter of bolt=(1.35 x 4)/Π
=1.65mm
Overall diameter of coupling=2x shaft dia
=16cm

Support Design:
Bracket or lug support is designed.
Diameter of reactor = 1.72 m
Height of reactor = 3.44 m
Clearance from vessel bottom to foundation – 1.0m
Wind pressure – 128.5 kg/m2
Number of brackets – 4
Diameter of anchor bolt circle – 1.9 m (Db)
Height of bracket from foundation = 1.8 m

Permissible stresses for structural steel

(IS-800) tension – 1400 Kg/cm2
Compression – 1233 kg/cm2
Binding – 1575 Kg/cm2
Permissible bearing pressure for concrete – 35 Kg/cm2

Weight of the vessel with contents = 10000 Kg.

Maximum compressive load:

Wind pressure, Pw = kph.Do.
k-Coefficient depending on the shape factor
= 0.7
Pw=0.7x128.5x3.44x1.72
= 532.2 Kg.

Maximum total compressive load in the support is

4 Pw( H − F ) εw
P= +
NDb n
H – Height of the vessel above the foundation
F – Vessel clearance from foundation to vessel bottom.
∑W – Maximum weight of the vessel
n = number of brackets

4 x532.2(4.440 − 1) 10000
P= +
4 x1.9 4
= 3463.5 Kg.

Bracket:
(a)Base plate:
Suitable base plate size, a = 140 mm
B = 150 mm

Average pressure on the plate, Pav = P/(aB)

Pav=(3463)/(14x15) = 16.5 Kg/cm2

Maximum stress in a rectangular plate subjected to a pressure Pav and fixed at the edges
is given by
 B2  a2 
f = 0.7 Pav 2  2 
T  B + a2 

15 2  14 2 
= 0.7 x16.5 x 2  2 
T  15 + 14 2 

1209
=
T2

f = 1575Kg / cm 2
(given)

∴T1 = 8.7 mm
Use a 9 mm thick plate.

(b) Web plate.

Bending moment of each plate =
P ( Dim − D )
x100
2 2
(3463 )(1 .9 − 1 .72 )
=
4
= 15583 .5 Kg .cm

15583.5 1
Stress at the edge , f = x
T2 x14 x14 0.707

=112.5/T2

For f = 1575, T2 = 7 mm

Column support for bracket:

It is proposed to use a channel section as column.
The size chosen is ISMC 150.
Size – 150 x 75
Area of cross section – 20 .88 cm2
Modulus of section – 19.4 cm3
Radius of gyration , r– 2.21 cm
Weight – 16.4 Kg/m
Height from foundation, l=1.8m
Equivalent length for fixed ends le=1/2
= 0.9 m

0.9 x100
Slenderness ratio=le/r= = 40
2.21
For the load acting accentric on a short column, the maximum combined bending and
direct stress is given by,

∑ W ∑WxL
f = +
Axn nx 2

∑w = Load on column
A – area of cross section
E – eccentricity
Z – modulus of section of cross – section
N – number of columns
3463 3463 x 4.5
f = +
20.88 x1 1x19.4

= 969 Kg / cm, 2

Channel selected is satisfactory.

Base plate for column:
Size of the column 150 x 75
It is assumed that the base plate extends 25 mm on either side of channel

Side B – 0.8 x 75 + 2 x 20=100mm

Side C – 0.95 x 150 + 2 x 20 = 182.5 mm

Bearing pressure, Pb = (3463/4) x (1/10x18.25)

= 4.74 Kg/cm2
This is less than the permissible bearing pressure for concrete.

 
 7.14 202 
 x 
Stress is the plate, f=  2 10  = 85.6/t2
2
 t 
 6 
 

For f = 1575 Kg/cm2

t = 2.33 mm
It is usual to select a plate 4 to 6 mm thick.
(B)Shell & Tube heat exchanger:

Shell side:
Material – carbon steel
Working pressure – 0.1N/mm2
Design pressure – 0.11N/mm2
Permissible stress for carbon steel – 95 N/mm2
Dia of shell=438mm
Tube side:
Working pressure=0.5N/mm2
Design pressure=0.55N/mm2

Shell thickness:
 0.11x 438
ts = PD/2fJ+P =
2 x95 x0.85 + 0.11
= 0.3mm

Minimum thickness of shell must be 6.3 mm

Including corrosion allowance, ts = 8mm.

Head thickness: Shallow dished & torispherical head

PRcW
th =
2 fJ
Rc – crown radius
W – stress intensification factor

 Rc 
W = 1/ 4 
 Rk 

Rk = 6% Rc

 1 
W = 1 / 4 3 + 
 0.06 
J =1

0.11x1.77 x 438
th =
2 x95

= 0.45mm

Use thickness as same for shell i.e. 8 mm

Transeverse baffles:
Baffle spacing = 0.2 x 438 = 87.6 mm
Thickness of baffles = 6 mm

Tie rods and spaces:

Diameter of tie rod = 10 mm
Number of tie rods = 6

Flanges:
Shell thickness = go = 8 mm
Flange material – IS: 2004 – 1962 class 2
Gasket material – asbestos composition
Bolting steel = 5% Cr Mo steel
Allowable stress of flange material – 100 MN / m2
Allowable stress of bolting material,Sg – 138 MN/m2
Outside dia = B=438+(2x8)
= 454 mm

Gasket width:
1
1
do  y − pm  2
=
di  y − p (m + 1) 

m – gasket factor – 2.75

y – min design seating stress – 25.5 MN/m2
Gasket thickness = 1.6 mm
1
1
do  25.5 − 0.11x 2.75  2
=
di  25.5 − 0.11(2.75 + 1) 

= 1.002

Let di of the gasket equal 464 mm [ 10 mm greater than shell dia]

do = 0.464 x 1.002
 = 0.4649m

Mean gasket width= (0.4649 – 0.464)/2

= 5 x 10-4

Taking gasket width of 12 mm,

do = 0.488 m
Basic gasket seating width, bo= 5mm
Diameter of location of gasket load reaction is,
G = di+N
= 0.464+0.012
= 0.476m

Estimation of bolt loads:

Load due to design pressure:
πG 2 P π (0.476) 2 x 0.11
H = =
4 4
= 0.0196 MN

Load to keep joint tight under operation

Hp = πG(26)mp
=π x 0.476 x 2 x 5 x 10-3 x 2.75 x 0.11
= 4.52 x10-3 MN

Total operating load, Wo = H+Hp

= 0.024MN

Load to seat gasket under bolting up condition

Wg = πGby
= π x 0.476 x 0.005 x 25.5
= 0.1906 MN
∴ Controlling load = 0.1906 MN
Minimum bolting area=Am=Wg/Sg
=0.1906/138
= 1.38 x 10-3m2

Take Bolt size – M 18 x 2

Actual number of bolts – 44
R = 0.027m
g1= go/0.707 = 1.415 go for weld leg
go = 8mm

Bolt circle diameter,C = B +2(g1+R)

=0.454+2(1.415x0.008+0.027)
=0.5306 m
Using 66 mm bolt spacing,
C=44 x 0.066 / π
= 0.9243 m
∴ Bolt circle diameter, C = 0.93 m

Flange outside diameter

A = C+ bolt diameter + 0.02 m (minimum)
= 0.93 + 0.018 + 0.02
= 0.968 = 0.97m

Check of gasket width

AbSg 1.56 x10−4 x 44 x138

=
πGN πx0.012 x0.4 x0.475

= 50.43 < 2y
It is satisfied

Flange moment computation:

For operating condition:
Wo=W1+W2+W3
W1= π(B2/4)P
=π/4(0.454)2 0.11
=0.0178
W2 = H-W1
= 0.0196 – 0.0178
= 1.79 x 10-3

W3 = Wo-H = Hp (gasket load)

= 4.52 x 10-3 MN

Total flange moment, Mo=W1a1+W2a2+W3a3

C − B 0.93 − 0.454
a1 = = = 0.238
2 2
C − B 0.93 − 0.454
a3 = = = 0.23
2 2
a +a
a2 = 1 3 = 0.23
2
Mo = 5.68 x 10-3

For bolting up condition

Mg = W. a3
W = (Am +Ab)/(2). Sg
Ab =area of bolt
= 44 x 1.56 x 10-4
= 6.76 x 10-3m2
Am = Minimum bolt area
 =1.38 x 10-3m2
Sg=138N/mm2
W = 0.562 MN
a3=0.23
Mg = 0.1275 MN-m
Mg is controlling moment

Flange thickness:
t2=(MCfY)/(BSt)=(MCfY/BSfo)
K=(A/B)
=(0.97/0.454)
=2.13

Assume Cf=1
From the graph ,Y=3
M=0.1275MN-m
St=Allowable stress
=100MN/m2

t2=(0.1275 x 3)/(0.454 x 100)

=0.0008
t=0.029m

Tube sheet thickness:

0.025 xP
tts = FG
6

0.25 x0.55
= 1x 0.475
95

= 18.07 mm
tts = 21 mm including corrosion allowance

Channel and channel cover:

KP
th = Gc
6

0.3 x0.55
0.475
95

= 19mm

th = 22mm including corrosion allowance.

Nozzle:
Thickness of nozzle = PD/2fJ-P
Inlet & outlet dia – 100 mm
Vent – 50 mm
Drain – 50 mm
Opening for relief value – 75 mm
0.55 x100
tn =
2 x95 x1 − 0.55
= 0.293
Corrosion allowance 3 mm
tn = 4 mm

Considering the size of the nozzle & the pressure rating, it is necessary to provide for a
reinforcing pad on the channel cover.
Area required to be compensated for each nozzle
A = d x th = 100 x 22 = 2200 mm2
Saddle Support:

Material- low carbon steel

Diameter = 454 mm
Length of the shell, L = 3.054 m
Knuckle radius = 6% of diameter
= 27.24 mm

Total depth of head =

Do ro
2

454 x 27.24
=
2

H = 78.63mm

Weight of vessel & contents, W = 11943 kg.

Distance of saddle center line from shell end,

A = 0.5 x R = 113.5 mm

Longitudianl bending moments:

 A R2 − H 2 
 1− + 
M 1 = QA1 − L 2 AL 
 4 H 
1+ .
 3 L 
Q = Load carried by each symmetrical support
w 4
= (L + H
2 3

11943  4 
= 3.05 + x0.078
2  3 

= 18834.1Kg

  R2 − H 2  
1 + 2  
QL   L2  4 A 
M2 = −
4   4  H  L 
 1 +    
  3  L  

M 1 = 12.778 Kg .m

M 2 = 10218 Kg .m

Stresses in shell at the saddle

1.At the topmost fibre of the cross section.
M1
f1 = k1 = 1
k1πR 2t

t= thickness of the shell

12.778
f1 =
πx0.008 x 0.227 2

= 0.9865 Kg / cm 2
2.At the bottom most fibre of the cross – section
M1
f2 =
k1πR 2t
K2=1
F2= 0.9865 Kg/cm2
Stresses are well within the permissible values.

Stresses in the shell at mid – span:

The stress at the span is ,
M2
f3 =
πR 2t

10225.35
=
π (0.227) 2 x 0.008

= 789.46 Kg / cm 2

Axial stress is the shell due to internal pressure :

PDi 1.12 x 438

fp = =
4t 4 x8

= 15.34 Kg / cm 2
f3+fp = 804.80kg/cm2

Stresses are well within the permissible values.