Fluid Mechanics Lab

To Demonstrate
Bernoulli’s
Theorem
Lab Report

Group Members:
Husnain Safdar
Azfar Jamal
Shehroz Khan
Ahmad Hassan
Hammad Ahmad
Ghulam Murtaza
Shaheer Naqqash
Content

s
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................2
THEORY:......................................................................................................................................................2
APPARATUS:................................................................................................................................................4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:......................................................................................................................5
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION..................................................................................................................5
SOURCES OF ERROR:...................................................................................................................................5
PRECAUTIONS:.............................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION:..............................................................................................................................................6

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To Demonstrate Bernoulli’s Theorem

ABSTRACT
This report is about the verification of the Bernoulli’s law. The report involves in finding the
velocities of at different point of the Venturi tube by using Bernoulli’s equation and continues
equation .The report is concluded after finding∆ V .

INTRODUCTION
Daniel Bernoulli publishes his Bernoulli’s principle 1st time in his in his book Hydrodynamica in
1738. The principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy.
Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration apparatus consists of a classical Venturi made of clear
acrylic. A series manometer connected via piping at different cross-sections of the venture
tube. Pressurization of the manometers is facilitated by a hand pump.

THEORY:
TYPES OF PRESSURES:
STATIC PRESSURE:
The pressure exerted by a fluid that is not moving or flowing.It can be measured by making a
perpendicular tap in the pipe through which fluid is flowing.

Small holes

Flow
Flow
streamlines
Stem

Pressure
tap
To manometer or
pressure gage

(a) Wall pressure tap (b) Static pressure probe

STAGNANT PRESSURE:
In fluid dynamics, stagnation pressure is the static pressure at a stagnation point in a fluid flow.
At a stagnation point the fluid velocity is zero and all kinetic energy has been converted into
pressure energy (isentropically). Stagnation pressure is equal to the sum of the free-stream
dynamic pressure and free-stream static pressure. It can be measured by inserting hypodermic
tube parallel to flow of fluid making an angle of 00.

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 Small holes

Total Flow
B
Flow A head
tube C
Stem p
po

p po

(a) Total head tube used

(b) Pitot-static tube
with wall static tap

Bernoulli's equation leads to some interesting conclusions regarding the variation of pressure
along a streamline. Consider a steady flow impinging on a perpendicular plate (figure).

Stagnation point flow.

There is one streamline that divides the flow in half: above this streamline all the flow goes over
the plate, and below this streamline all the flow goes under the plate. Along this dividing
streamline, the fluid moves towards the plate. Since the flow cannot pass through the plate, the
fluid must come to rest at the point where it meets the plate. In other words, it ``stagnates.''
The fluid along the dividing, or ``stagnation streamline'' slows down and eventually comes to
rest without deflection at the stagnation point.
Bernoulli's equation along the stagnation streamline gives

where the point e is far upstream and point 0 is at the stagnation point. Since the velocity at
the stagnation point is zero,

The stagnation or total pressure, p_0, is the pressure measured at the point where the fluid
comes to rest. It is the highest pressure found anywhere in the flowfield, and it occurs at the
stagnation point. It is the sum of the static pressure (p_0), and the dynamic pressure measured
far upstream. It is called the dynamic pressure because it arises from the motion of the
fluid.The dynamic pressure is not really a pressure at all: it is simply a convenient name for the

To Demonstrate Bernoulli’s Theorem Page 3|8

quantity (half the density times the velocity squared), which represents the decrease in the
pressure due to the velocity of the fluid.
DYNAMIC PRESSURE:
The pressure of moving fluid is called dynamic pressure.it can be measured by using different
types of pressure gauges.

APPARATUS:
Bernoulli Theorem Demonstration apparatus has

 Venturi section machined from clear acrylic.

 Seven static pressure tappings plus a total head measurement.
 Flow control valve.
 Manometer board with eight tubes.
 Quick release fitting for easy connection to hydraulics bench.
 Educational software available as an option.

This apparatus can also be used for performing different experiments on it. It can used to for
following measurements

 Static pressures along the venturi.

 Total pressures along the venturi.
 Volume flow rate from Hydraulic Bench or direct measurements.

Its limitations are

 It cannot be used without hydraulic bench.

 Flow rate throw it cannot be determined directly.
 Bubbles in its tube will not give correct readings.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
 Perform the General Start-up Procedures.
 Withdraw the hypodermic tube from the test section to its outer extent.
 Adjust the discharge valve to the maximum measurable flow rate of the venturi. This is
achieved when tube 1 and 3 give the maximum observable water head difference.
 After the level stabilizes, measure the water flow rate using volumetric method and
record the manometers reading.
 Repeat step 4 with at least three decreasing flow rates by regulating the venturi
discharge valve.

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  Obtain the actual flow rate, Qa from the volumetric flow measurement method.
 Calculate the ideal flow rate, Qi from the head difference between h1 and h3 using
Equation 18.
 Plot Qa Vs Qi and finally obtain the discharge coefficient, Cd which is the slope.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION

Cross Using Bernoulli equation Using Continuity equation Difference

Section
i h* = hH hi ViB = Ai = ViC = ViB-ViC
(mm) (mm) √[2*g*(h* - π Di2 / 4 Qav / Ai (m/s)
hi )] (m2) (m/s)
(m/s)
A 264 240 0.686 0.000531 0.73 0.044
B 255 225 0.766 0.000366 1.05 0.284
C 262 170 1.34 0.000201 1.93 0.59
D 254 190 1.12 0.000314 1.23 0.11
E 251 215 0.84 0.00038 1.02 0.18
F 247 222 0.7 0.000531 0.73 0.03

SOURCES OF ERROR:
 Bubbles in tube will not give correct readings
 There could be parallax error.
 Time is not properly measured.
 Error in determination of static and stagnant pressure.

PRECAUTIONS:
 Remove all bubbles before noting reading by changing flow rate.
 Remove parallax error while taking readings.
 Note the time properly for measurement of flow rate.

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CONCLUSION:
After performing the experiment we differentiated between the static and stagnant pressures. We
observed the effect of Bernoulli’s law and concludes that area and velocity are inversely proportional to
each other. In the area of wider region the fluid will move with slow velocity whereas in an area of
narrow region the fluid will move with faster velocity which expresses Bernoulli’s law.

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