An Undergraduate Technical Research Submitted to the

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Palawan State University
Puerto Princesa City

As Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

For the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

December 2019

Electrical Energy Audit of Palawan State University-College of

Engineering, Architecture, and Technology

By

Joseph E. Delos Reyes

Enan James M. Gelacio
Lester John P. Jardinero
Eliezer E. Rodriguez

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology

Palawan State University
Puerto Princesa City

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Study

The energy efficiency and conservation assessment is the ideas of feasible

solutions of energy consumption and wastes in electricity. It consider as the main

objective on goal to specify and determine ways to reduce energy consumption and to

lower the operating cost. The energy efficiency and conservation assessment is the basis

for ensuring effective use of energy, by providing specific energy management and to

conduct energy saving by using less energy service.

Energy Audit such as preliminary or detailed audit or electrical system audit are

the needs to conduct energy efficiency and conservation assessment to pursue a specific

energy saving and to preserve energy consumption.

Today, institutional buildings like schools needed electricity also for the students

to broaden their knowledge about the environment that they are living in and to increase

their capability of learning as they are attending the school. With the help of the

electricity, students’ lives made easier and can achieve what they want to become to

adapt to the path that they chose.

The College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology of the Palawan State

University currently offers five degree programs namely BS Architecture, BS in Civil

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 Engineering, BS in Electrical Engineering, BS in Mechanical Engineering, and the

BS Petroleum Engineering. The college has one of the largest numbers of students in

Palawan State University with a total of 1,762 students due to the high demands of

engineering in our country. The College has four buildings consists of Electrical

Engineering building, Petroleum Building, Architecture, and New Laboratory Building.

A total of thirty-nine classrooms (EE building has eight classrooms, Architecture building

has five classrooms, Petroleum Building has eighteen, and the new laboratory building

has six), two computer laboratory, two faculty rooms (one in Petroleum building and

another in Architecture building), one research room, one OSAS Sub-office and a Dean’s

office.

The College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology (CEAT) consumes one

of the highest electricity consumption in Palawan State University with a total of 39,512

kWh last year. Hence the reasons why the researchers decide to conduct an energy audit.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study will assess the energy consumption of PSU-CEAT. Specifically, to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the total energy consumption of CEAT?

2. Which particular area in CEAT does energy wastes occurs?

3. What replacements should be done to the whole electrical system of PSU-

CEAT to improve the energy efficiency based on the audit?

4. How much will be the possible savings after the application of the

recommendations of the audit?

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1.3 Objective of the Study

This study aims to investigate the current electrical system of CEAT

through energy auditing.

Specifically,

1. To determine the total energy consumption of CEAT.

2. To identify which particular area in CEAT does energy wastes occurs.

3. To determine the possible replacements of the whole electrical system and to

improve the energy efficiency and conservation of PSU-CEAT based on the audit.

4. To determine the total amount saved and total energy saved by the CEAT after

conducting an audit.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is to reduce the energy consumption of CEAT

department and to improve energy efficiency and conservation to lessen the

electricity bill and to suggest possible replacements to have an efficient power

usage. Also, for other departments of PSU and to all students to have an idea on

how to make their own energy management to be efficient and to learn how to be

responsible when using electricity on every facility.

1.5 Scope and Delimitation

This assessment will focus on energy efficiency and conservation of CEAT

department buildings; the researchers will use the energy consumption history of

CEAT from year 2016-2018 that will be attained from the Palawan Electric

Cooperative (PALECO). This study is limited to electrical system.

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1.6 Assumption of the study

The researchers will assume the operating hours of the loads, nine hours

for the classrooms, ten hours for faculty rooms, nine hours for Dean’s office, and

five hours for research room.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 Energy Audit

The energy audit is one of the first tasks to be performed in the

accomplishment of an effective energy cost control program. An energy audit

consists of a detailed examination of how a facility uses energy, what the facility

pays for that energy, and finally, a recommended program for changes in

operating practices or energy-consuming equipment that will cost-effectively save

dollars on energy bills. The energy audit is sometimes called an energy survey or

an energy analysis, so that it is not hampered with the negative connotation of an

audit in the sense of an IRS audit. The energy audit is a positive experience with

significant benefits to the business or individual, and the term “audit” should be

avoided if it clearly produces a negative image in the mind of a particular business

or individual. (Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty 2007).

2.1.1 Basic components of an energy audit

An initial summary of the basic steps involved in conducting a successful

energy audit is provided here. This audit description primarily addresses the steps

in an industrial or large-scale commercial audit, and not all of the procedures

described in this section are required for every type of audit. The audit process

starts by collecting information about a facility’s operation and about it’s past

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Record of utility bills. This data is then analysed to get a picture of how the

facility uses—and possibly wastes—energy, as well as to help the auditor learn

what areas to examine to reduce energy costs. Specific changes—called Energy

Conservation Opportunities (ECOs)—are identified and evaluated to determine

their benefits and their cost-effectiveness. These ECOs are assessed in terms of

their costs and benefits, and an economic comparison is made to rank the various

ECOs. Finally, an Action Plan is created where certain ECOs are selected for

implementation, and the actual process of saving energy and saving money

begins.

2.1.2 Preparing for the audit visit

Some preliminary work must be done before the auditor makes the actual

energy audit visit to a facility. Data should be collected on the facility’s use of

energy through examination of utility bills, and some preliminary information

should be compiled on the physical description and operation of the facility. This

data should then be analysed so that the auditor can do the most complete job of

identifying Energy Conservation Opportunities during the actual site visit to the

facility.

2.1.3 Safety considerations

Safety is a critical part of any energy audit. The audit person or team

should be thoroughly briefed on safety equipment and procedures, and should

never place themselves in a position where they could injure themselves or other

people at the facility. Adequate safety equipment should be worn at all

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appropriate times. Auditors should be extremely careful making any

measurements on electrical systems, or on high temperature devices such as

boilers, heaters, cookers, etc. Electrical gloves or asbestos gloves should be worn

as appropriate. (Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty,2007).

2.2 Electrical Demand Charges

The demand charge is based on a reading of the maximum power in kW

that a customer demands in one month. Power is the rate at which energy is used,

and it varies quite rapidly for many facilities. Electric utilities average the power

reading over intervals from fifteen minutes to one hour, so that very short

fluctuations do not adversely affect customers. Thus, a customer might be billed

for demand for a month based on a maximum value of a fifteen-minute integrated

average of their power use. (Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty,2007)

2.3 General Procedure for a Detailed Energy Audit

To perform an energy audit, several tasks are typically carried out

depending on the type of audit and the size and function of the audited building.

Some of the tasks may have to be repeated, reduced in scope, or even eliminated

based on the findings of other tasks. Therefore, the execution of an energy audit is

often not a linear process and is rather iterative. However, a general procedure can

be outlined for most buildings. (Moncef Krarti, 2011)

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2.3.1 Building and utility data analysis

The main purpose of this step is to evaluate the characteristics of the

energy systems and the patterns of energy use for the building. The building

characteristics can be collected from the architectural/ mechanical/electrical

drawings or from discussions with building operators. The energy use patterns can

be obtained from a compilation of utility bills over several years. Analysis of the

historical variation of the utility bills allows the energy auditor to determine if

there are any seasonal and weather effects on the building energy use. Some of the

tasks that can be performed in this step are presented below and the key results

expected from each task are noted:

• Collect at least three years of utility data (to identify a historical energy q

use pattern)

• Identify the fuel types used (electricity, natural gas, oil, etc., to determine

the fuel type that accounts for the largest energy use).

• Determine the patterns of fuel use by fuel type (to identify the peak

demand for energy use by fuel type).

• Understand utility rate structure (energy and demand rates; to evaluate if

the building is penalized for peak demand and if cheaper fuel can be

purchased).

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 • Analyze the effect of weather on fuel consumption (to pinpoint any

variations of energy use related to extreme weather conditions).

• Perform utility energy use analysis by building type and size (building

signature can be determined including energy use per unit area: to compare

against typical indices). (Moncef Krarti, 2011)

2.4 Detailed Energy Audit Methodology

A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project

implementation plan for a facility; since it evaluates all major energy using

systems offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It considers

the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major

equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.

In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is

based on an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating

conditions and calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then compared to

utility bill charges. Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases by

Patel, et. al (2015) as shown in Figure.2.4.1.

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 Figure 2.4.1

2.5 Energy Saving Calculations

The following formulas based on (Dr. K. Umesha M.E,Phd. Miste Mieee, 2013) will be
used for the Energy Saving Calculation.

For Lights

Total number of operating hours /wk=Number of hours × Number of days Eq. 2.1

Energy consumption/wk /classroom=No. of hrs × No. of lights × Wattage Eq. 2.2

Energy consumption/wk=Classrooms × No . of (hrs ×lights) ×Wattage Eq. 2.3

Total annual energy consumption ( Wh )=Weekly consumption× no . of weeks Eq. 2.4

Total consumption ( Wh )
Total annual energy consumtion ( kWh )= Eq. 2.5
1000

Saving cost ¿ lighting=Total annual consumption × Price of lights Eq. 2.5

Payback time=Total cost × Annual Saving Eq. 2.6

For Fans

Total number of operating hrs /wk=No . of hrs× No . of days Eq. 2.7

Energy consumption/wk /classroom=No. of ( hrs × fans× wattage ) Eq. 2.8

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 Energy consumption/wk=No . of classrooms × No . of (hrs × fans × wattage)Eq. 2.9

Total annual energy consumption ( Wh )=Weekly consumption× No. of weeks Eq. 2.10

Total consumption(Wh)
Total annual energy consumption ( kWh )= Eq. 2.11
1000

Saving cost ¿ lighting=Total annual consumption × Price of fans Eq. 2.12

Payback time=Total cost × Annual Saving Eq. 2.13

2.6 Graphical Presentation of Load Mix

(KOLHE RANGNATH K, 2018)

2.7 Energy Saving Calculation

Total No. of conventional Tube Lights in Campus = 811

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 Conventional Tube Light = 40 W

LED Tube Light = 20 W.

Difference in power saved per Tube Light = (40-20) W =20 W.

Total Power saving = No. of lights x LED Tube Light Watts

= 811lights x 20W = 16220W = 16.2 kW.

Average Use of Tube Light/year = No. of days/yr x hrs/day

= 270days x 8hrs = 2160hrs.

Energy saved/year = Total Power Saving x Average Use of Tube Light/yr

=16.2kW x 2160hrs = 34992 kWh.

Annual Saving = Energy Saved/year x Power Rate/kWh

= 34912kWh x Rs.9.5/kWh= Rs.332424/year

LED tube light average cost = Rs. 450.

Total Cost = No. of Lights x LED tube light average cost

=811Lights x Rs.450 = Rs.364950.

Payback time = Total cost / Annual Saving

=(Rs.364950 / Rs.332424 per year) = 1.09years

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 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Materials, Tools and Equipment Used

Ammeter – used to measure the current in a circuit

Calculator (Scientific) – will be used for computation

Camera – will be used to capture images during the energy audit.

Electrical Plan – a pre plan of electrical design on a paper before the physical

installation of electrical appliances and lightning in real time.

Light Meter – used to measure the amount of light.

Lux Meter – used for fast and accurate indoor and outdoor lightning

measurement.

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 Pen and Notebook – will be used to record the data.

Power factor meter – measures the power factor of a transmission system.

Spread Sheet – a computer application will be used to organize and store the

gathered data, Microsoft Excel 2016 will be used as spread sheet software

Tape Measure – will be used to measure the dimensions of walls, ceilings,

and windows.

Test Lamp – will be used to determine the presence of electricity in a piece of

equipment under test.

Voltmeter – used for measuring electrical potential difference between two

points in an electrical circuit.

3.2 PROCESS FLOW CHART

DATA GATHERING

REVIEWING THE DATA COLLECTED AND IDENTIFYING FOCUS AREAS

DATA ANALYSIS & PREPARATION

AUDIT REPORT

Data Gathering

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 The researchers will gather different data that is needed to conduct an energy

audit of CEAT like the electrical plan to understand the electrical system of the facility.

The researchers will also acquire the facility’s energy consumption history to assess the

past electricity consumption of CEAT, it will also be used as a guide for the researchers if

the audit that will be conducted will actually lower the electric consumption of CEAT.

Reviewing the data collected and identifying focus areas

After the gathering of the data needed to start the audit, the researchers will begin

to conduct an energy audit to the Palawan State University-College of Engineering,

Architecture, and Technology.

Data Analysis and Preparation

With all the data needed for the energy audit is acquired, it will be analyzed by

the researchers and deliberate for the possible replacement or improvement of the

facility’s electrical system.

The following formulas based on (Dr. K. Umesha M.E,Phd. Miste Mieee, 2013) will be
used for the audit and data.

For Lights:

Total number of operating hours /wk=Number of hours × Number of days Eq. 3.1

Energy consumption/wk /classroom=No. of hrs × No. of lights × Wattage Eq. 3.2

Energy consumption/wk=Classrooms × No . of (hrs ×lights) ×Wattage Eq. 3.3

Total annual energy consumption ( Wh )=Weekly consumption× no . of weeks Eq. 3.4

Total consumption ( Wh )
Total annual energy consumtion ( kWh )= Eq. 3.5
1000

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 Saving cost ¿ lighting=Total annual consumption × Price of lights Eq. 3.6

Payback time=Total cost × Annual Saving Eq. 3.7

For Fans:

Total number of operating hrs /wk=No . of hrs× No . of days Eq. 3.8

Energy consumption/wk /classroom=No. of ( hrs × fans× wattage ) Eq. 3.9

Energy consumption/wk=No . of classrooms × No . of (hrs × fans × wattage) Eq. 3.10

Total annual energy consumption ( Wh )=Weekly consumption× No. of weeks Eq. 3.11

Total consumption(Wh)
Total annual energy consumption ( kWh )= Eq. 3.12
1000

Saving cost ¿ lighting=Total annual consumption × Price of fans Eq. 3.13

Payback time=Total cost × Annual Saving Eq. 3.14

Audit Report

The report will include the current energy consumption of the facility that will be

compared to what the researchers will recommend according to the data that have

gathered from conducting an energy audit to attain the objective of the study which is to

lower its electricity consumption.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Doty, Steve, Turner, Wayne C (2007), Energy Management Handbook 6th Edition Published by
The Fairmont Press, Inc. 700 Indian Trail Lilburn, GA 30047

Kolhe Rangnath K, (2018). Energy Audit a Case Study, Int. Res. J. of Science & Engineering,
Special Issue A4. 21-26

Krarti, Moncef (2011), Energy Audit of building systems an engineering approach 2nd edition
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 30

Mieee,Miste, K. Umesha M.E, (2013). Energy Audit Report On a Technical Institute. IOSR
Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), volume 4 (1).23-37

Nitin Kumar, Jitender Singh. (2017). Energy Audit of a College Campus

International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Scientific Research, volume 4 (5).19-25

Pachal, Ketal D., Patel,B. Tarun (2015). An effective implementation of Energy Audit
Methodology -A Case Study. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering
& Management (IJAIEM), Volume 4 (3), 260-268.

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 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Comprehensive Audit - is an examination of all areas of accounting and tax records, a full and

complete investigation of a company's financial and economic activities.

Conservation assessment - A Proposed Model for Evaluating Museum Environmental

Management Needs.

Demand Charge - are additional fees that utilities charge non-residential or commercial

customers for maintaining constant supply of electricity.

Electricity Bill - The bill that a local utility issues to a consumer for the electricity that their

home consumes.

Electrical system Design - is the design of electrical systems.

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Energy Audit - an assessment of the energy needs and efficiency of a building or buildings.

Energy Consumption - is the amount of energy or power used.

Energy Efficiency - refers to a method of reducing energy consumption by using less energy to

attain the same amount of useful output.

Energy Saving - designed to make economical use of electricity, gas, or other forms of energy.

Energy System - is a system primarily designed to supply energy-services to end-users.