100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428 Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Methods for
Vitrified Clay Pipe1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 301; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 These test methods cover the equipment for, and the 4.1 Meaning and Suitability—The tests called for herein, techniques of, testing vitrified clay pipe prior to installation. from their results, indicate the suitability and acceptability of Tests using whole pipe determines the resistance to crushing vitrified clay pipe for specifications acceptance, design pur- and hydrostatic forces. Tests using pipe fragments measure the poses, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, and re- amount of water absorption of the pipe body and the quantity search. of acid-soluble material that may be extracted from it. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 5. Bearing Strength as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are for 5.1 Test Specimens: information only. 5.1.1 The test specimens shall be sound, full-size pipe and 1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety shall be selected by the purchaser, or his representative, at concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility points he designates when placing the order. of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and 5.1.2 The number of specimens to be tested shall not exceed health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory 0.5 % of the number of pipe of each size furnished, except that limitations prior to use. no less than two specimens shall be tested. 5.2 Measurement and Inspection of Specimens: NOTE 1—The following standards also apply to clay pipe and can be referenced for further information: Practice C 12 and Test Method C 828; 5.2.1 The specimens shall be free of all visible moisture and Specifications C 425 and C 700. frost. These specimens shall be inspected and measured for conformance with the applicable specifications. The results of 2. Referenced Documents these observations shall be recorded. 2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.2.2 Specimens that are observed to have defects in excess C 12 Practice for Installing Vitrified Clay Pipe Lines2 of the limits permitted in the applicable specifications shall be C 425 Specification for Compression Joints for Vitrified discarded and replaced with additional specimens from the lot Clay Pipe and Fittings2 to be tested. C 700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, 5.3 Loading Apparatus (see Fig. 1): Standard Strength, and Perforated2 5.3.1 Testing Machine: C 828 Test Method for Low-Pressure Air Test of Vitrified 5.3.1.1 The loading apparatus shall consist of a testing Clay Pipe Lines2 machine capable of applying loads, with upper and lower C 896 Terminology Relating to Clay Products2 bearings capable of transmitting these loads to the pipe. The E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test- bearings shall be bearing beams and contact edges. ing3 5.3.1.2 Any motor driven testing machine that is capable of applying a load at a uniform rate of 2000 6 500 lbf/min·linear 3. Terminology ft (29.4 6 7.4 kN/min·linear m) of pipe length, shall be used 3.1 Definitions: for making the test. 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, 5.3.1.3 The load may be applied at a rapid rate until 50 % of refer to Terminology E 6 and Terminology C 896. the required bearing strength is reached. Subsequently, the load shall be applied to the pipe at a uniform rate of 2000 6 500 lbf/min·linear ft (29.4 6 7.4 kN/min·linear m) of pipe length 1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-4 on without vibration or shock. Vitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.20 on 5.3.1.4 The testing machine shall be sufficiently rigid so that Methods of Test and Specifications. the load distribution will not be appreciably affected by the Current edition approved March 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Originally deformation or yielding of any part. The machine and bearings published as C 301 – 52 T. Last previous edition C 301 – 97a. 2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05. shall be constructed to transmit the load in a vertical plane 3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. through the longitudinal axes of the bearings and pipe. The
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Licensed by Information Handling Services C 301
FIG. 1 Three-Edge Bearing Testing (see 5.3.4 for Segmented Testing)
bearings shall be attached to the machine so as to receive and 5.3.3.1 Three-edge bearings shall consist of an upper mem- uniformly transmit the loads required in the tests, without ber, comprised of a bearing beam on which one contact edge is vibration or shock. The upper bearing shall be free to rotate in located so that it lies in the vertical plane passing through the a vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the bearing and longitudinal axis of the pipe; and a lower member comprised of the pipe. a bearing beam on which two contact edges are symmetrically 5.3.2 Bearing Beams—Bearing beams shall not deflect located parallel to that vertical plane. more than a 14 by 8-in. (355 by 205-mm), 53-lb/linear ft 5.3.3.2 The contact edges shall consist of rubber strips (73-kg/linear m), wide flange beam as specified by the Ameri- alone, or hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets. Contact can Institute of Steel Construction. Under no circumstances edges shall uniformly contact the outside barrel of the pipe. shall the deflection in inches or millimetres under maximum 5.3.3.3 The two contact edges on the lower member shall be load exceed that given by the ratio L/720 in which L is the spaced apart approximately 1 in./ft (83 mm/m) of pipe diam- beam length in inches or millimetres. The length of the bearing eter, but in no case less than 1 in. (25 mm). beams shall be no less than the full length of the outside barrel of the pipe. Built-up bearing beams may be used, provided 5.3.3.4 Positioning strips may be used to align the upper their deflection does not exceed that specified. In order for the contact edge and to align and space the lower contact edges. In bell or socket of the pipe to clear the bearing beams, it is the case of rubber contact edges, positioning strips shall not recommended that the bearing beams be faced with a metal or exceed one half of the thickness of the contact edge and may hardwood member for affixing the contact edges. remain in place. 5.3.3 Three-Edge Bearings: 5.3.3.5 If rubber strips are used as contact edges, they shall 2
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Licensed by Information Handling Services C 301 be cut or formed from material having a Shore A, instanta- average of two measurements taken at points 180° (3.1 rad) neous, durometer hardness between 45 and 60. The strips shall apart. Report the individual results of the tests of pipe of each be of rectangular cross section, having a 2-in. (51-mm) width, size or lot. and a thickness not less than 1 in. (25 mm) nor more than 11⁄2 in. (38 mm). The contact edges shall be used with the 2-in. 6. Absorption (51-mm) dimension in contact with the bearing beam. Rubber 6.1 Test Specimens: contact edges may be attached to the bearing beam by an 6.1.1 Absorption specimens shall be sound pieces of the full adhesive, provided the contact edge remains firmly fixed in thickness of the barrel of the pipe, with all edges broken. Each position. specimen shall be as nearly square as possible, with the area on 5.3.3.6 If hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets are one barrel surface not less than twelve times the wall thickness, used as contact edges, the strips shall be straight, and have a expressed as square units. They shall be free of observable cross section not less than 1 in. (25 mm) in either direction. The cracks or shattered edges and shall not contain laminations and bottom contact edges shall have vertical sides, with the interior fissures more than is typical of the pipe from which the top corners having a radius of approximately 1⁄2 in. (13 mm). specimens were taken. The contact edges shall be securely fastened to the beams. 6.1.2 Each specimen shall be marked so that it may be 5.3.3.7 Plaster of paris fillets shall be cast on hardwood identified with the lot of pipe from which it was taken. The contact edges to provide uniform bearing contact on the pipe markings shall be applied so that the pigment used shall cover barrel. Fillets shall be cast on the two lower contact edges and not more than 1 % of the area of the specimen. on the upper contact edge, along the pipe crown. Sufficient 6.1.3 Test at least one specimen from each size of pipe. excess plaster shall be removed from between the two lower 6.2 Weighing Apparatus—The balance used shall be sensi- contact edges to eliminate the possibility of a single continuous tive to 0.5 g when loaded with 1 kg, and weighings shall be lower contact. The pipe and contact edges shall be joined while made to at least the nearest 1 g. If other than metric weights are the plaster of paris is still workable. Testing shall be performed used, the same degree of accuracy shall be observed. only after the fillets have set. 6.3 Procedure: 5.3.4 Segmented Bearings (Alternative to Three-Edge 6.3.1 Dry the specimen at least 8 h in a ventilated oven at a Bearing)—This apparatus shall consist of segmented upper and temperature between 230 and 248°F (110 and 120°C), and lower bearing members with the segments of each member make successive weighings at intervals of not less than 3 h connected to a common hydraulic manifold to provide uniform until the loss at any weighing is not greater than 0.1 % of the load along the length of the barrel. The segmented bearings original weight of the specimen. shall be of uniform length with the number of segments equal 6.3.2 Suspend the dried specimens in distilled, rain, or tap to the nominal length of the test pipe measured in feet. They water that is known to have no effect on test results; heat to shall be adjustable to accommodate the length variation al- boiling; boil for 5 h, and then cool in the water to ambient lowed in the pipe specification. In no instance shall the length temperature. Take care that no fragments are broken from the of the segmented bearing be greater than the external length of specimens by physical disturbance during the test. When cool, the barrel of the pipe. Rubber contact edges conforming to remove the specimens from the water, and drain for not more 5.3.3.5 shall be attached to the bearing segments. than 1 min. Then remove the superficial moisture by a damp 5.4 Bearing Tests (see Fig. 1): cloth and weigh the specimens immediately. 5.4.1 Test pipe for bearing strength in accordance with the 6.4 Calculation and Report: three-edge bearing or segmented method. Use either of the 6.4.1 Calculate the absorption of each specimen as percent- specified bearing methods on retests as provided in the age of the initial dry weight as follows: applicable specifications. Absorption, % 5 @~SW 2 DW!/DW# 3 100 (1) 5.4.2 For tests using rigid bearing beams, multiple loading where: rams may be used. Each ram must have the same load range, DW 5 initial dry weight of specimen, and connected by a common hydraulic system, and spaced above SW 5 weight of specimen after boiling 5 h. the top bearing beam to deliver a uniformly distributed load. In 6.4.2 Report the result for each specimen, together with the testing pipe that is not straight, place it between the bearings in averages for the pipe of each size and shipment. the position that most nearly gives uniform loading on the pipe. 5.4.3 The loading of the pipe shall be a continuous opera- 7. Hydrostatic Pressure Test tion. Do not allow the pipe to stand under load longer than is 7.1 When the pipe is subjected to an internal hydrostatic required to apply the load and record the observations. pressure of 10 psi (69 kPa) for the elapsed time shown in the 5.4.4 The loading shall be stopped after the required following table, there shall be no leakage on the exterior of the strength has been met. pipe. At the option of the manufacturer, water within approxi- 5.4.5 For further evaluation or quality assurance, the load- mately 5°F (3°C) of the ambient air temperature may be ing may be continued to the point of pipe failure. introduced into the pipe for control of condensation. Moisture 5.4.6 Record the maximum load sustained by the specimen. appearing on the surface of the pipe in the form of beads 5.5 Calculation and Report: adhering to the surface shall not be considered leakage. 5.5.1 Calculate the bearing strength by dividing the applied However, moisture which starts to run on the pipe shall be load by the inside length of the barrel. The length shall be the construed as leakage regardless of quantity. 3
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Licensed by Information Handling Services C 301 Testing Time for Pipes which the specimen was immersed. Filter the solution and Thickness of Barrel, Test Time, wash the filter with hot water, adding the washings to the in. (mm) min filtrate. Add 5 mL of H2SO4(sp gr 1.84) to the filtrate. Then Up to and including 1 (25) 7 evaporate the solution (avoid loss by spattering) to about 5 mL, Over 1 (25) and including 11⁄2 (38) 9 transfer to a porcelain crucible (previously ignited to constant Over 11⁄2 (38) and including 2 (51) 12 Over 2 (51) and including 21⁄3 (64) 15 weight), and heat cautiously to dryness. Then ignite the residue Over 21⁄2 (64) and including 3 (76) 18 to constant weight. Over 3 (76) 21 8.6 Calculation and Report: 8. Acid Resistance 8.6.1 Calculate the percentage of acid-soluble matter as follows: 8.1 Determine the acid resistance of clay pipe by the extraction of acid-soluble matter. Acid2soluble matter, % 5 ~R/W! 3 100 (2) 8.2 Reagent—When testing with sulfuric (H2SO4), hydro- where: chloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3), or acetic acid (CH3COOH), as R 5 weight of residue, and specified by the purchaser, a 1 N acid solution shall be used. W 5 initial weight of the specimen. NOTE 2—These 1 N solutions should contain, respectively, 49, 36.5, 63, 8.6.2 Report the results for each specimen. and 60 g of the acid per litre of solution. For the purpose of these tests the solutions can be prepared by taking the following volumes of acid and 9. Visual Inspection diluting to 1 L; H2SO4(sp gr 1.84), 28.5 mL; HCl (sp gr 1.19), 88.9 mL; HNO3(sp gr 1.42), 65 mL; and glacial acetic acid (sp gr 1.05), 57.7 mL. 9.1 The specification for vitrified clay pipe requires visual inspection; reference should be made to Specification C 700. 8.3 Test Specimens: 8.3.1 The specimens for acid resistance tests shall be about 10. Precision and Bias 2 in. (50 mm) square, and weigh not more than 200 g. They shall be sound pieces with all edges freshly broken, free of 10.1 No statements are made on the precision or bias of cracks or shattered edges, and shall be thoroughly cleaned. these test methods for measuring (1) bearing strength, (2) 8.3.2 Test at least one specimen from each size of pipe. absorption, (3) acid resistance, or (4) moisture transmitted 8.4 Weighing Apparatus—The balance used in weighing the through the pipe wall in the hydrostatic pressure test, since specimens shall be sensitive to 0.01 g when loaded with 200 g. conformance to specific criteria is the only measure for success 8.5 Procedure: specified in these test methods. 8.5.1 Dry the specimens to constant weight at a temperature not less than 230°F (110°C). 11. Keywords 8.5.2 Suspend the dried specimens in the acid at a tempera- 11.1 absorption; acid resistance; bearing strength; clay pipe; ture between 70 and 90°F (21 and 32°C) for a period of 48 h, corrosion; corrosion resistance; hydrostatic; inspection; load- then remove them from the solution and thoroughly wash with ing; pipe; segmented bearing; testing procedure; tests; three- hot water, allowing the washings to run into the solution in edge bearing; vitrified clay pipe
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