Introduction to Bioinformatics
Zoya Khalid
Zoya.khalid@nu.edu.pk
Your Instructor
• Email: zoya.khalid@nu.edu.pk
• Office: 209-C (Old Building)
• PhD Bioinformatics – Sabanci University (2013-2017)
• Research Interests: Drug Repurposing, Data Mining, Building
computational methods, drug discovery
Office Hours
• Will begin next week
• When I am not taking a class
• Mon: 10:00 to 11:00 am and 2:30 -4 Pm
• Tue : 2:00 – 4:00 Pm
• Better to email for an appointment
• Course TA: None
Expected Background
• CS 201 Data Structures
• Arrays
• Hash tables
• Trees
• Graphs
• Molecular Biology: no knowledge assumed, but an interest in learning
some basics is mandatory
Course Grading
• Quizzes and Assignments: 30%
• Midterm exam: 30%
• Final exam: 40%
• Late assignments will be penalized
• No change in deadlines
• No retakes (Quizzes: Best 5, Assignments: bonus questions)
Plagiarism & Grading
• Copy cases will result in an automatic ‘F’ grade and will be reported to
campus disciplinary committee.
• 33% class admitted to copying Fall 2017. This will not be tolerated.
• Minimum 39% absolute marks required to pass the course.
Learning goals of this class
• Gain an overview of different problem areas in bioinformatics
• Understanding significant & interesting algorithms
• Ability to apply the computational concepts to related problems in
biology and other areas
• Ability to understand scientific articles about more cutting-edge
approaches
• Foundation to enable independent learning and deeper study of
related topics
What is Bioinformatics?
• The term Bioinformatics was coined in the 1970s
• Very close cousin: Computational Biology
• An interdisciplinary field rooted in computer and information sciences and
life sciences.
• Draws from other areas such as
• Math, statistics, machine learning, physics, genetics, evolutionary biology,
biochemistry
• Definitions from the National Institute of Health
• Bioinformatics: Research, development, or application of computational tools and
approaches to make the vast, diverse and complex life sciences data more
understandable and useful.
• Computational biology: The development and application of mathematical and
computational approaches to address theoretical and experimental questions in
biology
Topics Overview
• Sequence Assembly
Topics Overview
CCACACCACACCCACACACCCACACACCACACCACACACCACACCACACCCACACACACACATCCTAACACTACCCTAACACAGCCCTAATCTAACCCTGGCCAACCTGTCTCTCAACTTACCCTCCATTACCCTGCCT
CCACTCGTTACCCTGTCCCATTCAACCATACCACTCCGAACCACCATCCATCCCTCTACTTACTACCACTCACCCACCGTTACCCTCCAATTACCCATATCCAACCCACTGCCACTTACCCTACCATTACCCTACCATCCAC
CATGACCTACTCACCATACTGTTCTTCTACCCACCATATTGAAACGCTAACAAATGATCGTAAATAACACACACGTGCTTACCCTACCACTTTATACCACCACCACATGCCATACTCACCCTCACTTGTATACTGATTTTAC
GTACGCACACGGATGCTACAGTATATACCATCTCAAACTTACCCTACTCTCAGATTCCACTTCACTCCATGGCCCATCTCTCACTGAATCAGTACCAAATGCACTCACATCATTATGCACGGCACTTGCCTCAGCGGTCT
ATACCCTGTGCCATTTACCCATAACGCCCATCATTATCCACATTTTGATATCTATATCTCATTCGGCGGTCCCAAATATTGTATAACTGCCCTTAATACATACGTTATACCACTTTTGCACCATATACTTACCACTCCATTTATA
TACACTTATGTCAATATTACAGAAAAATCCCCACAAAAATCACCTAAACATAAAAATATTCTACTTTTCAACAATAATACATAAACATATTGGCTTGTGGTAGCAACACTATCATGGTATCACTAACGTAAAAGTTCCTCA
ATATTGCAATTTGCTTGAACGGATGCTATTTCAGAATATTTCGTACTTACACAGGCCATACATTAGAATAATATGTCACATCACTGTCGTAACACTCTTTATTCACCGAGCAATAATACGGTAGTGGCTCAAACTCATGC
GGGTGCTATGATACAATTATATCTTATTTCCATTCCCATATGCTAACCGCAATATCCTAAAAGCATAACTGATGCATCTTTAATCTTGTATGTGACACTACTCATACGAAGGGACTATATCTAGTCAAGACGATACTGTGAT
AGGTACGTTATTTAATAGGATCTATAACGAAATGTCAAATAATTTTACGGTAATATAACTTATCAGCGGCGTATACTAAAACGGACGTTACGATATTGTCTCACTTCATCTTACCACCCTCTATCTTATTGCTGATAGAACA
CTAACCCCTCAGCTTTATTTCTAGTTACAGTTACACAAAAAACTATGCCAACCCAGAAATCTTGATATTTTACGTGTCAAAAAATGAGGGTCTCTAAATGAGAGTTTGGTACCATGACTTGTAACTCGCACTGCCCTGA
TCTGCAATCTTGTTCTTAGAAGTGACGCATATTCTATACGGCCCGACGCGACGCGCCAAAAAATGAAAAACGAAGCAGCGACTCATTTTTATTTAAGGACAAAGGTTGCGAAGCCGCACATTTCCAATTTCATTGTT
GTTTATTGGACATACACTGTTAGCTTTATTACCGTCCACGTTTTTTCTACAATAGTGTAGAAGTTTCTTTCTTATGTTCATCGTATTCATAAAATGCTTCACGAACACCGTCATTGATCAAATAGGTCTATAATATTAATATA
Where are the genes in this genome?
CATTTATATAATCTACGGTATTTATATCATCAAAAAAAAGTAGTTTTTTTATTTTATTTTGTTCGTTAATTTTCAATTTCTATGGAAACCCGTTCGTAAAATTGGCGTTTGTCTCTAGTTTGCGATAGTGTAGATACCGTCCT
TGGATAGAGCACTGGAGATGGCTGGCTTTAATCTGCTGGAGTACCATGGAACACCGGTGATCATTCTGGTCACTTGGTCTGGAGCAATACCGGTCAACATGGTGGTGAAGTCACCGTAGTTGAAAACGGCTTCAG
CAACTTCGACTGGGTAGGTTTCAGTTGGGTGGGCGGCTTGGAACATGTAGTATTGGGCTAAGTGAGCTCTGATATCAGAGACGTAGACACCCAATTCCACCAAGTTGACTCTTTCGTCAGATTGAGCTAGAGTGG
TGGTTGCAGAAGCAGTAGCAGCGATGGCAGCGACACCAGCGGCGATTGAAGTTAATTTGACCATTGTATTTGTTTTGTTTGTTAGTGCTGATATAAGCTTAACAGGAAAGGAAAGAATAAAGACATATTCTCAAAG
GCATATAGTTGAAGCAGCTCTATTTATACCCATTCCCTCATGGGTTGTTGCTATTTAAACGATCGCTGACTGGCACCAGTTCCTCATCAAATATTCTCTATATCTCATCTTTCACACAATCTCATTATCTCTATGGAGATGC
TCTTGTTTCTGAACGAATCATAAATCTTTCATAGGTTTCGTATGTGGAGTACTGTTTTATGGCGCTTATGTGTATTCGTATGCGCAGAATGTGGGAATGCCAATTATAGGGGTGCCGAGGTGCCTTATAAAACCCTTTT
CTGTGCCTGTGACATTTCCTTTTTCGGTCAAAAAGAATATCCGAATTTTAGATTTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTTATTGTCTAAGCCTGAATTCAGTCTGCTTTAAACGGCTTCCGCGGAGGAAATATTTCCATCTCTT
GAATTCGTACAACATTAAACGTGTGTTGGGAGTCGTATACTGTTAGGGTCTGTAAACTTGTGAACTCTCGGCAAATGCCTTGGTGCAATTACGTAATTTTAGCCGCTGAGAAGCGGATGGTAATGAGACAAGTTGA
TATCAAACAGATACATATTTAAAAGAGGGTACCGCTAATTTAGCAGGGCAGTATTATTGTAGTTTGATATGTACGGCTAACTGAACCTAAGTAGGGATATGAGAGTAAGAACGTTCGGCTACTCTTCTTTCTAAGTGG
GATTTTTCTTAATCCTTGGATTCTTAAAAGGTTATTAAAGTTCCGCACAAAGAACGCTTGGAAATCGCATTCATCAAAGAACAACTCTTCGTTTTCCAAACAATCTTCCCGAAAAAGTAGCCGTTCATTTCCCTTCCG
ATTTCATTCCTAGACTGCCAAATTTTTCTTGCTCATTTATAATGATTGATAAGAATTGTATTTGTGTCCCATTCTCGTAGATAAAATTCTTGGATGTTAAAAAATTAAAGGGACTATATCTAGTCAAGACGATACTGTCAG
TAGCAGCGATGGCAGCGTGGCTTGTGGTAGCAACACTATCATGGTATCACTAACGTAAAAGTTCCTCAATATTGCAATTTGCTTGAACGGATGCTATTTCAGAATATTTCGTACTTACACAGGCCATACATTAGAATAA
TATGTCACATCACTGTCGTAACACTCTTTATTCACCGAGCAATAATACGGTAGTGGCTCAAACTCATGCGGGTGCTATGATACAATTATATCTTATTTCCATTCCCATATGCTAACCGCAATATCCTAAAAGCATAACTGAT
GCATCTTTAATCTTGTATGTGACACTACTCATACGAAGGGACTATATCTAGTCAAGACGATACTGTGATAGGTACGTTATTTAATAGGATCTATAACGAAATGTCAAATAATTTTACGGTAATATAACTTATCAGCGGCGT
ATACTAAAACGGACGTTACGATATTGTCTCACTTCATCTTACCACCCTCTATCTTATTGCTGATAGAACACTAACCCCTCAGCTTTATTTCTAGTTACAGTTACACAAAAAACTATGCCAACCCAGAAATCTTGATATTTT
ACGTGTCAAAAAATGAGGGTCTCTAAATGAGAGTTTGGTACCATGACTTGTAACTCGCACTGCCCTGATCTGCAATCTTGTTCTTAGAAGTGACGCATATTCTATACGGCCCGACGCGACGCGCCAAAAAATGAAAA
ACGAAGCAGCGACTCATTTTTATTTAAGGACAAAGGTTGCGAAGCCGCACATTTCCAATTTCATTGTTGTTTATTGGACATACACTGTTAGCTTTATTACCGTCCACGTTTTTTCTAGCACCATATACTTACCACTCCAT
TTATGAATCAGTACCAAATGCA
Topics Overview
CCACACCACACCCACACACCCACACACCACACCACACACCACACCACACCCACACACACACATCCTAACACTACCCTAACACAGCCCTAATCTAACCCTGGCCAACCTGTCTCTCAACTTACCCTCCATTACCCTGCCTC
CACTCGTTACCCTGTCCCATTCAACCATACCACTCCGAACCACCATCCATCCCTCTACTTACTACCACTCACCCACCGTTACCCTCCAATTACCCATATCCAACCCACTGCCACTTACCCTACCATTACCCTACCATCCACCA
TGACCTACTCACCATACTGTTCTTCTACCCACCATATTGAAACGCTAACAAATGATCGTAAATAACACACACGTGCTTACCCTACCACTTTATACCACCACCACATGCCATACTCACCCTCACTTGTATACTGATTTTAC
GTACGCACACGGATGCTACAGTATATACCATCTCAAACTTACCCTACTCTCAGATTCCACTTCACTCCATGGCCCATCTCTCACTGAATCAGTACCAAATGCACTCACATCATTATGCACGGCACTTGCCTCAGCGGTC
TATACCCTGTGCCATTTACCCATAACGCCCATCATTATCCACATTTTGATATCTATATCTCATTCGGCGGTCCCAAATATTGTATAACTGCCCTTAATACATACGTTATACCACTTTTGCACCATATACTTACCACTCCATTTAT
ATACACTTATGTCAATATTACAGAAAAATCCCCACAAAAATCACCTAAACATAAAAATATTCTACTTTTCAACAATAATACATAAACATATTGGCTTGTGGTAGCAACACTATCATGGTATCACTAACGTAAAAGTTCCTCA
ATATTGCAATTTGCTTGAACGGATGCTATTTCAGAATATTTCGTACTTACACAGGCCATACATTAGAATAATATGTCACATCACTGTCGTAACACTCTTTATTCACCGAGCAATAATACGGTAGTGGCTCAAACTCATGCG
GGTGCTATGATACAATTATATCTTATTTCCATTCCCATATGCTAACCGCAATATCCTAAAAGCATAACTGATGCATCTTTAATCTTGTATGTGACACTACTCATACGAAGGGACTATATCTAGTCAAGACGATACTGTGATAG
GTACGTTATTTAATAGGATCTATAACGAAATGTCAAATAATTTTACGGTAATATAACTTATCAGCGGCGTATACTAAAACGGACGTTACGATATTGTCTCACTTCATCTTACCACCCTCTATCTTATTGCTGATAGAACACTA
Protein coding sequence
ACCCCTCAGCTTTATTTCTAGTTACAGTTACACAAAAAACTATGCCAACCCAGAAATCTTGATATTTTACGTGTCAAAAAATGAGGGTCTCTAAATGAGAGTTTGGTACCATGACTTGTAACTCGCACTGCCCTGATCTG
CAATCTTGTTCTTAGAAGTGACGCATATTCTATACGGCCCGACGCGACGCGCCAAAAAATGAAAAACGAAGCAGCGACTCATTTTTATTTAAGGACAAAGGTTGCGAAGCCGCACATTTCCAATTTCATTGTTGTTTA
TTGGACATACACTGTTAGCTTTATTACCGTCCACGTTTTTTCTACAATAGTGTAGAAGTTTCTTTCTTATGTTCATCGTATTCATAAAATGCTTCACGAACACCGTCATTGATCAAATAGGTCTATAATATTAATATACATTTA
TATAATCTACGGTATTTATATCATCAAAAAAAAGTAGTTTTTTTATTTTATTTTGTTCGTTAATTTTCAATTTCTATGGAAACCCGTTCGTAAAATTGGCGTTTGTCTCTAGTTTGCGATAGTGTAGATACCGTCCTTGGATA
GAGCACTGGAGATGGCTGGCTTTAATCTGCTGGAGTACCATGGAACACCGGTGATCATTCTGGTCACTTGGTCTGGAGCAATACCGGTCAACATGGTGGTGAAGTCACCGTAGTTGAAAACGGCTTCAGCAACTTC
GACTGGGTAGGTTTCAGTTGGGTGGGCGGCTTGGAACATGTAGTATTGGGCTAAGTGAGCTCTGATATCAGAGACGTAGACACCCAATTCCACCAAGTTGACTCTTTCGTCAGATTGAGCTAGAGTGGTGGTTGCA
GAAGCAGTAGCAGCGATGGCAGCGACACCAGCGGCGATTGAAGTTAATTTGACCATTGTATTTGTTTTGTTTGTTAGTGCTGATATAAGCTTAACAGGAAAGGAAAGAATAAAGACATATTCTCAAAGGCATATAGT
TGAAGCAGCTCTATTTATACCCATTCCCTCATGGGTTGTTGCTATTTAAACGATCGCTGACTGGCACCAGTTCCTCATCAAATATTCTCTATATCTCATCTTTCACACAATCTCATTATCTCTATGGAGATGCTCTTGTTTCT
GAACGAATCATAAATCTTTCATAGGTTTCGTATGTGGAGTACTGTTTTATGGCGCTTATGTGTATTCGTATGCGCAGAATGTGGGAATGCCAATTATAGGGGTGCCGAGGTGCCTTATAAAACCCTTTTCTGTGCCTGTG
ACATTTCCTTTTTCGGTCAAAAAGAATATCCGAATTTTAGATTTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTTATTGTCTAAGCCTGAATTCAGTCTGCTTTAAACGGCTTCCGCGGAGGAAATATTTCCATCTCTTGAATTCGTACAA
CATTAAACGTGTGTTGGGAGTCGTATACTGTTAGGGTCTGTAAACTTGTGAACTCTCGGCAAATGCCTTGGTGCAATTACGTAATTTTAGCCGCTGAGAAGCGGATGGTAATGAGACAAGTTGATATCAAACAGATAC
ATATTTAAAAGAGGGTACCGCTAATTTAGCAGGGCAGTATTATTGTAGTTTGATATGTACGGCTAACTGAACCTAAGTAGGGATATGAGAGTAAGAACGTTCGGCTACTCTTCTTTCTAAGTGGGATTTTTCTTAATCCT
Protein coding sequence
TGGATTCTTAAAAGGTTATTAAAGTTCCGCACAAAGAACGCTTGGAAATCGCATTCATCAAAGAACAACTCTTCGTTTTCCAAACAATCTTCCCGAAAAAGTAGCCGTTCATTTCCCTTCCGATTTCATTCCTAGACTG
CCAAATTTTTCTTGCTCATTTATAATGATTGATAAGAATTGTATTTGTGTCCCATTCTCGTAGATAAAATTCTTGGATGTTAAAAAATTAAAGGGACTATATCTAGTCAAGACGATACTGTCAGTAGCAGCGATGGCAGCG
TGGCTTGTGGTAGCAACACTATCATGGTATCACTAACGTAAAAGTTCCTCAATATTGCAATTTGCTTGAACGGATGCTATTTCAGAATATTTCGTACTTACACAGGCCATACATTAGAATAATATGTCACATCACTGTCGT
AACACTCTTTATTCACCGAGCAATAATACGGTAGTGGCTCAAACTCATGCGGGTGCTATGATACAATTATATCTTATTTCCATTCCCATATGCTAACCGCAATATCCTAAAAGCATAACTGATGCATCTTTAATCTTGTAT
GTGACACTACTCATACGAAGGGACTATATCTAGTCAAGACGATACTGTGATAGGTACGTTATTTAATAGGATCTATAACGAAATGTCAAATAATTTTACGGTAATATAACTTATCAGCGGCGTATACTAAAACGGACG
TTACGATATTGTCTCACTTCATCTTACCACCCTCTATCTTATTGCTGATAGAACACTAACCCCTCAGCTTTATTTCTAGTTACAGTTACACAAAAAACTATGCCAACCCAGAAATCTTGATATTTTACGTGTCAAAAAAT
GAGGGTCTCTAAATGAGAGTTTGGTACCATGACTTGTAACTCGCACTGCCCTGATCTGCAATCTTGTTCTTAGAAGTGACGCATATTCTATACGGCCCGACGCGACGCGCCAAAAAATGAAAAACGAAGCAGCGACT
CATTTTTATTTAAGGACAAAGGTTGCGAAGCCGCACATTTCCAATTTCATTGTTGTTTATTGGACATACACTGTTAGCTTTATTACCGTCCACGTTTTTTCTAGCACCATATACTTACCACTCCATTTATGAATCAGTACC
Topics Overview
• Sequence Comparison
Human ADNP gene Mouse ADNP gene
Topics Overview
• How are these organisms related? E Coli
Yeast
Drosophilla
Lab mice
Toh et al, Nature, 2011
Topics Overview Network classification of breast cancer
H-Y Chuang et al
*
• Biological Networks *
* *
* * A, S, CR
M, S, CR
CT, A, S, CR S, CR
*
M
*
* CR
CR
CT
*
CT, S
CT, S, CR
*
(M) Metabolism
*
(CT) Cell and tissue
remodeling
(CC) Circulation and
coagulation
(A) Apotosis
(S) Signaling of cell growth
and survival
(CR) Cell proliferation and
*
S, CR replication
Expression level
Downregulated Upregulated
* CT, S, CR
Topics Overview
• Network Alignment
Human Genome Project
• Several Administrative issues slows down the progress
Human Genome Project
Human Genome Project
• First human genome
cost $2.7 billion
• Now it cost <$1000
• Projected to cost ~$100
in 3-4 years
• Covered by insurance
companies and will
become a routine
procedure
• Opportunity for off-
shore analysis
Human Genome Project
Goals
• Identify the approximate genes in human DNA.
• Determine the sequences of 3 billion chemical base pairs that resides
in 23 pair of chromosomes within the nucleus of our cell.
• Store this information in databases.
• Improve tools for data analysis
A closer look at Human Genome
• The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases (
approx. 3 billion A,C,T and G).
• The average gene is made up of 3000 bases, but sizes of genes vary
greatly.
The total number of genes is estimated at around 30000.
A closer look at Human Genome
Does it end here????????
• ATCTGCGCGGTTTCGCGGCTGCGGAAAAGCGGGCT
