Paragon International University

Department of Civil Engineering

CE 301 Structural Analysis

Building and Design Codes

Student Name: Keangsinh Taing

ID: 17010100

Professor: Numurat Kandymov

Due Date: 06/12/2019

 Building and Design Code

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Design Codes 2

2.1. Type of Design Codes 2

2.1.1. Material Codes 2
2.1.2. Structural Codes 3

3. Building Codes 4

3.1. History of Building Codes 4

3.2. Type of Building Codes 5

3.2.1. Model Code 5
3.2.2. Adopted Code 5

3.3. Standard Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structure 6

3.4. International of Building Code (IBC) 7

4. Code in Cambodia’s Neighbor Countries 8

4.1. Vietnam’s Building and Design Codes 8

4.2. Thailand’s Building and Design Codes 8

5. Building and Design Codes in Cambodia 10

5.1. Problem and Difficulties 10

5.2. Necessities of Code in Cambodia 11

5.3. First Building Code in Cambodia 11

6. Conclusion 12
 Building and Design Code

1. Introduction

Building construction is existing through out a long period of time since the

stone age period and keep developing until now. Learning from the history of the

construction development, provide engineering lot of knowledge and introduce them to

the challenging which happen due to trial-and-error of the ancient builder. While the

disasters also take part in harming the construction include earthquake, flood, fire and

also internal behavior of the structural which could cause the building to collapse. In

order to enhance the safety and improving the construction quality and cost, the

engineers start to make observation and modeling in order to adjust and regulate the

designing, the material and the building method. And the adjustment of the designing,

material and the building method have been noted down as the reference which

currently it comes to known as a code.

A code is a set of technical specification and standards that control major detail

of analysis, design, and constriction of the building, equipment and bridge. (Kenneth

M.Lee et al., 2011, p. 27.). Currently the codes classify into two categories which are

building code and design code (structural code). The code is design for the following

purpose:

• Mechanical resistance and stability

• Safety in case of fire

• Hygiene, health and the environment

• Safety in use

• Protection against noise

• Energy economy and heat retention

• Economical structure

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 Building and Design Code

2. Design Codes

Design codes specify design loads, allowable stress for various type of member,

design assumption and requirement for material. Design code is written by engineer and

other specialist who are concerned with the design of a particular type of structure or

who interested in the proper use of a specific material. The design codes are divided into

two categories which are Material Code and Structural Code. (Kenneth M.Lee et al.,

2011, p. 27).

2.1. Type of Design Code

2.1.1. Material Code

Material code specify on particular material such as steel, wood, reinforce

concrete, aluminum, masonry and etc. The following codes are the example of material

codes frequently use by structural engineer:

• Building Code Requirement for Reinforce Concrete (ACI 318) by the American

Concrete Institute (ACI) Cover the analysis and design of concrete structures.

• Manual of Steel Construction by the American Institute of Steel Construction

(AISC) cover the analysis and design of steel structure.

• National Design Specification for Wood Construction by the American Forest &

Paper Association (AFPA) cover the analysis and design of wood.

(Kenneth M.Lee et al., 2011, p. 28).

• Structural Welding Code by American Welding Society (AWS) cover the

analysis and design of welding of steel structure.

• 2010 ANSI Standard and Specifications by Steel Joint Institute (SJI) cove the

analysis and design of joint of steel structure.

• Aluminum Design Manual by International Building Code (IBC) cover the

design and analysis of Aluminum.

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 Building and Design Code

• Building Code Requirement for Masonry Structure (ACI 530/ ASCE 5/ TMS

402) and Specification for Masonry (ACI 530.1/ ASCE 6/ TMS 402) by

American Concrete Institute (ACI), American Society of Civil Engineers

(ASCE) and The Masonry Society (TMS) cover the design and analysis of

masonry.

• American Society of Testing and Material Standard by American Society of

Testing and Material (ASTM) cover the design and analysis of materials

(Asphalt, Concrete, Metal, Alloy, Glass etc.)

2.1.2. Structural Codes

Structural codes specify on specific type of structure include bridge, highway,

building, nuclear power plants, railway and etc. The following codes are the example of

structural codes frequently use by structural engineers:

• Standard Specification for Highway Bridges by the American Association of

State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) cover the design and

analysis of highway bridge.

• Manual for Railway Engineering by the American Railway Engineering and

Maintenance of Way Association (AREMA) cover the design and analysis of

railroad bridges. (Kenneth M.Lee et al., 2011, p. 27&28).

• Standard Minimum Design load for Building and Other Structure by American

Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) cover the design analysis of Building.

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code by American Society of Mechanical

Engineer (ASME) cover the design and analysis of boiler and pressure vessel for

nuclear power plants.

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 Building and Design Code

3. Building Codes

A building code is a document that provide the standardized requirement to the

architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical to cover the construction in a given

region (stated or city). The building is required to every scope of project including

school, house, commercial building and other type of structures. The objective of the

building code is to protect the public’s health, welfare and safety by accounting for the

influence of local condition on contraction.

Nowadays, there are several of building codes and most of them adopt the

provision of the Standard Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures

which is published by the American Society of Civil Engineer (ASCE) or the recent

International Building Code by the International Code Council (ICC) (Kenneth M.Lee

et al., 2011, p. 28).

3.1. The History of the Building Codes

According to the Mother Earth News, the building code is not recently born, but

it existed since 1758 B.C. The earliest written building code, was enacted by King

Hammurabi in Babilon, which was written on stone. Even though, the code did not

provide the process or the method of building guidance, it stated ‘If a builder has built a

house for a man and his work is not strong, and if the house he has built falls in and kills

the householder, that builder shall be slain.’

Building Code began to addressing the risks of a building that posted to adjacent

building to the public after the great fire take place in London in 1666 and Chicago in

1871. As the taller building is present, there are also the challenging in providing light

and ventilation, fire escapes, water supply, toilets and sanitary drains, and stairs and

railings which lead to the creation of code.

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 Building and Design Code

In order to minimize the risk to property and building occupant, in 1905, the

National Board of Fire Underwriters (the US insurance group) created The National

Building Code. Due to the existence of this code, it led to form an organization of

building official.

3.2. Type of Building Codes

3.2.1. Model Code

Model codes are a set of rules that suggested practices or recommendations for

others to follow pertaining to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures

and written by a standard private organization. Model code is not a law, but it will

become a law after adopted by local, state, provincial or national government.

Model codes provide guidance on how to design, build and operate buildings to

achieve the goal. They also provide an insurance industry grappling with the effects of

climate change and extreme weather with a baseline for estimating and managing risk

which helps to control or lower the cost of insurance premiums. However model codes

are effective only if they are enacted into law and enforced by state and local

governments. (Piccirilli, D. 2013.)

3.2.2. Adopted Code

Adopted code refers to the code that developed by jurisdiction either based on a

combination of model codes or by other means permitted in local law and must be

adhered to. Once the code is an adopted code, it is established with consequence for

non-compliance. Those who fail to meet code requirements, whether they are builder,

designer or owner, they will face the consequence such as make necessary repairs, cease

construction activity, have their building permit revoked, face fines or even required to

demolish all or some portion of the work. Due to this reason, for the region that has

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 Building and Design Code

their own regional code must check up with the new regulation of building code before

build the construction on any property. (Piccirilli, D. 2013.)

3.3. Standard Minimum Design Loads for Building & Other

Structures

Standard Minimum Design Load for Building and Other Structure was written

by American Society of Civil Engineer (ASCE). This standard provides minimum load

requirements for the design of buildings and other structures that are subject to building

code requirements. The loads which provide by the standard include:

• Dead Loads.

• Live Loads.

• Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure and Flood Loads.

• Wind Loads.

• Snow Loads.

• Rain Loads.

• Earthquake Loads.

• Ice Load.

(American Society of Civil Engineers/Structural Engineering Institute. 2006)

ASCE code have different design procedure base on the various load. Somehow

the following information is required to known for ASCE code design procedure:

1. Type of building and floor area (Occupancy and use).

2. Type of loads.

3. Type of basic component of building.

4. Type of structural member.

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 Building and Design Code

3.4. International Building Code (IBC)

International Building Code (IBC) was developed by International Code Council

(ICC) and was establish in 2000. It is an essential tool to protect public health and safety

that provides safeguards from hazards associated with the built environment. It

addresses design and installation of innovative materials that meet or exceed public

health and safety goals. (International Code Council. 2019.). The following procedure is

a sample for analyzing the used of code which is recommended as being helpful in

using in the International Building Code:

1. Classify the building according to:

a. Occupancy Classification.

b. Sprinkler System.

c. Type of Construction.

d. Allowable Floor Area.

e. Height and Number of Stories.

f. Location on Property.

g. Mean of Egress.

2. Review requirement for fire sprinkler protection.

3. Review the building for conformity with the type of construction requirements

in relation to desire and allowable building height and plan areas.

4. Review the effect on the building based on its location on the building site.

5. Review the building for conformity with egress requirements.

6. Review the building for other code requirement.

7. Review the building for conformity with structural engineer regulation and

requirement for material of construction. (Francis D. K. Ching, et al, 2018,

p.14&15)

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 Building and Design Code

4. Code in Cambodia’s Neighbor Countries

4.1. Vietnam’s Building and Design Code

Vietnam uses their own regional code which is developed by the Ministry of

Construction and have been enforce by the Provincial’s People Committees. Somehow,

there are four level of reference standard in Vietnam which can be followed include:

1. National standard (TVCN), national technical standard and local technical

standard administered by the Vietnam Standards and Quality Institute.

2. Construction standard (TCXDVN) administered by the Ministry of

Construction.

3. Ministerial standard administered by the central government.

4. International code and standard.

These standards can replace with any Vietnam standards or be used where there

is no applicable Vietnam Standard. These standards are voluntary but become

mandatory when incorporate to code. Those mandatory code are:

• Building Code of Vietnam Volume I, II and III (struectural, mechanical,

plumbing and excavation).

• Construction Accessibility for People with Disability.

• Natural Physical and Climate Data for Construction.

• Urban Underground Structure.

• Classifications and Grading of Civil and Industrial Buildings and Urban

Infrastructure. (Oswald C, 2013, p 170,171&172)

4.2. Thailand’s Building and Design Code

Thailand does not use the code system from the United States, Canada and

Australia. The majority of Thailand code developed in Thailand by its own industry and

academic expert. Most of the reference standard are those from Thailand Industrial
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 Building and Design Code

Standard Institute (TIST). However, there are some relevant standard also adopted from

ASTM International, Uniform Building Code, American Concrete Institute and others

various standard institution around the world. The code is not mandatory until they are

cooperated into ministerial regulation.

The mandatory building codes in Thailand include the following:

• The Building Control Act

• Building Inspection Regulation

• Fire Safety Regulation for High-rise Building and Special Large Building

• Regulation on Fire Prevention for General Buildings

• Regulation on Building Drainage Equipment

• Regulation on Improvement of Building in Inappropriate Safety Condition

• Regulation Fire-Resistant Construction

• Regulation on Seismic Building Design (administered by the Building Control

Bureau of Department of Public Works and Town and City Planning, under the

Ministry Interior)

• Energy Conservation Promotion Act and Building Energy Code (administered

by the Department of Energy)

In the province, the buildings are required to adopt the regulation (from TISI or

The Building Control Bureau) and may introduce additional rule. The mandatory codes

applicable only to the area which is in:

• Bangkok Metropolitan Municipality

• District under the Town Planning Act

• Any building larger than 1000 square meter or with more than 500 occupants

• High rise building and large size building

(Oswald C, 2013, p. 197,198&199)

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 Building and Design Code

5. Building and Design Code in Cambodia

From the past decade years, Cambodia have not owned any regional codes yet.

The absence of the regional codes and the use of different codes in Cambodia are due to

these following reasons:

• Code in Cambodia are use differently base on the engineers. For those who

graduate from abroad, they used the codes base on those countries. While the

engineer graduate in Cambodia, they used designed code that they learned from

their professors who also teach different codes base on their knowledge and

experience.

• For the construction that are done by foreign investments, they use their own

engineer from their own countries to work with local engineer and applied their

own standard.

• The Ministry of Construction have not made the regulation and adopted the

other standard as regional.

The standards that have been using in Cambodia are international standard

include ACI, AISC, LRFD, AASHTO, European Codes (Eurocode), French Codes,

Russian Codes, JSCE standards and Australian Standard. (Seng V, Mony M, 2008,

p.2&3)

5.1. Problem and Difficulties

In Cambodia market, the construction materials are imported from other

countries except the raw materials. In each design codes, it requires the particular

material that meet the requirement in codes. Therefore, it is challenge to find the

materials which is suitable to the design codes. Moreover, it is also difficult to check the

quality of the material to satisfy the design codes used due to the lack of equipment for

testing, test condition and test method.

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 Building and Design Code

The different design codes used in Cambodia are not suitable for local condition

such as climate, materials, skilled labor, equipment and construction method. It is high

risk to use these design condition without studying and doing research.

5.2. Necessities of Code in Cambodia

For the future development of Cambodia, it is important to have our own

regional code which is suitable to carry by Cambodia engineer and technical. It is really

important in order to ensure the quality of construction in term of economic

development.

The best opportunity for Cambodia to have the national code is to follow the

harmonization of the code in Asian region so Cambodia would be able to benefit from

those code and create our own regional document. (Seng V, Mony M, 2008, p.3)

5.3. First Building Code in Cambodia

On 9 September 2019, there was a seminar organized by the Association of Fire

Prevention Enterprises of Cambodia (AFPE) and the National Quality Inspection Centre

for Fire Safety Systems (NICS). The seminar has introduced the first Cambodia

building code which is Fire Safety System-Building Design Code. This new code has

been developed by the General Commissariat of the National Police and the National

Quality Inspection Center for Fire Safety Systems of Cambodia.

This Code applies to the construction of new buildings as well as to extensions

and the refurbishment of existing buildings. This Code provides comprehensive

technical specifications for fire prevention and aims to protect occupants and properties

by imposing standards to prevent and reduce risks of fire breaking out in buildings and

similar structures. However, it is not applicable to the fire protection design for

buildings and similar structures which are industrial buildings (storage) for gunpowder,

explosives product, fireworks and firecrackers. (DFDL. 2019)

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 Building and Design Code

6. Conclusion

In conclusion, building and design code is really crucial for engineer especially

who are specialist in the design and construction. The codes are very important which

engineer muss not disobey in order to construct, operate and maintenance the whole

structure of any type of construction so that the public do not get affected by any

accidents due to collapse of building or any structures. In order to use the appropriate

code, the code itself has to be created, adopted or regulated base on the specific region

so that it will be suitable in the area and will be benefit the code user in term of

economically and timing.

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 Building and Design Code

Reference

1. Kenneth, M.Lee. Chia-Ming Uang. et al. 2011, Fundamentals of Structural

Analysis, 4th ed.

2. Oswald, C. 2013, APEC Building Code, Regulations, and Standards: Minimum,

Mandatory and Green.

3. Francis, D. K. Ching. Steven, R Winkel. et al. 2018, Building Code Illustrated,

6th ed.

4. American Society of Civil Engineers/Structural Engineering Institute.

2006. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA.

5. Seng, V. Mony, M. 2008, Necessity of Design Code for Cambodia.

6. Roos, R. (2019, June 26). Building Codes and Standards - 101 Guide. Retrieved

from https://www.rockwool.com/blog/building-codes-and-standards/.

7. Piccirilli, D. (2013, September 30). The Value and Impact of Building Codes.

Retrieved from https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/the-value-and-impact-of-

building-codes#3.

8. Interntional Code Council. (2019, February 19). The International Building Code.

Retrieved from https://www.iccsafe.org/products-and-services/i-codes/2018-i-

codes/ibc/.

9. DFDL. (2019, September 17). Cambodia Legal Update: New National Fire Safety

Systems Code Launched in Cambodia: DFDL Legal, Tax & Investment Expertise.

Retrieved from https://www.dfdl.com/resources/legal-and-tax-updates/cambodia-

legal-update-new-national-fire-safety-systems-code-launched-in-cambodia/

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