CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX 1(1) CS/STA408

KEY FORMULAS

n
Binomial probability formula P  X  x     p x 1  p n  x ; x  0,1, 2,  , n
x

e  x
Poisson probability formula PX  x   ; x  0,1, 2, 
x!

CONFIDENCE INTERVALS

Parameter & description Two-sided (1 - )100% confidence interval

Mean,  , variance,  2 unknown,  s 

small samples
x  t 2, df   ; df  n  1
 n

Difference in means, 1  2 , x1  x2   t 2, df s p 1 1

 ;
n1 n2
variances 12  22 and unknown

( n1  1) s12  ( n2  1) s22
df  n1  n2  2 , sp 
n1  n2  2

Difference in means, 1  2 , 2 2

variances 12  2 and unknown

2 x1  x2   t 2, df s1 s2
 ;
n1 n2

df 
s 1
2
n1  s2 2 n2 
2

s1
2
n1  
2
s 2 n2
 2

2

n1  1 n2  1

Mean difference for  s 

paired samples,  d d  t 2, df  d  ; df  n  1 where n is no. of pairs
 n

Variance,  2  n  1 s 2 n  1 s 2 
 , 2 ; df  n  1
 2 2, df  
 1 2 , df 

Ratio of the variances 1  2

2 2
s2 1 s12 
 1 , F 2;  2 ,1  ; 1  n1  1 ,  2  n2  1
 s F 2;  ,
2
s2 2 
 2 1 2 

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX 1(2) CS/STA408

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Null Hypothesis Test statistic

x  0
H0 :    0 t calc  ; df  n  1
s
 2 unknown n

t calc 
x1  x2   1  2  ;
H0 : 1   2  0 1 1
sp 
12  22 and unknown n1 n2

( n1  1) s12  ( n2  1) s22
df  n1  n2  2 , sp 
n1  n2  2

t calc 
x1  x2   1  2  ;
H0 : 1   2  0
s12 s22

variances 12  22 and unknown n1 n2

df 
s 1
2
n1  s2 2 n2 
2

s
1
2
n1  
2
s 2 n2
 2

2

n1  1 n2  1
d  d
H0 :  d = 0 t calc  ; df  n  1 where n is no. of pairs
sd
n

calc
2

n  1 s 2 ; df  n  1
H0 :    0
2 2
0 2

s12
Fcalc  ; 1  n1  1 ,  2  n2  1
H0 : 12  2 2
s22

CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

SSxy

rM
u SSxxSSyy
Product Moment Correlation k
where
a SS xy  
xy 
x y  
Coefficient n ,
s
u x  
2
 y  2

r xx 
SS  x2 
n
, SS yy  y2   n
a
Y  a  bX
Least-squares regression line of t
Y against X SS xy
where b  and a  y  b x
SS xx

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