PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

By: Joshua Joye O. Caguioa,

LPT

MODULE 2
 chapter na ito, ating tatalakayin kung paano nga ba uumpisahan ang inyong research
Identifying problem.

the Inquiry and Stating the Problem

2 OBJECTIVES
WHAT TO KNOW

After studying this Chapter, the students are expected to;

∙ Designs a research used in daily life

∙ Describes background of research
∙ Writes a research title
∙ States research questions
∙ Indicates scope and delimitation of study
∙ Presents written statement of the problem

In research, you are prone to thinking in various levels that range from the simplest
to the most complex modes or patterns of thinking. Your initial thinking acts here pertain to
what you want to research on or what you intend to subject more to higher levels of thinking
as you go through the several stages of research. The kind or quality of thinking and
attention you give to your acts of choosing your research topic and of specifying questions
you want your research study to find answers to strongly determine the success of your
research work.

Maraming suliranin ngayon ang nangangailangan ng solusyon at mga katanungan

na kailangan ng sagot. Bilang isang magaaral at mananaliksik, paano mo bibigyan nang
sagot o solusyon ang iyong problema? Ang pananaliksik ay laging naguumpisa sa What I Know
problema o Brainstorming: There are a lot of issues that our world is facing, specifically in
katanungan na
our country, the Philippines; we have issues on COVID19 Pandemic,
layon mong
lutasin, kung Distance/Online Education, Manila Bay Rehabilitation, etc.
kaya’t sa
Based from your observations, what kind of problem or issue do you want to solve
and discuss in your study? And why did you choose that problem? 1

NATURE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROBLEM WHATI

WANT TO KNOW
 This situation in life, where you find difficulty in knowing or finding answers
or solutions to questions causing you worries or perplexities is called a problem.
By
HOW TO COME UP WITH A TOPIC?

You should always consider your personal experiences and problems

when deciding a research topic. Topics or problems are general questions about
relations among variables, or characteristics of the phenomenon which a
researcher needs to undertake (Birionet, 2005).
 malutas
lamang
ang
ating
mga

nature, you or any person on earth do not want to stay long suliranin.
in a problematic kind of life. Once you encounter a Sparked by your curiosity or interest,
What are the things around you that could trigger your mind to
problem, being an inquisitive, speculative, and creative you get to ponder on a problem
mull over one problematic area in your life that you want to
person, you immediately would like to find ways and needing answers. You resort to thinking of what to solve, look into empirically? One of the following could give rise to a
means to free yourself from such situation in your life. whom to ask, where to go, and how to do all the things you quantitative research problem (Edmonds 2013; Punch 2014):
want to happen to find the answer to the problem. Behaving 1. Agencies of the government, or any non-government
“Lahat ng tao ay may problema, walang tao na gustong
this way, you are then confronted with a research problem. A institutions
laging maipit at magtagal sa sityasyon kung saan sunod-
research problem is something that nurtures in your mind a
sunod ang dating nang mga pagsubok sa buhay. Kung 2. Your own experience or genuine interest in something
difficulty or uncertainty, enough to push you to do an empirical
kaya’t lagi tayong naghahanap ng mga paraan upang
investigation whereby you search for answers to a problem by 3. Previous research findings which you want to validate or
lutasin at bigyang solusyon ang ating mga problema, consider as studies suffering from some inconsistencies or
collecting and analyzing data or information through which
discrepancies
minumulat nito ang ating kaisipan na magisip, mag you can find the right answer or solution.
obserba, magtanong, subukin ang ilang mga bagay upang 4. Present political social or economic issues in society
5. Review of related literature Anong Problema/katanungan ang nais kong bigyan ng Bakit ko ito gustong bigyan ng solusyon/kasagutan?
solusyon/sagot?
SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC 1. It should something

new or different

BAKIT PAANO
ANO
Paano ko ito bibigyan nang solusyon/sagot?

2. Consider the training and qualification

of the researcher. 3. Consider the

availability of data

4. Consider availability of

effective instruments 5.

Consider your financial

capacity

6. Consider the time factor involved in the undertaking.

Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)

FORMULATING A RESEARCH TITLE ⮚ It describes what the

study all about.
⮚ It contains high specificity level.
⮚ Its is academically phrased and not wordy.
⮚ It is within the 12 substantive word requirement of the
American Psychological Association (APA).
⮚ If the title contains more than one line, it should bewritten in inverted
pyramid. ⮚ The variables being investigated should be included in the title.

Examine the qualities of the Research Title

UNIMPROVED TITLE IMPROVED TITLE

Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)

FORMULATING STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThinking of a

research problem or a topic to research on is a beginning act in research.
Another initial research act is asking a set of specific questions or identifying
sub-problems about your research problem.

 The research problem is the “heart of the research study”.

 The research problem intends to explore or describe a case, event or

phenomenon and find an answer.

 The problem statement is written in declarative or interrogative

statement. These specific or subquestions, called specific problems or

Research
A study of the Relationship Among Health ,Well-Being the main problem of the
and Coping Mechanism of BPO Shift Workers research.

An Investigation of the Factors affecting Organizational General Problem/Research

Excellence Problem

⮚ It states your overall objective

or long term goal of the study; it
The Effects of Stress on the can be stated in an interrogative
Satisfaction of Teachers in LPU or declarative form. However,
Health, Well-Being and Coping Mechanism of BPO Shift
Workers recent study suggests that
declarative form is better.

Service-Driven Market Orientation, Leadership Strategies

and Organizational Excellence of an Autonomous
University

Stress Coping Techniques and Job Satisfaction of the

Faculty of the Lyceum of Philippines University Batangas
Questions to specify the scope and the method in
collecting and analyzing data,give you the right direction
in your research. In addition, they are questions to give
further definition or explanation of the general problem
or research problem by stressing the fact that they elicit
answers to clarify or solve the research problem, which is EXAMPLES
Water Quality monitoring system Development of Portable grammar textbooks as the
Water Quality most effective way to help
Monitoring System college students attain
for Rivers
communicative
and Swamps
competence?
Interrogative statement: What percentage of
Manila private universities considers the use of
Acapulko Leaves as treatment for Ringworm Declarative statement: The
Anti-fungal property of Senna allata leaves against main objective of this study is to
Trichophyton that causes ringworm. find out the
Online enrolment system for BNHS Development of percentage of Manila
Online Enrolment private universities
System for considering the use of
Bayambang
National High grammar text books as
School using HTML5 the most effective way to help college students attain communicative
competence.
Food and Tourism application for Balon Bayambang It’s Getting Hot in Here: Awareness on Global Warming determining the extent of awareness on Global Warming
Food-Tour: Food Delivery and Tour Mobile application for among SHS Students among SHS students.
Balon Bayambang
The main focus of this study is on
STRENGHTS AND WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 3

Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry) Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)

Specific Problem/Research Questions
⮚ Another initial research act is asking a set of specific questions or
identifying sub-problems about your research problem. Specific
Problem must be in Interrogative or question form.

EXAMPLES
General Problem:

The main objective of this study is to find out the percentage of Manila private
universities considering the use of grammar text books as the most effective way
to help college students attain communicative competence.

Specific Problem:

Likewise, this study aims at finding answers to the following specific objectives:

1. What is an English grammar textbook?

2. What is communicative competence?
3. What components of the grammar textbook work for communicative-
competence development?
4. How many Manila private universities require the use of
grammar textbooks?
5. How many Manila private universities use grammar textbooks as references
only? 6. To what extent do Manila private universities find grammar textbooks
effective in helping college students attain communicative competence?

Project One Koll Away “OKAY”: An Arduino Based Disaster and

Security Management System
The aim of this project is to develop an integrated alarm system for disaster and
security management, equipped with earthquake, fire and anti-intruder alarm
system for school setting. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following
problems;
1) What is the efficiency of the Building Collapse alarm system in
terms of; a. Sensing possible collapse;
b. Alarm Setting and Dissemination system to partner agencies?
2) What is the efficiency of the Fire alarm system in terms of;
a. Sensing Fire, smoke and extreme heat;
b. Alarm setting and Dissemination system to partner agencies?
3) What is the efficiency of the anti-intruder alarm system in
terms of; a. Sensing unauthorized entry
b. Alarm setting and Dissemination system to partner agencies?
 ⮚ They are sometimes called factor-naming questions. They isolate,
T
YPES OF RESEARCH QUESTION categorize, describe, or name factors and situations.
EXAMPLES:

A. What is the profile of school managers in terms of:

1. age;
2. management experience;
3. educational attainment;
4.management training; and
5. home atmosphere?

B. What are the intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies of school managers

as described by themselves and by the teachers under them?

C. What is the level of school effectiveness in terms of;

1. teacher’s performance;
2. school performance;
2.1. drop-out rate,
2.2. completion rate;

II. Factor-relating questions (“What is happening here?”)

⮚ Their goal is to determine the relationship among factors that have been
identified.

EXAMPLES:

A. What relationships and interrelationships are observed between and among the
following variables?
1. intrapersonal competency;
2. interpersonal competency; and
3. school effectiveness?

B. What are the factors that affect school effectiveness?

C. What is the significant difference in the assessment of the college coordinator’s

competencies in the curriculum delivery assessed by the Levels III and IV students,
college instructors, and academic coordinators in four selected colleges in Manila?
4

Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)

I. Factor-isolating questions (“What is this?”)

 III.

Situation-relating questions (“What will happen if…?”)

⮚ These questions usually yield hypothesis testing or experimental

 study designs In which the researcher manipulates the variables Examples are personal experience, an article read; a scene witnessed,
to see what will happen. news heard, a theory that needs to be clarified, etc. The proponent should
describe the existing and prevailing problem situation based on his/her
Examples:
A. What are the effects of the traditional methods of teaching to the level experience. The scope may be local, national or international.
of performance of tourism students?
2. What is the setting of the problem? The setting forms part of the
E. What is the most effective fish food supplements to raise the
productivity of tilapia farming? delimitation of the study, as if defines the geographic boundaries of the study
and implies certain demographic characteristics. This describes to the reader
IV. Situation-producing questions. (“How can I make it happen?”).
the place where the research was conducted, as the setting has a significant
⮚ These questions establish explicit goals for actions, develop plan or bearing on the variables being studied
prescriptions to achieve goals, and specify the conditions under 3. What is the basic literature foundation of the study? This is different
which these goals will be accomplished. from the review of related theories, conceptual literature, and research
Examples: literature. This part purports to provide the researcher clarity of the terms or
A. Based on the findings, what human relation intervention program can variables used in the study. The terms and variables must be clear to the
be adopted to enhance or improve school effectiveness?
B. How can catering services be organized to promote job satisfaction? researcher so that he/she can make his/her reader understands them. A
C. What policy is to be formulated to manage the personnel in government backgrounder assists the investigator in determining the boundaries of the
agencies effectively?
study. This part is derived from different literature sources. The use of various
references is highly called for in this part of Chapter I.

BAC 4. How serious is the chosen research problem? Why is there a need
KGROUND OF THE STUDY to look for a solution to the problem? In this aspect, the investigator is tasked

The background of the study is very important in establishing the cognitive to see the intensity and magnitude of the problem. When the gravity of the
setting of the research which involves; (a) rationalizing why there is a need to problem has been established already, the investigator may take action to
research on the problem; (b) clarifying the important terminologies for the reader
to easily understand what the research is all about; and (c) establishing the work on the problem. Mostly, the researcher at this juncture looks for
degree of seriousness of the problem which prompts the researcher to look for statistical or quantitative evidence to assess the weight of the problem.
solutions.
5. What is the general objective of the problem? This is derived from
The following questions aid the researcher in formulating the introduction: the general statement of the problem and should also be the basis of the

1. What is the rationale of the problem? This question is answered by sharing with enumerated statements of specific problems.
the beneficiaries the reasons why the researcher has been persuaded to look for 6. What is the overall purpose of the problem? It is very significant to
solutions to the problem. A narration of the researcher’s experience that led
him/her to conduct the study is commonly done. note that the researcher must be totally aware of the purpose of the research
local, national or international. problem. She/he must ask how it will help his/her colleagues, or in this case,
Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)
students of various disciplines.
5

Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)

 SCO
PE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
SCOPE describes the coverage of the study. It specifies what is covered
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in terms of concept, number of subjects or population included in the study, as

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DELIMIT by citing factors or variables that are not included and the Who-
boundary in terms of time frame, number of subjects or participants who are the
subject
excluded. Specify that which you will not deal within the study. of the
study,
This section discusses the parameters of the research in paragraph it
answers the basic questions:

What – the topic of investigation and the variables included

Where- the venue or the setting of the study

When-the time frame by which the study was conducted

Why- the general objective of the research

population and sampling

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How- the methodology of the research which may include the research EXAMPLE

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design, methods and etc.

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study considers the

students personal
information such as
their name
(optional),
gender, age and
section.

The researchers
limited the study to
80 male and female
secondary
education students
enrolled in the
second semester of
school year 2019-
2020 of
University of the
Philippines, Diliman.
Each of the
respondents was
given a
questionnaire to
answer. The
students selected
came from four
different sections
to prevent bias and
promote objective
results.
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Quantitative
a
Research (Nature of
Inquiry)
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HOW TO START
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CONSTRUCTING
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sexuality and how being a metro sexual affects the life style of the
student. This
 CHOOSE TITLE
YOUR
RESEARCH
PROBLEM/ TOPIC FORMULATE YOUR GENERAL
PROBLEM
OR THE GOAL OF YOUR STUDY

CONDUCT
LITERATURE
ANALYSIS BY
SEARCHING AND
READING RELATED
INFORMATION/LITERATURE ABOUT THE
TOPIC
FORMULATE YOUR SPECIFIC
PROBLEM,
NARRO
CONSTRUCT YOUR RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
W DOWN
YOUR
INDICATE THE SCOPE AND
TOPIC
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

WRITE YOUR RESEARCH

CONSTRUCT YOUR BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY

DEFINITION OF TERMS
6

Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)

 WHAT IS LITERATURE ANALYSIS?

Why do you need to look for related information or data about the topic before you can create your
chapters?

Reading and analyzing related information or literature about your topic allows you to have a deeper
understanding about the problem you are going to answer. “You cannot give what you don’t have”, same as in
writing, you cannot write your research without understanding it. Before you proceed with the formulation of
your research purpose or the research goal (General Problem), make sure that you possess enough
knowledge to interpret and understand different variables present in your study.
A survey of existing knowledge on the research topic is gathered from previously published materials. This part
serves to define, classify, and facilitate objective comprehension of the variables being studied.
CONDUCTING A LITERATURE ANALYSIS
The literature analysis is a systematic process that involves three steps: 1. Finding relevant materials. Data or
information can be found or sourced anywhere, the richest source of materials is the library where journals,
textbooks, reference books, abstracts of theses and dissertations, and computers with Internet connections
can be found.
2. Actual reading. Materials are pre-selected based on their relevance to the study. After the pre-selection
process, the researcher must thoroughly critique the contents of the materials. Critiquing involves asking
questions which at this stage should focus on the variables, e.g., “What variables are mentioned?” These
questions will help the researcher understand the said variables so that indicators will be easily established.
3. Note-taking. Since one of the characteristics of a good researcher is being systematic, he/she must
establish a system of note-taking for him/her to be able to
save time and effort. It is suggested that the researcher,
before gathering or searching for reference materials for the
literature review, must have prepared index cards on which
he/she can take down notes.
Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)

HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis is a tentative explanation or an answer to a question

about variables, their relationships, and other facts involved in
the research. A research always ends up with a result. A
hypothesis has to be tested through analytical investigation to
prove how true or false it is. (Creswell 2014; Russell 2013)

There are two categories of hypotheses: null hypotheses and

alternative hypotheses.
A null hypothesis symbolized by Ho, which states the absence of relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is therefore a statement to disprove the fact that the
independent variable (treatment, intervention, or condition) has an effect on the dependent variable.

The opposite of null hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis. Symbolized by Hi, the alternative hypothesis states the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables
and the fact that the first affects the second one. (Morgan 2014; Thomas 2013)

AME:

ASSESSMENT (WHAT I
LEARN)
SECTION:

C. DRAFT your Title. Construct three (3) research title based on your chosen
research topic, please apply the guidelines in constructing research title.

A. Direction: On the space provided, write T if the statement is TRUE

and F if FALSE
___1. The research title must summarize the main idea of the

study. ___2. A friendly conversation can be a source of a research

topic. ___3. Stating the significance of the study is the first phase

in research?

___4. Citing relevant past researches on the same study in your introduction
suggest that your research lacks novelty.

___5. Delimitations in the study entail the accepted shortcoming in conducting

the research.

___6. An existing problem in your classroom can be considered as a research

problem.

___7. The time frame of the study may be omitted in the research title.

___8. The setting of the study may not be cited in the scope and

delimitations.

___9. The significance of the study presents the coverage and boundaries of
the research.

___10. The participants in the study must be stated in the statement of the
problem.

B .Essay, answer the question based from your own perspective and
understanding.

What kind of research topic do you want to venture or explore on your study?
And why? Apply the techniques in choosing research topic. Write your
answer on a separate 1 whole sheet of paper (white) (Maximum of 100
words)
1. Research
Topic:_________________________________________
 2.
D. Research
DRAFT your statement of the problem. Based from the constructed
research titles above, formulate a general and specific problem for your
Topic:_________________________________________
research. Choose only one (1) title. You can use a separate paper if
Research
space Title:
is not enough.
General Problem:

Specific Problems:
1.

Research Title:
 2. 4.
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3.
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