Pre-Feasibility Study

DAIRY FARM
(100 Animals)

Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority

Government of Pakistan
www.smeda.org.pk
HEAD OFFICE
6th Floor LDA Plaza Egerton Road, Lahore
Tel 111 111 456, Fax 6304926-7 Website www.smeda.org.pk
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helpdesk@smeda.org.pk helpdesk-khi@smeda.org.pk helpdesk-pew@smeda.org.pk helpdesk-qta@smeda.org.pk

June, 2008
Pre-Feasibility Study Dairy Farm (100 Animals)

1 INTRODUCTION TO SMEDA..........................................................................................................4

2 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT.....................................................................................................4

3 CRUCIAL FACTORS & STEPS IN DECISION MAKING FOR INVESTMENT ..........................5

3.1 STRENGTHS .....................................................................................................................................5
3.2 WEAKNESSES ..................................................................................................................................5
3.3 OPPORTUNITIES ...............................................................................................................................5
3.4 THREATS .........................................................................................................................................6
4 MARKET POTENTIAL.....................................................................................................................6
4.1. HIGH DOMESTIC DEMAND ............................................................................................................8
5 MARKET ENTRY TIMINGS............................................................................................................8
5.1. PROPOSED BUSINESS LEGAL STATUS ...........................................................................................9
5.2. PROPOSED CAPACITY ..................................................................................................................9
5.3. PROJECT INVESTMENT .................................................................................................................9
5.4. PROPOSED LOCATION ................................................................................................................10
5.5. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS/PRACTICAL TIPS FOR SUCCESS ..............................................................10
6 SECTOR & INDUSTRY ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 11
6.1 MAJOR PLAYERS ...........................................................................................................................11
7 MARKET INFORMATION............................................................................................................. 11
7.1 SECTOR CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................11
7.2 TARGET CUSTOMERS .....................................................................................................................12
8 FARM INPUTS................................................................................................................................. 12
8.1 LAND ............................................................................................................................................12
8.1.1. Land Requirement................................................................................................................12
8.1.2. Land Lease ..........................................................................................................................12
8.1.3. Suitable Locations ...............................................................................................................13
8.1.4. Herd Mix .............................................................................................................................13
8.1.5. Breeds of Cows Local (Bos indicus), Cross bred and Exotic (Bos taurus)..............................13
8.2 ANIMAL MARKETS ........................................................................................................................14
8.3 ANIMAL HOUSING .........................................................................................................................14
8.4 FARM MACHINERY ........................................................................................................................15
8.5 FEED .............................................................................................................................................16
8.5.1. Ration for Dairy Animals .....................................................................................................16
8.5.2. Mineral Mixture...................................................................................................................16
8.5.3. Fodder Crop........................................................................................................................16
8.5.4. Fodder Production Economics .............................................................................................17
8.5.5. Daily Fodder Requirement...................................................................................................17
8.5.6. Wheat Straw (Bhusa or Turi)................................................................................................18
8.6 MEDICATION .................................................................................................................................18
8.6.1. Vaccination & Medicine ......................................................................................................18
8.6.2. Artificial Insemination (AI) Charges.....................................................................................19
8.6.3. Labor Requirement ..............................................................................................................19
9 FARM OUTPUT............................................................................................................................... 19
9.1. LACTATION PERIOD ..................................................................................................................19
9.2. MILK COMPOSITION ..................................................................................................................19
9.3. BREEDING STOCK DEVELOPMENT ..............................................................................................20
9.4. INCREASE IN MILK YIELD ..........................................................................................................20
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9.5. SALE PRICE...............................................................................................................................20

9.6. EVENING MILK .........................................................................................................................20
9.7. FARM REVENUES ......................................................................................................................20
9.8. MALE CALVES ..........................................................................................................................20
10USEFUL TERMINOLOGIES.......................................................................................................... 20

11FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 22

11.1 INCOME STATEMENT .................................................................................................................22
11.2 BALANCE SHEET STATEMENT ....................................................................................................23
11.3 CASH FLOW STATEMENT ...........................................................................................................24
11.4 REVENUE ASSUMPTIONS ...........................................................................................................25
12ANNEXURE 1................................................................................................................................... 27

13ANNEXURE 2................................................................................................................................... 29

14ANNEXURE 3................................................................................................................................... 31

15ANNEXURE 4................................................................................................................................... 32

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DISCLAIMER
The purpose and scope of this information memorandum is to introduce the subject
matter and provide a general idea and information on the said area. All the material
included in this document is based on data/information gathered from various sources
and is based on certain assumptions. Although, due care and diligence has been taken
to compile this document, the contained information may vary due to any change in
any of the concerned factors, and the actual results may differ substantially from the
presented information. SMEDA does not assume any liability for any financial or
other loss resulting from this memorandum in consequence of undertaking this
activity. The prospective user of this memorandum is encouraged to carry out
additional diligence and gather any information he/she feels necessary for making an
informed decision.

For more information on services offered by SMEDA, please contact our website:
www.smeda.org.pk

DOCUMENT CONTROL
Document No. PREF-107
Prepared by SMEDA-Punjab
Approved by Provincial Chief Punjab
Issue Date Jun, 2008
Issued By Library Officer

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1 INTRODUCTION TO SMEDA
The Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA) was established
with the objective to provide fresh impetus to the economy through the launch of an
aggressive SME support program.
Since its inception in October 1998, SMEDA had adopted a sectoral SME development
approach. A few priority sectors were selected on the criterion of SME presence. In depth
research was conducted and comprehensive development plans were formulated after
identification of impediments and retardants. The all-encompassing sectoral development
strategy involved recommending changes in the regulatory environment by taking into
consideration other important aspects including finance, marketing, technology and
human resource development.
SMEDA has so far successfully formulated strategies for sectors including, fruits and
vegetables, marble and granite, gems and jewelry, marine fisheries, leather and footwear,
textiles, surgical instruments, transport and dairy. Whereas the task of SME development
at a broader scale still requires more coverage and enhanced reach in terms of SMEDA’s
areas of operation.
Along with the sectoral focus a broad spectrum of business development services is also
offered to the SMEs by SMEDA. These services include identification of viable business
opportunities for potential SME investors. In order to facilitate these investors, SMEDA
provides business guidance through its help desk services as well as development of
project specific documents. These documents consist of information required to make
well-researched investment decisions. Pre-feasibility studies and business plan
development are some of the services provided to enhance the capacity of individual
SMEs to exploit viable business opportunities in a better way.
This document is in the continuation of this effort to enable potential investors to make
well-informed investment decisions.

2 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT

The objective of the pre-feasibility study is primarily to facilitate potential entrepreneurs
to facilitate investment and provide an overview about dairy and livestock farming. The
project pre-feasibility may form the basis of an important investment decision and in
order to serve this objective, the document covers various aspects of dairy and livestock
concept development, start-up, production, finance and business management. The
document also provides sectoral information, brief on government policies and
international scenario, which have some bearing on the project itself.
This particular pre-feasibility is regarding “Dairy Farm” which comes under “Agriculture
and Livestock” sector. Before studying the whole document one must consider following
critical aspects, which form the basis of any investment decision.

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3 CRUCIAL FACTORS & STEPS IN DECISION MAKING FOR

INVESTMENT
Dairy production is all-inclusive activity, related to animal care, reproduction, feeding,
and management. It is defined as all those aspects and activities relating to rising of dairy
animals during their various phases of life to get wholesome milk. Before making the
decision, whether to invest in the dairy and livestock farming or not, one should carefully
analyze the associated risk factors. A SWOT analysis can help in analyzing these factors,
which can play important role in making the decision.

3.1 Strengths
 Back bone and main stay of economy. Provides raw material for food & Leather
industry.
 Major source of food, i.e. Milk & Meat
 Source of Farmyard Manure (FYM).
 Sizeable foreign exchanges earning through exports.
 Wide scope of Milk Production, ranking 5th in the world.
 Ample human resource employment sector.
 Stationed, Permanently located secured loaning sector.
 Huge demand and supply gap in dairy sector

3.2 Weaknesses
 Lack of appropriate knowledge, research extension
 Lack of commercially viable breeds of animal
 Lack of education and initiative in farmer, traditional approach due to lack of skills
and management.
 Unorganized sector, unaware of basic farm management practices.
 Remote area, lack of farm to market approach & transportation.
 Non-availability of communication services.
 Lack of farm/ market infra structures & marketing information.
 Lack of record keeping on farm.
 No or low application of research work and pedigree record keeping.
 Management of dairy farm is a challenging job.
 Nutrition is still a problem hampering the livestock productivity in general and milk
production in particular
 Enormous production losses due to endemic diseases every year.

3.3 Opportunities
 Govt. of Pakistan & Sate Bank of Pakistan priority sector.
 Dairy products needs are 30% higher than supply.
 Ample opportunities are available in the Banking Sector.
 Commercially viable sector with great credit potential and absorption capacity.
 Vast range of area of operation, more needs and scope of development.
 Value added dairy products are in demand.

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 Massive migration of labor to cities can be checked / stopped.

 Corporate financing will become a niche in lending market.
 Cooperatives can play a big role for development in dairy sector like India,
Australia and United States

3.4 Threats
 Implementation of WTO will result in open & competitive commodity pricing.
 Due to fear of default, banker community has reluctance for lending loans.
 High risks of diseases in live stock.
 Defective and unorganized markets.
 Imbalance between prices of inputs & outputs.
 Rising trend of cost of production with higher rate of interest as compared to profit
ratio.
 Lack of media projection, non-recognition of problems and monopoly of
multinationals.
 Lack of community organizations and out dated farm practices.
 Lack of coordination towards common causes & goals.
 Lack of awareness about economics, demand & supply in market.
 Low saving, low holding capacity. Increasing level of poverty.
 Non-availability of subsidy, tax holidays.

4 MARKET POTENTIAL
Over the years, the livestock sector has emerged as a leading sub-sector of the agriculture
sector in Pakistan. It is important to note that livestock accounts for 52.2 percent of
agricultural value added, contributes 11 percent to GDP and affects the lives of 30 – 35
million people in rural areas. Livestock registered a strong growth of 4.30 percent over
the last year’s impressive growth of 7.5 percent due to increase in the livestock and
poultry products. Besides its importance and share in the national economy, the history of
livestock rising is embedded in the rural life since inception of our civilization. It is still a
sign of prestige for the people associated with agriculture sector. It is an integral part of
socio-economic activities of the rural areas and plays a very supportive role in mitigating
the effects of poverty by providing essential items of daily use. The live stock population
for the last three years is given below:

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In view of the importance of livestock in the economy as well as in the life of a common
man, the Government is trying by all means to fix priorities to increase production of
milk, meat and poultry to meet rising domestic demand of ever increasing population and
produce exportable surplus as well. The major products of livestock is milk and meat, the
production of milk for last three years is given below1:

The overall growth in the live stock population can be seen from the following table2:

1
Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2007-08
2
Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2007-08

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4.1. High domestic demand

Pakistan: 165 million people, high milk consuming tradition

 Irrigable land in Pakistan –20 million hectares

 Fodder cultivated in 2.8 million hectares, i.e. only 14%
 Fodder yield very low -24 Tones/hectare (Australia approx 70 Tones/hectare)
 Largest irrigation network in the world
 Animal herd 47million heads, though average size 3 head
 Cheap farm labor, though unskilled

5 MARKET ENTRY TIMINGS

The demand of milk is high in summer season as compared to the winter. That’s why the
animals in the summer are sold at a bit higher prices as compared to winter. So the
proposed business can be started before the onset of summer season. At the
commencement of the proposed business, it is important that the entrepreneur must have
good knowledge of the production and have contacts with the livestock breeders and
farmers. The ability to work with the people and animals, and efficient use of resources
are important aspects in modern and commercial dairy farming.

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5.1. Proposed Business Legal Status

The proposed legal structure of the business entity is either sole proprietorship or
partnership. Although selection totally depends upon the choice of the entrepreneur but
this financial feasibility is based on Sole Proprietorship.

5.2. Proposed Capacity

The feasibility study suggests an initial herd size of 100 animals, which is economical to
justify the overhead cost. The farm size will increase to aprox. 500 animals within 10
years. Herd mixes of 100% cows are recommended to get the maximum milk production
round the year.

5.3. Project Investment

The total cost of the project is Rs. 25,628,616, out of which the capital cost of the project
is Rs.24,375,270 for purchasing the animals and constructing the building and the rest is
used to meet the working capital requirement.
Table 5-1 Project Costs (Rs)
Account Head Total Cost (Rs)
Capital Cost
Land 1,000,000
Building/Infrastructure 8,197,930
Animals 10,500,000
Machinery & equipment 3,844,340
Office vehicles 505,000
Pre-operating costs 328,000
Total Capital Costs 24,375,270
Working Capital
Raw material inventory 473,346
Upfront land lease rental 350,000
Land lease for fodder 350,000
Cash 80,000
Total Working Capital 1,253,346
Total Investment (Rs) 25,628,616
The proposed pre-feasibility is based on the assumption of 50:50 debt equity ratio.
However this composition of debt and equity can be changed as per the requirement of
the investor.

Table 5-2 Project Financing

Debt 50% 12,814,308
Equity 50% 12,814,308
Total project Investment 25,628,616

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Table 5-3 Project Economics

Viability Project
IRR (%) 41%
NPV @17% (Rs) 54,832,286
Pay Back Period (year) 4.06

5.4. Proposed Location

The large cities are the best suitable for dairy farming due to its perishable nature of the
product. The major cities include Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala and
Rawalpindi.

5.5. Key Success Factors/Practical Tips for Success

Commercial dairy farmers depend on land, labor and animals as the major resources. The
thrust in modern dairy farming is on the increased use of capital and management.
Successful dairy farming harnesses all available resources into productive and profitable
unit. Dairy farming is highly complex as it includes breeding, management, feeding,
housing, disease control and hygienic production of milk on farm. The judicial use of
means and resources to achieve clearly defined goals is the key success factor in modern
dairy farming i.e. the art of maximization and optimal utilization of resources and means
for maximizing productivity and profits.

The low yielder animals are uneconomical less then the annual average to keep, hence
these should be culled. The over all genetic improvement of all the dairy animals is
necessary for improved milk production. It involves milking records at equal intervals,
selection of bull from high producing mothers, progeny testing of breeding bull and then
making extensive use of these bulls by well-organized Artificial Insemination (AI)
program.

Feeding dairy animals on nutritious and high yielding hybrid varieties of forages can be
adopted. The surplus forage should be preserved as silage or hay.

Other farm management practices include feeding for growth, lactation, pregnancy or
maintenance, hygienic milk production, comfortable and ventilated barns, spraying/
wallowing of animals in summer, timely detection of heated, mating, with selected bull or
AI service. If animals are bred within the 60-90 days of calving provided with clean
surroundings, drinking water and feed according to the requirements, the over all
performance of herd can be improved.

Timely vaccination against BVP, Black Quarter, Foot and Mouth Disease, Brucellosis
along with the prevention of mastitis and parasitic control will also improve the over all
performance of dairy herd.
Hygienic milk can be produced by the clean and healthy animals through milking parlor. .

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6 SECTOR & INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

6.1 Major Players

Dairy farming is not an organized sector in Pakistan. More than 90% of farming is done
on subsistence level. There are very few progressive farmers, which are running the
business of dairy farming in a professional manner. Milk processing was started in late
1970s, which is still facing challenges due to competition with the unprocessed milk. The
processed milk has captured only 4% of the total milk market. Processed milk is not the
consumer's preference due to high price differential. There are 28 milk-processing plants
in the country, which were installed in mid 1980s to promote usage of processed milk.
Most of these milk plants are closed due to lack of professional management, inadequate
milk supply and poor marketing campaign of the processed milk.
Table 6-1 Milk Processing Plants currently in operation
Project Products Location
Noon Pakistan. Milk powder/ butter Bhalwal-Sarghodha
Nestle Milkpak. UHT milk /Ghee Sheikupura &Kabir Wala
Prime Dairies. Pasteurized milk/yogurt Manga-Lahore
Idara-e-Kisan (Halla). Pasteurization milk/UHT Pattoki/ Lahore
Chaudhry Dairy. UHT milk, milk powder Bhai Pheru
Royal Dairy. UHT milk Karachi
Am-Pak Dairy. Pasteurization milk Raiwind-Lahore
Engro foods Limited Olper Milk Sukkar, Sahiuwal
ShakarGunj Foods Good Milk Jhang

7 MARKET INFORMATION

7.1 Sector Characteristics

The size of this sector is still growing. Commercial Dairy farms have been set up in peri
urban areas. Few of the commercial dairy farms are:
1. Sar Sabz Dairy Farm, Okara
2. Green Sands Livestock Farm, Jhang
3. Muzafarabad Livestock & Dairy Farms, Chishtian, Bahawalnagar.
4. Imam Dairy Farms, Khanewal
5. Arshad Dairy Farm, Fateh Jang, Attock
6. J.K Dairies, Rahim yar khan
7. Sweet water Dairy
8. CSK Dairies Kasur
9. Engro Dairies, Sukhur
10. Royal Dairies, Badian Road Lahore
11. Sapphire Dairies, Raiwaind , Lahore
12. Dr. Abul Hasan Dairy, Jhang

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7.2 Target Customers

Following are some of the target clients for a dairy farmer.
1. Milk processors
2. Self processing needs 40,000 liters
3. Dairy Companies
4. Milk collection companies
5. Contractors
The cost of production per liter of raw milk should be lower than its sale price so that
farmer could feel it economical.

8 FARM INPUTS

8.1 Land

8.1.1. Land Requirement

About 35 acres of land (for fodder production) is required on lease for a dairy farm
project of animals starting from 100 animals and at a target herd size of 500 animals in a
period of 10 years. The area of fodder production can be minimized if farmer distributes
the land in different fodder plots of different growing seasons in a rotation annually.
Majority of this land would be used for growing green fodder for the animals. However,
2 Acres of land would be purchased for the establishment of Dairy Farm for building
sheds for the animals to protect them from severity of the weather.

Table 8-1 Land Requirements

Description Area (Acres)
Shed for cows 0.62
Cage for Calves (upto 15 days) 0.07
Calves shed (15 days - 1 year) 0.14
Shed for Heifers (older then one year) 0.22
Stores for fodder, concentrate & machine room 0.03
Utensils & milk storage 0.01
Servent Room, Wash room 0.08
Total Land Requirement 1.17

8.1.2. Land Lease

Lease is a better option for a new investor. Land on lease is available in rural areas.
About 35 acres of land (for fodder production) is required on lease for a dairy farm
project of animals starting from 100 animals and at a target herd size of aprox. 500
animals in a period of 10 years. The area of fodder production can be minimized if farmer
distributes the land in different fodder plots of different growing seasons in a rotation
annually. Majority of this land would be used for growing dry matter and concentrate for

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the animals. Good agriculture land is available with an annual rent of Rs. 10,000 per acre
in the neighboring areas of Lahore and Karachi

8.1.3. Suitable Locations

Land cost per acre in the neighboring areas of Lahore and Karachi would be at least Rs
500,000 per acre. Peri urban and rural areas where water is available to irrigate the crops
are suitable locations for establishing a dairy farm.

8.1.4. Herd Mix

The ideal mixed herd should consist of 100% cows for the viability of a farm. The cows
are comparatively high yielder as compared to buffaloes. This means that there will be
100 cows in the herd to start with this project.

8.1.5. Breeds of Cows Local (Bos indicus), Cross bred and Exotic (Bos taurus)
In crossbred cattle, F1 or F2 of crosses of Sahiwal x Jersey & Sahiwal x Holstein Fresien
are preferred whereas in local breeds, Sahiwal cattle are suitable to start a dairy farm. The
Sahiwal is one of the best dairy breeds in Pakistan. It is tick-resistant, heat-tolerant and
noted for its high resistance to parasites, both internal and external. Cows much higher
milk yields have been recorded. Due to their heat tolerance and high milk production they
have been exported to other Asian countries as well as Africa and the Caribbean.
The Red Sindhi originated in the Sindh but due to its hardiness, heat resistance and high
milk yields they have spread into many parts of India and at least 33 countries in Asia,
Africa, Oceania and the Americas. They are normally a deep, rich red color but this can
vary from a yellowish brown to dark brown. Males are darker than females and when
mature may be almost black on the extremities, such as the head, feet and tail.
The Tharparkar breed is used for milk production and as draft animals. Tharparkar cattle
are found in the areas in the vicinity of Umarkot, Naukot, Dhoro Naro, Chhor, Mithi,
Islamkot, Khari Ghulam Shah and Kach. The cows have an average weight of 408 kg.
The Holstein cow originated in Europe. The major historical development of this breed
occurred in Netherland and more specifically in the two northern provinces of North
Holland and Friesland. Holsteins are most quickly recognized by their distinctive color
markings and outstanding milk production. Holsteins are large, stylish animals with color
patterns of black and white or red and white. Holstein heifers can be bred at 15 months of
age, when they weigh about 325-400 kgs body weight between 24 and 27 months of age.
Holstein gestation is approximately nine months. The normal productive life of a
Holstein is Nine years.

The Jersey breed originated on the Island of Jersey, a small British island in the English
Channel off the coast of France. The breed was known in England as early as 1771 and
was regarded very favorably because of its milk and butterfat production. Adaptable to a
wide range of climatic and geographical conditions, outstanding Jersey herds are found
from Denmark to Australia and New Zealand, from Canada to South America and from
South Africa to Japan. They are excellent grazers and perform well in intensive grazing
programs. They are more tolerant of heat than the larger breeds. With an average weight

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of 350 kgs, the Jersey produces more milk. per kg of body weight than any other breed.
The color in Jerseys may vary from a very light gray or mouse color to a very dark fawn
or a shade that is almost black. Both the bulls and females are commonly darker about the
hips and about the head and shoulders than on the body.
Australian Friesian Sahiwal breed is being developed in Australia by the Queensland
Government for use in the tropical areas. The breed was evolved using the Sahiwal from
Pakistan, and the Australian Holstein-Friesian. Since the 1960’s when research work
began on this breed, notable progress has been achieved towards the objective of
combining tick resistance and heat tolerance with reliable milk production and fertility. It
has now been extensively tested in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of Australia. Milk
quality is good - protein level is 3.4 percent and butterfat is approximately four percent.
These animals are available at an average price of $1500 per animal HOSTEIN. The
photos of different breeds are given in annexure 4.
8.2 Animal Markets
Animal markets (mandies), Government and private livestock farms are the main sources
for purchasing milk animals. There are different contractors available in the markets that
help locating the proper animals. These contractors work on commission basis and the
commission rate charged may vary from 1-2% of the animal price. Preferably, the
Australia and U.S.A are the best international markets for the production of cows. For
cross herd and for imported animal Austrex, Elders, Wellard and Garsa Livestock
8.3 Animal Housing
Sheds of the animals should be airy with protection of the animals from extreme
temperatures and strong winds. The animal housing should be facilitated with drinking
water for animals. There should be proper drainage system to keep hygiene at the farm. It
consists of a built up animal shed, a brick soling paddock for animals, calving pens in
which pregnant animals are kept separated from other animals before calving, one room
for milk storage, one room for storing farm equipment and one for compound feed
storage.
The animals can be dehorned, as they are easier to handle in barns and cause less
accidental injury to neighboring animals, handlers, walls, and trees. Free stalls housing is
recommended for the production.
Table 8-2 Space Requirement
Description Sq ft
Shed along with free stall for cows 100
Cage for Calves (upto 15 days) 20
Calves shed (15 days - 1 year) 40
Shed for Heifers (older then one year) 100
Stores for fodder, concentrate & machine room 3
Utensils & milk storage 1.44
Servant Room, Wash room 10
Total 274

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Table 8-3 Total Infrastructure Cost

Description Sq.ft Rate/Sq.ft Total Cost
Shed along with free stalls for Cows 10,100 550 5,555,000
Cage for Calves (up to 15 days) 880 150 132,000
Calves shed (15 days - 1 year) 1,760 500 880,000
Shed for Heifers (older then one year) 2,200 500 1,100,000
Stores for fodder, concentrate & machine room 368 300 110,304
Utensils & milk storage 176 300 52,946
Servant Room, Wash room 1,226 300 367,680
Total Infrastructure 16,710 8,197,930
8.4 Farm Machinery
This pre-feasibility suggests, purchasing tractor for land preparation to grow fodder
crops. Only few farm equipment like fodder chopper, water pumps, milk utensils will be
purchased.
Table 8-4 Farm Machinery Cost
Farm supplies Unit Unit Cost Total Cost
Rs. Rs.
Milking machine (Vacuum Line System)3 1 664,125 664,125
Milk Cooling Unit - 1800 Ltr4 1 514,500 514,500
Farm tractor 1 500,000 500,000
Total Cost (Rs) 1,678,625
Table 8-5 Farm Equipment
Farm supplies Rate Capacity Total Cost
(No. of Rs.
Animal)
Calf feeder 1,200 5 24,000
Teat Dip Cup 350 10 3,500
Maize Cutter 200,000 100 200,000
Water Pump 12,000 1 12,000
Generator (Peter engine) 200,000 1 200,000
Tube Well 200,000 1 200,000
Cost (Rs) 639,500
Miscellaneous Supplies
Heavy Duty Ventilation Fans5 270,270 100 270,270
Testing lab 100,000 500 100,000

3
Machinery Supplier: Unitech International (Pvt.) Ltd.
4
Machinery Supplier: Unitech International (Pvt.) Ltd.
5
Bilal Switchgear Engineering Company (Pvt.) Ltd.

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Total Cost (Rs) 370,270

Total Farm Equipment Cost 1,009,770

8.5 Feed

8.5.1. Ration for Dairy Animals

The ration is allowance of nutritionally balanced feed in 24 hours. It includes dry matter
and concentrate to increase animal productivity. Wheat straw6 is also used as dry
roughage along with green fodder. About 1 kg of concentrate is required for the
production of 2 liters of milk. These feed ingredients when mixed according to feed
formula will provide adequate energy according to energy and protein requirements of
animal in production.
Table 8-6 Dry matter for Cow Feed
Dry matter description % of Total Unit Cost
Rs./Kg
Silage 67% 2
Concentrate* 33% 16
* The concentrate feed price is Rs 16 per kg if purchased from market.

8.5.2. Mineral Mixture

This is used as a feed supplement. It includes a mix of minerals (magnesium, iron,
sodium and salts). Mineral mixtures are good source of energy and increase the animal
productivity to give milk.

8.5.3. Fodder Crop

Fodder is grown at the land, which is acquired on lease or owned by the entrepreneur.
Due to increased demand, improved forage crops such as multi-cut oats, berseem,
lucerne, Sorghum- Sudan grass hybrids, mott grass, sorghum, maize and millet have been
developed. These have become very popular in irrigated areas such as Kasur,
Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Sargodha, and Renala Khurd (Punjab), Nowshera,
Charsada, Mardan, and Peshawar (North West Frontier Province), and Hyderabad,
Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah in Sindh for peri-urban dairies. Details of fodder
cultivars released by Research Institutions in Pakistan are given in Annex 3 (Table 13-4).
Average forage yields in Pakistan are extremely low compared to yields obtained on
research institutes and from well-managed farms and fields. These are very low as
compared to their potential, with 22.8 tons per hectare a recent estimate. (Reference: FAO
Statistical Databases)
Although improved varieties and technology are available, they have been slow to reach
the dairy farms. Recent medium scale on-farm work has indicated that yields can be
enhanced two to three fold by using available improved varieties and appropriate

6
A byproduct of wheat harvesting used as dry roughage for livestock and dairy animals

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agronomic techniques. In an area where land and irrigation are the major limiting factors
to enhancing fodder production, intensification is the only way to meet the needs for
forage. Intensive and economical forage production per unit area per season would be the
best choice. Also efforts should be made to produce and provide sufficient quantities of
seed of multicut forage varieties and hybrids like mott grass to commercial dairy farms.
The fodder yield (except multi cut Mott Grass which yield 100-150 tones/ acre in 4 to 6
cuttings per year) varies between 10 tons to 40 tons per acre depending upon the fertility
of land, quality of seed and application of fertilizer.
Table 8-7 Types of Dry & Green roughage
Dry Roughage Green Roughage
Summer Fodder Winter Fodder
Wheat Straw Maize Barseem
Rice Straw Sorghum Alfalfa (Lucerne)
Oat Straw Millet Oats
Maize/Sorghum Stubble Mott Grass Rye Grass
Sugarcane Baggass Sadabahar Sugarcane tops
Cotton Seed Hulls Guar
Corn Cobs
(Reference: Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Lahore)
(Reference: FAO Statistical Databases)

8.5.4. Fodder Production Economics

The comparative economic feasibility of various forage crops produced under various
farming systems is shown in Table 8-8.
Table 8-8 Economics of forage production under improved production system
per hectare in Pakistan
Item Forage Crop
Maize Sorghum S. S hybrid Berseem Lucerne Oats
Land preparation 938 974 974 875 875 750
Seed & Sowing 1,200 688 2,000 1,250 1,250 1,250
Fertilizer 1,750 1,750 5,000 2,500 2,500 2,250
Irrigation 750 750 1000 1,100 750 500
Land Revenue/rent 1,750 1,750 4,500 6,250 6,250 1,875
Harvesting/Transport 1,875 1,750 3,500 3,000 3,750 3,000
Total expenditure 8,263 7,662 13,774 14,825 15,635 9,625
Yield (Kilos) 80,000 79,750 160,000 102,500 103,750 115,000
Price/kg (Rs) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.25
Variable Costs: Seeds, fertilizers, land preparation, irrigation, harvesting, Transport etc

8.5.5. Daily Fodder Requirement

There is no fixed fodder requirement for the animals but a rule of thumb says that an
animal needs daily fodder equal to 9%-10% of its body weight (3% of live body weight

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on Dry Matter Basis). According to estimates, buffalo consumes 50-55 kg fodder daily
while cow consumes about 40-45 kg.

8.5.6. Wheat Straw (Bhusa or Turi)

Wheat straw is major, typical, and very popular dry roughage. It is always chaffed, and is
the main or even only major dry roughage used on almost all the dairies. Traditional
threshing methods break the straw into short pieces, bhoosa, and modern mechanical
threshers have been designed to break the straw. Often sources of wheat straw are far
from urban dairies of rainfed areas, sometimes in other provinces. In all urban dairies
visited wheat straw was bought at Rs. 2 per kilo (80 Rs per mond) or even more; in the
harvest season, however, in places where it is produced, it is available at Rs. 0.40 per
kilo. In recent years baling units have been installed in central Punjab; bales are
transported to major cities, and even to Gilgit, Skardu, and Chitral.
Table 8-9 Daily Feed Requirement of Cow & Calf
Animal Daily Requirement Cost/kg Amount
(kg)
Cow
Dry 9.38 3.00 28.14
Concentrate 4.62 20.00 92.40
Total 120.54
Calf older than 1 year
Dry 6.6 3 19.7
Concentrate 2.2 20 43.8
Total 63.50
Calf younger than 1 year
Dry 2.6 3 7.9
Concentrate 0.9 20 17.5
Total 25.40
8.6 Medication

8.6.1. Vaccination & Medicine

Vaccination & medicine is required to prevent any disease outbreak in the animal herd.
Each new animal will be vaccinated before entering the farm. It will cost Rs. 1500 for
each cow per year. Vaccines are produced at Veterinary Research Institute, Ghazi Road,
Lahore. The vaccines are provided to the Government Farms and Hospitals on payment.
Farmers can also obtain these vaccines on payment according to prescribed schedule
from the Institute. Technical guidance is also provided to the farmers. Farmers can have
their animals vaccinated from the field Veterinary Hospitals and Centers.

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8.6.2. Artificial Insemination (AI) Charges

Artificial Insemination (AI) charges will be Rs 2,000 per cow per year. On average each
cow will be requiring aprox. 2.5 doze of insemination. Some of the companies dealing in
imported semen are as follows:
i) Altaf and Co.
ii) Alta Genetics (Sanaam Pharma)
iii) ProFarm

8.6.3. Labor Requirement

For a dairy enterprise, manpower is required for performing different animal husbandry
practices at the farm e.g. feeding, watering, milking and care of animals etc. One mature
person can handle 25 milk animals easily. Four farm workers are recommended for
handling 100-animals. A supervisor cum farm manager can be hired to supervise all the
farm activities. The supervisor with B.Sc. (Honors) degree in Animal Husbandry (AH)
may be hired as a farm manager so that he can handle the farm practices, administration
& account matters at the dairy farm.
Table 8-10 Labor Requirements
Description No. Salary/month/Person Annual Salary (Rs)
Farm Manager 1 30,000 360,000
Technician 1 20,000 240,000
Workers 4 7,000 336,000
Total Labor Cost 6 936,000

9 FARM OUTPUT

9.1. Lactation Period

The lactation period is the period during which the animals yield milk. These animals are
called wet animals. Generally the lactation period of cows is 305 days. For calculation,
the feasibility has taken 80% of the total number of cows as wet cows. The calving
interval in cow has 13 months. The average milk yield of cow is estimated at 20 x 305 =
6100 liters per lactation.

9.2. Milk Composition

Buffalo milk contains less water, more total solids, more fat, slightly more lactose, and
more protein than cow's milk. It seems thicker than cow's milk because it generally
contains more than 16% total solids compared with 12-14% for cow's milk. The butterfat
content is usually 6-8%. Cow's milk butterfat content is usually between 3% and 5%.
Because of its high butterfat content, buffalo milk has considerably higher energy value
than cow's milk. Phospholipids are lower but cholesterol and saturated fatty acids are
higher in buffalo milk. Studies have shown that this does not adversely affect the
digestibility. Because of the high fat content, the buffalo's total fat yield per lactation
compares favorably with that of improved breeds of dairy cattle.

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Normally the protein in buffalo's milk contains more casein and slightly more albumin
and globulin than cow's milk. The mineral content of buffalo milk is nearly the same as
that of cow's milk except for phosphorus, which occurs in roughly twice the amount in
buffalo milk. Buffalo milk tends to be lower in salt.
Buffalo milk lacks the yellow pigment carotene, precursor for vitamin A, and its
whiteness is frequently used to differentiate it from cow's milk in the market. Despite the
absence of carotene, the vitamin A content in buffalo milk is almost as high as that of
cow's milk. Apparently the buffalo converts the carotene in it's diet directly to vitamin A.
The two milks are similar in B complex vitamins and vitamin C, but buffalo milk tends to
be lower in riboflavin.

9.3. Breeding Stock Development

The proposed farmer will raise breeding stock, both future breeding bull and future dairy
animals at his own farm by selecting good off springs of high producers. The first
generation (F1) will be capable of giving milk after 2 years in cows.

9.4. Increase in Milk Yield

The milk yield will be improved as a result of appropriate breeding systems discussed
earlier. Low yielding animals are sold in the market. On an average, cows are productive
for 9 to 10 years.

9.5. Sale Price

Near the urban market, the selling price of cow’s milk will be Rs 28 per liter.

9.6. Evening Milk

Milk can be stored in a milk chiller on 14.5% TS at the farm if milk collection is not
possible in the evening.

9.7. Farm Revenues

Farm revenue will increase with the passage of time, as the milk production will increase
with the growth in herd size as well as its quality.

9.8. Male Calves

3 months old male calves will be sold at the farm sooner after birth for Rs 5,000 per
animal. They can also be reared in separately for beef production.

10 USEFUL TERMINOLOGIES

Breed
Animals that, through selection and breeding, have come to resemble one another and
pass those traits uniformly to their offspring.
Feedstuffs
Any substance of nutritive and biological value used in production of compound feed.

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Compound feed
Any ground mixture of ingredients intended for feeding the animals. It includes a
concentrate mixture accordingly to formula.
Dehorning
The process of removal of horns (in adult animal) or horn buds (in young calves). The
process may be done by mechanical or chemical means.
Heifer
The term refers to young female bovine that reaches puberty age and is ready to breed.
Home Mixed Feed
Feed prepared on farm.
Oil seed Cake
Mass resulting from the processing of seeds, which is rich in protein and is used as a
source of feed for livestock, e.g. cottonseed cake, maize oil cake etc.
Ration
Amount of balance feed in 24 hours

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11 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

11.1 Income Statement

Statement Summaries SMEDA
Income Statement

Rs. in actuals
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10

Revenue 13,060,784 14,951,446 18,527,481 22,946,642 28,981,142 37,930,996 49,833,375 67,231,354 92,869,770 131,166,381
Cost of goods sold 6,266,661 6,554,298 7,049,607 7,818,469 9,166,154 11,177,831 13,822,757 17,524,473 22,619,427 30,043,417
Gross Profit 6,794,123 8,397,149 11,477,874 15,128,173 19,814,988 26,753,165 36,010,618 49,706,880 70,250,343 101,122,964

General administration & selling expenses

Administration expense 936,000 1,027,130 1,228,286 1,347,874 1,479,105 1,756,780 2,074,505 2,437,445 2,851,394 3,516,674
Rental expense 350,000 385,000 423,500 465,850 512,435 563,679 620,046 682,051 750,256 825,282
Office expenses (stationary, etc.) 18,720 20,543 24,566 26,957 29,582 35,136 41,490 48,749 57,028 70,333
Professional fees (legal, audit, etc.) 64,754 74,152 89,927 111,652 141,252 185,267 243,770 329,807 456,377 645,832
Depreciation expense 844,830 844,830 844,830 1,040,239 1,040,239 1,040,239 2,003,273 2,003,273 2,003,273 2,922,833
Amortization expense 65,600 65,600 65,600 65,600 65,600 - - - - -
Miscellaneous expense - - - - - - - - - -
Subtotal 2,279,904 2,417,256 2,676,709 3,058,172 3,268,212 3,581,101 4,983,085 5,501,325 6,118,327 7,980,954
Operating Income 4,514,219 5,979,893 8,801,165 12,070,001 16,546,776 23,172,064 31,027,533 44,205,555 64,132,016 93,142,010

Earnings Before Interest & Taxes 4,578,048 6,142,199 9,186,205 12,870,594 18,013,102 25,814,096 31,027,533 51,339,589 75,034,370 109,751,739

Interest expense 1,944,229 1,633,835 1,270,718 845,922 348,972 - - - - -

Earnings Before Tax 2,633,819 4,508,364 7,915,487 12,024,672 17,664,131 25,814,096 31,027,533 51,339,589 75,034,370 109,751,739

Taxable earnings for the year 2,287,319 4,050,214 7,396,445 11,393,725 16,893,736 24,829,518 34,277,255 49,695,812 72,827,304 106,746,372
Tax 571,830 1,012,553 1,849,111 2,848,431 4,223,434 6,207,380 8,569,314 12,423,953 18,206,826 26,686,593
NET PROFIT/(LOSS) AFTER TAX 2,061,989 3,495,810 6,066,376 9,176,241 13,440,697 19,606,716 22,458,219 38,915,636 56,827,544 83,065,146

Balance brought forward 2,061,989 5,557,800 11,624,175 20,800,416 34,241,113 53,847,829 76,306,048 115,221,684 172,049,228
Total profit available for appropriation 2,061,989 5,557,800 11,624,175 20,800,416 34,241,113 53,847,829 76,306,048 115,221,684 172,049,228 255,114,374
Dividend - - - - - - - - - -
Balance carried forward 2,061,989 5,557,800 11,624,175 20,800,416 34,241,113 53,847,829 76,306,048 115,221,684 172,049,228 255,114,374

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11.2 Balance Sheet Statement

Statement Summaries SMEDA
Balance Sheet

Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10

Assets
Current assets
Cash & Bank 430,000 1,165,744 2,891,905 6,734,102 13,280,736 23,377,431 42,673,356 69,882,043 108,468,802 164,090,047 251,153,173
Raw material inventory 473,347 513,780 572,073 657,036 801,901 1,020,102 1,317,562 1,745,460 2,353,002 3,267,857 -
Pre-paid annual land lease 350,000 385,000 423,500 465,850 512,435 563,679 620,046 682,051 750,256 825,282 -
Total Current Assets 1,253,347 2,064,524 3,887,478 7,856,989 14,595,072 24,961,212 44,610,965 72,309,554 111,572,061 168,183,186 251,153,173
Fixed assets
Land 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000
Building/Infrastructure 8,197,930 7,788,033 7,378,137 10,839,805 10,236,331 9,632,856 22,330,898 21,062,348 19,793,797 29,049,648 27,254,877
Animals 10,500,000 10,500,000 10,500,000 10,500,000 10,500,000 10,500,000 10,500,000 10,500,000 10,500,000 10,500,000 10,500,000
Revaluation Surplus/ (loss) - 890,000 1,813,000 2,737,000 4,452,000 6,653,500 9,327,500 13,392,750 18,585,000 25,703,125 -
Net value of animals 10,500,000 11,390,000 12,313,000 13,237,000 14,952,000 17,153,500 19,827,500 23,892,750 29,085,000 36,203,125 10,500,000
Machinery & equipment 3,844,340 3,459,906 3,075,472 2,709,339 2,323,075 1,936,811 4,530,126 3,845,904 3,161,682 6,410,859 5,333,297
Total Fixed Assets 24,047,270 24,092,439 24,170,609 28,139,645 28,814,406 29,975,667 47,890,525 49,952,502 53,141,480 72,714,132 44,088,174

Intangible assets
Pre-operation costs 328,000 262,400 196,800 131,200 65,600 - - - - - -
Training costs - - - - - - - - - - -
Total Intangible Assets 328,000 262,400 196,800 131,200 65,600 - - - - - -
TOTAL ASSETS 25,628,617 26,419,363 28,254,887 36,127,833 43,475,077 54,936,879 92,501,489 122,262,056 164,713,540 240,897,318 295,241,347

Liabilities & Shareholders' Equity

Current liabilities
Accounts payable - - - - - - - - - - -
Total Current Liabilities - - - - - - - - - - -

Other liabilities
Long term debt 12,814,308 10,986,941 8,849,179 6,348,300 3,422,625 - - - - - -
Total Long Term Liabilities 12,814,308 10,999,566 8,874,429 6,386,175 3,473,125 63,125 50,500 37,875 25,250 12,625 (0)

Shareholders' equity
Paid-up capital 12,814,308 12,814,308 12,814,308 16,704,175 16,704,175 16,704,175 32,985,271 32,985,271 32,985,271 47,443,071 47,443,071
Gain/ (Loss) on revaluation of animals - 890,000 1,813,000 2,737,000 4,452,000 6,653,500 9,327,500 13,392,750 18,585,000 25,703,125 -
Retained earnings - 1,715,489 4,753,150 10,300,484 18,845,777 31,516,079 50,138,218 75,846,160 113,118,019 167,738,497 247,798,276
Total Equity 12,814,308 15,419,798 19,380,458 29,741,658 40,001,952 54,873,754 92,450,989 122,224,181 164,688,290 240,884,693 295,241,347
TOTAL CAPITAL AND LIABILITIES25,628,617 26,419,363 28,254,887 36,127,833 43,475,077 54,936,879 92,501,489 122,262,056 164,713,540 240,897,318 295,241,347

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11.3 Cash Flow Statement

Statement Summaries SMEDA
Cash Flow Statement

Rs. in actuals
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10

Operating activities
Net profit - 1,715,489 3,037,660 5,547,334 8,545,294 12,670,302 18,622,139 25,707,942 37,271,859 54,620,478 80,059,779
Add: depreciation expense - 844,830 844,830 844,830 1,040,239 1,040,239 1,040,239 2,003,273 2,003,273 2,003,273 2,922,833
amortization expense - 65,600 65,600 65,600 65,600 65,600 - - - - -
Raw material inventory (473,347) (40,434) (58,293) (84,963) (144,864) (218,201) (297,460) (427,897) (607,542) (914,855) 3,267,857
Cash provided by operations (473,347) 2,598,111 3,902,423 6,385,426 9,518,893 13,570,565 19,352,292 27,270,692 38,654,964 55,696,271 86,237,844

Financing activities
Change in long term debt 12,814,308 (1,827,368) (2,137,762) (2,500,879) (2,925,675) (3,422,625) - - - - -
Change in short term debt - - - - - - - - - - -
Add: land lease expense - 350,000 385,000 423,500 465,850 512,435 563,679 620,046 682,051 750,256 825,282
Land lease payment (350,000) (385,000) (423,500) (465,850) (512,435) (563,679) (620,046) (682,051) (750,256) (825,282) -
Issuance of shares 12,814,308 - - 3,889,866 - - 16,281,097 - - 14,457,800 -
Cash provided by / (used for) financing activities
25,278,617 (1,862,368) (2,176,262) 1,346,637 (2,972,260) (3,473,869) 16,224,729 (62,005) (68,205) 14,382,774 825,282

Investing activities
Capital expenditure (24,375,270) - - (3,889,866) - - (16,281,097) - - (14,457,800) -
Cash (used for) / provided by investing activities
(24,375,270) - - (3,889,866) - - (16,281,097) - - (14,457,800) -

NET CASH 430,000 735,744 1,726,161 3,842,197 6,546,634 10,096,696 19,295,924 27,208,687 38,586,759 55,621,245 87,063,126

Cash balance brought forward 430,000 1,165,744 2,891,905 6,734,102 13,280,736 23,377,431 42,673,356 69,882,043 108,468,802 164,090,047
Cash available for appropriation 430,000 1,165,744 2,891,905 6,734,102 13,280,736 23,377,431 42,673,356 69,882,043 108,468,802 164,090,047 251,153,173
Dividend - - - - - - - - - - -
Cash carried forward 430,000 1,165,744 2,891,905 6,734,102 13,280,736 23,377,431 42,673,356 69,882,043 108,468,802 164,090,047 251,153,173

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11.4 Revenue Assumptions

Sales
Selling Assumptions
Year-1 Unit Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9
Milk/Cow/Day 16 Ltrs. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Wet Cows as % Total no. of Cows 80% %
No. of Days in Year 365 Days
Sale Price of developed progeny
Cow 105,000 Rs.
Female calf(cow) older then one year 50,000
Sale Price/Culled cow 30,000 Rs.
Sale Price/Low yeilder cow 60,000 Rs.
Sale Price/Male calf 5,000 Rs.

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Animals
Average # of cows 99 97 101 108 118 134 153 180 217 268
# of lactating cows 79 78 81 86 94 107 122 144 174 214
# of calve 44 44 40 38 44 54 69 88 113 150
Calve older than one year (Cows)/Heifer 0 22 22 27 32 41 49 61 77 96
Total animals older then one year 99 119 123 135 150 175 202 241 294 364
Total Animals 143 163 163 173 194 228 271 329 407 514

Animals Sold During the Year

# of Cow Progeny sold 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
# of culled cows sold - - 12 12 13 14 15 14 15 16
# of low yielders (cows) - - - - - - - - - -
# of Male Calve sold 22 22 20 19 22 27 34 44 56 75
Total Animals Sold 22 22 32 31 35 41 49 59 72 91

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Production of milk (ltrs) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Cows 1,267 1,319 1,454 1,642 1,888 2,251 2,693 3,312 4,166 5,360
Buffalos - - - - - - - - - -
Milk for calve 176 176 160 150 176 215 275 353 450 598

Net Annual milk production 398,288 417,268 472,456 544,288 625,026 743,140 882,351 1,079,889 1,356,413 1,737,984

Revenue from Sale of Milk (Rs.)

Daily 35,482 36,938 40,723 45,965 52,864 63,034 75,398 92,736 116,659 150,080
Annual 12,950,784 13,482,224 14,863,968 16,777,152 19,295,360 23,007,264 27,520,416 33,848,640 42,580,608 54,779,200

Other Revenue (Rs.)

Sale of Developed Progeny - - - - - - - - - -
Sale of Culled Cows - - 348,000 369,000 389,400 410,400 437,100 430,800 462,450 474,150
Sale of Culled Buffalos - - - - - - - - - -
Sale of Low Yielder Cow - - - - - - - - - -
Sale of Low Yielder Buffalos - - - - - - - - - -
Sale of Calves 110,000 110,000 100,000 94,000 109,750 134,500 172,125 220,875 281,375 374,000
110,000 110,000 448,000 463,000 499,150 544,900 609,225 651,675 743,825 848,150

Total Annual Revenue 13,060,784 13,592,224 15,311,968 17,240,152 19,794,510 23,552,164 28,129,641 34,500,315 43,324,433 55,627,350

Value of animals 10,290,000 11,180,000 12,103,000 13,027,000 14,742,000 16,943,500 19,617,500 23,682,750 28,875,000 35,993,125

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12 ANNEXURE 1

Table 12-1:Vital Statistics of Cattles

Parameters
Rectal Temperature 101.5 degrees F (38.5 degree C)
Heart Rate 60-70 beats/minute
Respiratory Rate 30 breaths/minute
Table 12-2:Traits of Farm Animals
Parameters Cattle
Age at puberty 15-18 months
Estrous duration 17 hrs
Estrous cycle length 21 days
Gestation length 305+_5 days
Dry period 2-3 months
Service period 2-3 months
Age at first calving 2 to 2.5 yr.
Calving interval 13 months
Table 12-3:Common Diseases of Livestock
Infectious Diseases
Disease Symptoms Preventive measures Medication

Anthrax Fever, grinding of teeth, release Vaccination in February. Antibiotic therapy

of blackish blood from natural Dead animal should be
openings, which doesn’t clot. buried in 6 feet deep pit
without any postmortem.

Foot and mouth Excessive salivation, Pustules on FMD vaccine after every 4 FMD Serum, cleaning of pustules
Disease lips, tongue and between the cleft months especially before the by potassium permanganate
of hooves, staggering gait onset of rainy season. solution, cleaning of hooves by
weakness due to inability of phenyl solution
ingestion.

Non Contagious Diseases

Indigestion Loss of appetite, watering from 5 grams Stomach powder (mixed
mouth, stiffening of rumen, in feed or dissolved in water)
bloating, severe pain in stomach twice a day

Bloating Difficult breathing due to air Avoid grazing early in Mustard (Sarson) oil & turpentine
(air trapped in trapped in stomach, animal may morning especially on fodder oil mixed with chloral hydrate
stomach) die due to suffocation with dewdrops. mixed in drinking water.

Dysentery Diarrhea, smelling feces, Avoid excessive intake of Calcium carbonate, magnesium
weakness milk especially in newborn carbonate and bismuth carbonate
kids. dissolved in water OR entox
Avoid wheat straw or stiff tablets OR nimkol with
feed during dysentery sulfademadine (4-5 cc). Offer rice
groule to affected animals

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Internal Parasites
Liver flukes Weakness, off feed, jaundice in No grazing around stagnant Zanil or Carbon tetra chloride OR
severe cases, swelling on joints water nilzan plus, oral administration
Round Worms Weakness, diarrhea, anemia, hair Fecal samples should be Systamax or rental, oral
fall from body coat examined for roundworms. administration

Ectoparasites

Flies/ ticks/ Irritation on body coat, sometimes Cleanliness in sheds, Apply sulfur oil, tetmasol or
maggots holes in skin, loss of hair from Spray of DDT in shed ecoflax on wounds and dipping of
body coat whole herd with a 0.15 % solution
of negavan.

Table 12-4: Vaccination Schedule

Name of Name of Qty Time for Duration of Preventive
Disease Vaccine administered Vaccination Immunity Measures
(ml)
Foot & Mouth Foot & Mouth 5 ml Start of spring 4 months Should be given
Disease Vaccine 4 months prior
(FMD) to the expected
symptoms of
disease.
Anthrax Anthrax spore 0.5 ml March-April or One year Every year
vaccine monsoon season vaccination
should be done
every year.
Rabies Anti rabies 10 ml According to need One year Vaccine should
(Bowla Pun) vaccine be used right
after
preparation.
Hemorrhagic HS vaccine 5-10 ml Start of Spring 4 months Should be given
Septicemia (HS) 4 months prior
to the expected
symptoms of
disease.

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13 ANNEXURE 2

Table 13-1: Calving Register

Sr. Dam No. Sire No. Date of calving Sex of calf Wt. of calf Remarks
no
1.
2.

Table 13-2: Disposal of Death

Sr. no Animal/Dam No. Date of birth Sex Mode Cost Remarks
1.
2.

Table 13-3: Reproduction/Insemination/Pregnancy Diagnosis/Follow

up/Treatment
Sr. no Animal No. Date of last calving No. of services Last date of Sire No. Result Rema
service rks
1.
2.

Table 13-4: Daily Milk Production

Sr. no No. of Milk Milk sold Income from Day's wet Herd Rema
animals prod. sale average average rks
a. Morning
b. Evening

Table 13-5: Details of Purchase / Sale of product/byproduct (Feed and fodder's,

medicines, ingredients, animal, etc.)
Sr. no Particulars Quantity Per unit rate Total cost Remarks
1.
2.

Table 13-6: Calving & Calf Disposal

Sr. no Date of birth Dam No. Sire No. Sex of calf Wt. of calf at birth Disposal Date Remarks

Table 13-7: Reproduction Performa

Brand No.......................Date of birth.................Dam No...............Date of 1st heat...........................

History sheet--------------------

Sr. no Particulars 1st calving 2nd calving 3rd calving 4th calving 5th calving
1. Service
(Date/Sire No.)

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Table 13-8: Conception Record

Date of Pregnancy Diagnosis------------------Result------------------Date of conception---

-------------------
Excepted date of calving------------------Actual date of calving------------------Sex of
calf------------------

Table 13-9: Reproductive Health

Disorder-------------------Treatment------------------Follow-up-------------------

Table 13-10: Individual Milking Record

Sr. no Order of Cow Date of Weekly recording Date when Days in milk Total
calving No. calving Morning dried milk yield
Evening

Table 13-11: Herd Health Register

Date Animal History Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Detail of vaccination Cost of treatment
or hygiene

Table 13-12: Monthly Expenses & Income Report

Sr. no Particulars Quantity Rate (per unit) Total cost

Table 13-13: Periodical Weighing Register

Sr. no Tattoo No. Brand No. Date of Wt. at weeks Wt. at months Wt. at Remarks
(Dam's) (Animal) birth 0,1,2…11,12 3,6,9,12,18,24 Service/
Calving

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14 ANNEXURE 3

Table 14-1: Contacts of Different Livestock Breeders

S. Name Contacts Farm
No
1 Jamil Memon Mob.0300-8260274 Karachi
2 Dr. Abbas Mob. 0300-3224477 Landi Cattle colony. Karachi
3 Ali Ahmed Mob: 0321-8451910 Badian road Lahore
4 Mr. Azhar Mob. 0300-8417414 Raiwind raod lahore
5 Ch. Rasikh elahi Mob. 042-5845904 Koldi abu baker, Kasur
6 Dr. abul hassan Mob. 0333-6729967 Bahkker road, Jhang
7 Mr. Ahmed saeed Mob. 0300-4000751 Sweet water farms, Lahore
8 Mr. Jahangir tareen Mob. 0300-8465528 J.K Dairies, Rahim yar khan
9 Mr, Sarfraz Rehman Mob. 0300-2024463 Engro Foods, Karachi
Table 14-2: Vaccination program for dairy herds.

Animal Time for Vaccination Detail

description Vaccination
Heifers Three to four Clostridial group vaccine at three to four
months of age months of age, or earlier depending on risk

Five to six months • IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV

of age  Haemophilus
• Clostridial group
• Leptospirosis (5 strain)
• Worm
• Grub and lice treatment in early fall, repeat
as needed

Pre-breeding  IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV

• Leptospirosis (5 strain)
Pre-calving  Rotavirus, Coronavirus, E. coli twice, at six
and three weeks prior to calving
Adult Cows Cows are generally vaccinated for leptospirosis
and the virus diseases during the early lactation
period, approximately five weeks prior to
breeding. Some veterinarians prefer to vaccinate
during the dry period, although modified
live virus vaccines are not used at this time

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15 ANNEXURE 4
Different Breeds of Buffaloes and Cows

Sahiwal Cows Red Sindhi Bull Sahiwal Cow

Rojhan Dhajal Tharparker

Australian Friesian Sahiwal Holstein Jersey

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