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Experiment No : 01
Experiment Name : Ohm’s Law and its verification.
Objective : This exercise examines Ohm’s law is one of the fundamental
laws governing electrical circuits. It states that voltage is equal to
the product of current time resistance and to prove that is the
objective of this experiment.
Theory Overview :
Ohm’s law is commonly written as V = I×R. That is for a given Current, an increase in resistance
will result in greater voltage. Alternately for a given voltage, an increase in resistance will produce a
decrease in current. As this is a first order linear equation, plotting current versus voltage for a fixed
resistance will yield a straight line. The slope of the line is the conductance, and the conductance is
the reciprocal to the resistance. Therefore, for a high resistance, the plot line will appear closer to the
horizontal, while a low resistance will produce a more vertical plot line.
Equipment :
1) Adjustable DC power supply (ETS-7000 DIGITAL ANALOG TRAINING SYSTEM)
2) Breadboard
3) Digital Multimeter
4) Resistors
5) Connecting Wires
Schematic :
Fig – 1
Procedure :
1. First of all, we implement the circuit and a resistor of R = 100.2 Ω on the breadboard
as shown in circuit diagram.
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2. Initially we set the VDC supply to 0V and note the current on ammeter.
3. We increase the voltage to 2V, observe the ammeter and note the readings.
4. We repeat the above step for 4V, 6V, 8V, 10V.
5. We then plot a graph for the measured readings and compare the plot with theoretical
calculations.
Data Tables :
V (volts) R (ohm) I (ampere)
0 0.000
2 0.019
4 0.039
100.2
6 0.059
8 0.079
10 0.099
V (voltage) versus I (current) graph
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12
10
8
(voltage)
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V
0
0 0.019 0.039 0.059 0.079 0.099 0.119
I (current)
Series 1
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Experiment No : 02
Experiment Name : Verification of series and parallel circuit.
Objective : This exercise will involve the analysis of basic series parallel DC
circuits with resistors. The use of simple series-only and parallel
only sub-circuits is a meant as one technique to solve for desired
currents and voltages.
Theory Overview :
Simple series parallel networks may be viewed as interconnected series and parallel techniques
such as the sub-networks. Each of these sub-networks may be analyzed through basic series and
parallel techniques such as the application of voltage divider and current divider rules along with
Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws. It is important to identify the most simple series and
parallel connections in order to jump to more complex interconnections.
Equipment :
1. Adjustable DC power supply.
2. Bread Board
3. Multimeter
4. Ammeter
5. Resistance
6. Connecting Wires
Schematics :
Procedure :
1. The circuit of figure 1 was considered with R A = 220 Ω, RB = 550 Ω, RC = 670 Ω and. RB is
in parallel with RC. This combination is in series with R 1. Therefore, the R2, R3 pair may be
treated as a single resistance to form a series loop with R 1. Based on this observation,
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the theoretical voltages at points A, B and C have to determine with respect to ground.
These values have to be recorded in Table 1. The circuit was constructed. The DMM was
set to read DC voltage and It was applied to the circuit from point A to ground. This
voltage was recorded in Table 1. The measurements were repeated at point B and C and
the deviations were determined and recorded the values in Table 1.
2. Applying KCL to the parallel sub-network, the current entering node B (i.e., the current
through RA) should equal the sum of the currents following through R B and RC. These
currents may be determined through Ohm’s Law or the Current Divider Rule. These
currents were computed and recorded in Table 2. Using the DMM as ammeter, these
three currents were measured and values were recorded along with deviations in Table 2.
Data Tables :
Voltage (V) Resistance (R) Current (I)
V1 = 6.63 V R1 = 120 Ω I1 = 53 mA
V2 = 3.63 V R2 = 220 Ω I2 = 16.5 mA
V3 = 3.63 V R3 = 100 Ω I3 = 36.5 mA
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Experiment No : 03
Experiment Name : Verification of superposition theorem
Objective : To validate the superposition theorem and demonstrate that the
superposition theorem can be applied to current levels.
Theory Overview :
The superposition theorem states that the current through, or the voltage across, any resistance
branch of a multi-source network is the algebraic sum of the contributions due to each source
acting independently. When the effects of one source are considered, the others are replaced by
their internal resistances. Superposition is effective on for linear circuit relationships.
Equipment :
1. Adjustable DC power supply.
2. Digital Ammeter
3. Digital Multimeter
4. Breadboard
5. Resistors (120Ω, 220Ω and 100Ω)
6. Connecting Wires
Schematics :
Procedure :
1. We construct a circuit design like the above figure. The supply current was considered of
figure 1 using E1 = 10 V, E2 = 5 V, R1 = 120Ω, R2 = 220Ω and R3 = 100Ω.
2. We calculate I1, I2 and I3 from this circuit. We measure I1, I2 and I3 noting the directions,
to confirm our calculations.
3. We render E2 inactive and measure the current I2’ in the branch R2 and record it in the
data table.
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4. We render E1 inactive and measure the current I2” in the branch R2 and record it in the
data table.
5. We verify if I2 = I2’ + I2”. This would validate the superposition theorem for this
particular circuit.
Data Table :
I2’ with both E1 I2” with only I2 with only E2 active
Values of Resistors (Ohms) and E2 active E1 active (amps)
(amps) (amps)
R1 R2 R3
16.5 mA 9.93 mA 26.43 mA
120Ω 220Ω 100Ω
Observations :
I2’ = 16.5 mA
I2” = 9.93 mA
Discussion : The superposition theorem applies perfectly in the
designed circuit.
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Experiment No : 04
Experiment Name : Diode Half Wave Rectification.
Objective : The objective of this experiment is to design and simulate a Half
Wave Rectifier circuit.
Theory Overview :
The conversion of AC into DC is called Rectification. Electronic devices can convert AC power
into DC power with high efficiency. During the positive half cycle, the diode is forward biased
and it conducts and hence a current flow through the load resistor. During the negative half
cycle, the diode is reverse biased and it is equivalent to an open circuit, hence the current through
the load resistance is zero. Thus, the diode conducts only for one half cycle and results in half
wave rectification. The input and output voltage waveform may be analytically written as:
Vin = Vp sinωt ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T
and
Vout = Vpt sinωt ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T
Vout=0; 0 ≤ t ≤ T
where,
` Vpt = Vp - VT
and VT is cut-in voltage of the diode.
Components Required : Oscilloscope, Regulated Power supply, resistor, diode,
connecting wires.
Circuit Diagram :
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Procedure :
1. The circuit was connected as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The input signal was given as specified.
3. The power supply switch was on.
4. The value of AC and DC voltages were noted down.
Result Data Table :
Vinput Voutput
2 0.2
4 1.2
6 1.5
8 2.2
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Experiment No : 05
Experiment Name : Diode Full Wave Rectification.
Objective : The objective of this experiment is to design and simulate a Full
Wave Rectifier circuit.
Theory Overview :
The conversion of AC into DC is called Rectification. Electronic devices can convert AC power into
DC power with high efficiency. A drawing of a full-wave bridge rectifier is given below. The bridge
is composed of four diodes in a diamond shape. During the positive half-cycle of input voltage vin
the terminal ‘A’ is at positive potential with respect to the terminal ‘B’ and because if this diodes D1
and D2 are forward biased whereas diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased. The current therefore flows
through diodes D1, D2 and load resistor RL. During the negative half-cycle of input voltage
waveform, on the other hand, the diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased whereas the diodes D1 and
D2 are reverse biased. As a consequence, current flows through diodes D3 and D4. The input and
output voltage waveform may be analytically written as:
Vin = Vp sinωt ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T
Vout = Vpt sinωt ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T
Vout = - Vpt sinωt ; 2 ≤ t ≤ T
Where,
Vpt = Vp - 2VT
Components Required : Oscilloscope, Regulated Power supply, resistor, diode,
connecting wires.
Circuit Diagram :
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Procedure :
1. The circuit was connected as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The input signal was given as specified.
3. The power supply switch was on.
4. The value of AC and DC voltages were noted down.
Result Data Table :
Input Output Frequency
5V 1V 1 Hz
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Experiment No : 06
Experiment Name : Verification of basic logic gate.
Objective : The objective of this experiment is to introduce the use and
features of the logic lab unit (ETS-7000 DIGITAL ANALOG
TRAINING SYSTEM) and to introduce the TTL integrated
circuit AND, OR and NOT (inverter) gates.
Theory Overview :
Logic gates are electronic circuits which perform logical functions on one or more inputs to
produce one output. There are seven logic gates. When all the input combinations of a logic gate
are written in a series and their corresponding outputs written along them, then this input/output
combination is called Truth Table. Various gates and their working are explained here.
Components Required :
• ETS-7000 DIGITAL ANALOG TRAINING SYSTEM
• 1-74LS04 hex-inverter (NOT) TTL IC
• 1-74LS08 Quad-two input AND TTL IC
• 1-74LS32 Quad-two input OR TTL IC
• Breadboard
• Connecting Wires
Procedure :
1. We connect the unit to an appropriate power source and turn it ON.
2. We wire one data switch connector (SW0 – SW7) to one on the LED (light emitting
diode) connectors (L0 – L7).
3. We verify HIGH and LOW operations of the data switch by first setting the data switch
to LOW and noting the indicator illumination level, then setting the data switch to HIGH
and noting the indicator illumination. The LED’s are on for a HIGH logic level and off
for the LOW level.
4. We repeat STEP-3 for all the switches and LED’s.
Pin Connection Diagram :
Truth Table – AND Gate (Y = A.B)
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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Truth Table – OR Gate (Y = A+B)
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Truth Table – OR Gate (Y = A+B)
A Y
0 1
1 0
