EUROCODE 7

Water pressures -
safety approach
Adriaan van Seters
April 6th, 2010

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 Contents

Example 1 - EQU
Example 1 - STR/GEO
Example 2 - UPL
Example
p 3 - UPL + STR/GEO
Groundwater pressure derivation

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 Example 1 - EQU

A u1
u3

u2
For EQU – overturning moment at point A

Waterpressures u1 and u2 are destabilising

Weight W is stabilising

Mdst * γdst ≤ Mst * γst

In NL γdst = 1,1
11 γst = 0
0,9
9 (NA - Table A
A.1)
1)

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 Example 1 - STR/GEO → DA3 (NL)
1

u1
u3

Sliding (eq. 6.2) + (eq. 6.3a)

u2 Hd ≤ Rd and Rd = V ′d tanδd
Action H = 0
0,5
5 * u1 * h Design load Hd = γG;dst * 0,5
0 5 * u1 * h (γG;dst = 1
1,2
2 water)
Uplift Upl = b * 0,5 (u2 + u3)
Resistance R = (W – Upl) * tan δ Design resistance Rd = (0,9*W – 1,2*Upl) * (tan δ) / γϕ′

B i capacity
Bearing it (eq. 6.1) Vd ≤ Rd
Action V = W-Upl Design load Vd = (1,35*W – 0,9*Upl) maximum load
Vd = (0,9*W – 1,2*Upl) minimum load
Horizontal H = 0,5 * u1 * h Design load Hd = 0.9 * 0,5 * u1 * h with maximum load
Hd = 1.2 * 0,5 * u1 * h with miniimum load
Resistance bearing capacity Rd based on cd′, ϕd′, cu;d, γ′d = (γsat;d - 10)
l d iinclination
load li ti ffactor
t i based
b d on Hd and
d Vd
Vd ≤ Rd to be checked both for maximum and minimum load

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Example 2 - UPL

In case of one and the same water regime (see Vogt)

(W - γw*H*B) * γG;stb ≥ F * γQ;dstb

In the exceptional case of a different regime between water and groundwater compute the uplift as a destabilising
force and the downward pressure as a stabilising force:

W * γG;stb + Ustb * γG;stb ≥ Udst * γG;dstb + F * γQ;dstb

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Example 3 - UPL + STR/GEO
3
This case is interesting because of the
zw computation of the tensile load Ft on the
anchors/anchor piles
zb
Two Ultimate Limit States to be considered:
UPL and STR/GEO

UPL considers
id th
the ttotal
t l uplift
lift
γG;stb * W + Rd ≥ γG;dstb * Vdst Vdst = γw (zw-zb) * Area W
0,9 * W + Rd ≥ 1,0 * Vdst
ignoring wall friction → load on piles Rd =ΣFt;d = 1,0*Vdst - 0,9*W
Upl
STR/GEO considers the load on one p q 2.5)) Ed ≤ Rd
pile ((eq.
Ed = 1,2*Vdst - 0,9*W (Vdst = UPL, waterpressure γG;dst = 1,2)
Rd = Ft;d
→ load
l d on pile
il Ft;d = 1,2*V
1 2*Vdst - 0,9*W
0 9*W (governing)
( i ) Ft

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Groundwater pressure derivation

EC 7-2 Annex C statistical method to predict groundwater pressure

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Groundwater pressure derivation

EC 7-1
2 4 6 1(1)P design value of an action shall either be assessed directly or shall
2.4.6.1(1)P
be derived from representative values by applying partial factors

- assessed directlyy see ((6)P

)
- applying partial factors Fd = γF . Frep γF = 1,2

2.4.6.1(6)P
( ) design
g values of g
groundwater ppressures ULS shall represent
p the
most unfavourable values that could occur during the design lifetime

- as a consequence γF = 1,0

2.4.6.1(8) design values of groundwater pressures may be derived by applying

partial factors or by applying a safety margin to the characteristic level

- applying partial factors Fd = γF . Frep

- applying safety margin Fd = Frep + Δa.γw.Area

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 Groundwater pressure: example

+5 +5,44 (physically impossible)

+4,36
+4

+3 A
1,8 m 1,2*1,8 m 7,2 m 1,2*7,2 m
+2,2

Watertable
Level +3 m +/- 1 m

-3,2
B
Waterpressure A
Vd = 21,6
21 6 kPa

Waterpressure B
Vd = 86,4 kPa
In NL: loadfactor on waterpressure is 1.2!

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Groundwater pressure: example

Watertable: most unfavourable value in lifetime (extrapolated from some

statistical
t ti ti l analysis
l i off standpipe
t d i records):d ) L
Levell + 4 m.

ƒ Case A – most unfavourable value Æ uplift pressure 18 kPa Æ γF = 1,0

– loadfactor Æ uplift pressure = 21.6 kPa Æ γF = 1,2
– margin a = 0.5 m Æ waterlevel + 4.5 m, w = 23 kPa Æ γF = 1,28

ƒ Case B – most unfavourable value Æ uplift pressure 72 kPa Æ γF = 1,0

– loadfactor Æ uplift pressure = 86.4 kPa (impossible) Æ γF = 1,2
– margin a = 0.5 m Æ waterlevel + 4.5 m, w = 77 kPa Æ γF = 1,07

Question: what design waterpressure do we take?

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