B.

ARCH – 8th Semester

Ar Jit kumar gupta
 Art and Science of designing and creating buildings
 Profession of designing buildings, open spaces ,
communities and other physical structures
 Architecture is both process and product of
planning, designing, constructing buildings and other
physical structures
 General term used to describe:

--Buildings and other physical structures

--style of design and method of construction of
buildings
--knowledge of art , science and humanities
--design activities of an Architect from micro to macro
level
Greek Word- Arkhi- tecton ( Head- Builder)
 Architect is a person who plans, designs and
reviews the construction of Buildings
 A person who is Registered, licensed or otherwise
authorised to use the title of Architect and
practice architecture in a province/area
 Who possesses
-- skill in art of designing buildings to meet clients
needs
--Knowledge about aesthetics as well as practical
considerations
- --adequate skill and knowledge to originate,
design and plan to arrange and supervise
construction of buildings
 Role of Architect extends from field of technical
knowledge to business management
Roleof an
Architect
Role of Architect includes:
-- creation of new ideas
--design of buildings
--preparing feasibility reports
-- helping client to define/ freeze scope of work
--selection of site
-- carrying out building audit
-- designing structure
-identifying/engaging consultants
--co-ordinating the design team– structure,
mechanical, electrical, air-conditioning, services
-- answerable to client for– Design, Construction,
Materials, Building
-- to have very close and fiduciary relationship
with client --based on Trust, faith and goodwill
-Engaging consultants, specialists, contractors,
 Role of Architect not limited to creation of new ideas/designs
but also include
--Preparation of contract documents
--Calling of tenders
-- Selection of contractors
--award of work to contractors/ specialists
--inspection of work
- Selection of materials
- --finding solution to problems encountered during
construction/execution of work
- --maintaining quality of work
- --rejecting defective work
- -ensuring construction of building as per approved drawings
- -Execution of work as per contract
- -approving payments of work as per contract
- --resolving disputes between owner and the contractor
- --ensuring completion of work
- -obtaining completion and possession certificates for the buildings
Profession&
Character of
Architecture
 Profession calls for;
 MEN OF INTEGRITY
 BUSINESS CAPACITY
 ARTISTIC ABILITY
 Architect entrusted with financial undertaking in which his
honesty of purpose above suspicion
 As Professional advisor to his client-his advice must be
absolutely disinterested/unbiased
 -while exercising judicial functions between client and
contractor- must act impartially
 has moral responsibility to
 - Profession,
 --society
 -environment
 --Associates
 -Subordinates
 - professional institutions
 Every profession involves :
i. Mastery of specific activity
ii. Possessing adequate knowledge and understanding
iii. Prolonged period of study/practice
iv. Membership of a professional body/association
v. Prescribed code of conduct
vi. Social responsibility
 All professionals including Architect, Engineer, Doctor, Lawyer –
required to :
-- provide selfless/disinterested services best to their capability to
client
-- promote welfare of community
-- has social responsibility
-- preserve environment
- Minimizing depletion of resources

- --promoting sustainable development

- -- following local legal framework/ building bye-laws

 Factors differentiating Profession and Other Occupations:
 i. Qualification- specific knowledge
 Ii Membership of a professional institute- for improved and latest
professional knowledge and growth
 Iii Standards of Ethics- governing the conduct, duties and
obligations
 Iv Code of Conduct
 V Attitude towards profit- not primary but only incidental
 Vi Social Responsibility- commitment to society and its improvement
 In case of Business and Trade—
 I Qualification – not mandatory – for starting/running
 Ii Profit-- Prime motive is to earn Profit
 Iii Membership of a professional body --not essential
 Iv Relationship--No direct contact between manufacturer and
user/client- no flexibility to cater to individual requirement of user
 V. Ethics and code of conduct --usually defined by government
guidelines
 Vi Accountability --Low level of -as compared to Architectural
services
 Vii. Social responsibility- not mandatory, no professional advice
rendered
Architect’s –
Duties and
Responsibilities
i. Business- while dealing with client money
ii Technology-Planning, designing, controlling
construction, coordinating all activities
iii Quasi – judicial—administering contract
between client and contractor besides resolving
conflicts between them
In addition--
 Rendering quality services
 with highest level of Competency
 Exercising due care
 following Professional conduct
i. Skill & knowledge – required to design the project
ii. Understanding- purpose and function of building to be designed
iii. Legal knowledge- Acts, Rules, bye-laws relating to designing,
constructing --buildings/permission
iv. Cost- ability to advise on cost to decide on scope/specifications
v. Drawings- skill to prepare drawings, plans ,specification for
execution/ approvals
vi. Payments- ability to certify payments- bills
vii. Modifications- skill for accommodating changes, if any, during
construction
viii. Resolving problems- relating to construction, contractor,
authorities- through intervention and advice
ix. Quality- ensure quality of work
x. Completion- of project on schedule
xi. Service- Render quality service
xii. Advise- Render best of professional advice
Indian Institute of
Architects
-
Jit Kumar Gupta

Chandigarh
•The Indian Institute of Architects (IIA) is the National body
of Architects in the country.
• Established in 1917,
• institute today has more than 20,000 members
• plays major role in promoting profession of
architecture
• by organising and uniting the Architects of India
• to promote aesthetic, scientific and practical efficiency of
the profession
•both in Practice and in Education.
IIA represented on various national / international
committees connected with architecture, art and the
building industry and
--International Union of Architects (UIA)
-- Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA) and
-- South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation of
Architects (SAARCH).
 Birth of IIA -- in a meeting of past students of Architecture of
Sir J.J. School of Art on May 12 , 1917,--in Mr. Foster King's
bungalow, -- in School of Art compound where famous
Rudyard Kipling was born on 30th December 1865.
 Members decided to form --association of the past students
of Architecture of Sir J.J. School of Art .
 "The Architectural Students Association".
 Late Mr. George Wittet--- then Consulting Architect to
Government of Bombay, elected as first "President"
 On 3rd August 1922, converted‘ as Bombay Architectural
Association.
 On 2nd September 1929 -new body was constituted in
Bombay /registered as "THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
 In 1929, the membership was 158. Today it has crossed the
20000 mark
 The Indian Institute of Architects is registered
under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 --
as a voluntary organisation of Architects.
 Its headquarter is at Mumbai- DBN Road-
Prospective Chamber
 other organisation related to Architecture at
national level is Council of Architecture
established under the Architects Act 1972 with the
statutory duties of –
 ---Registration of Architects
 -- Prescribing norms/ minimum standards for
Architectural education
 -Regulating the professional conduct of Registered
Architects
 --
 The Institute has major role to play in:
- Promoting Profession of Architecture

 Serving large area / population of India

 Institute reaches to professionals/public through its :

--Chapters-21
--Centres- 48
-- Sub- Centres-14
 Programmes arranged at headquarter/Chapters /centres
involving local/ international participation
 Chapters / Centres communicate with professionals/
public by :
-using the press and electronic media.
-- Organising seminars, workshops, Public lectures
--commemorating days like -World Environment Day, World
Architecture Day, World Habitat Day etc.
Constitution & Bye-Laws dated August 2, 1974, define 14
objectives of Institute of Architects which include
:
i) To continue the work of the:
---Bombay Architectural Association / Architectural
Students’ Association
--- and to take over all property of Bombay Architectural
Association, which can legally be vested in the Institute and
manage it
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii) To organize and unite in fellowship the architects in
Republic of India.
--------------------------------------------------------------
iii) To combine the effort of the Architects so as to
promote:
---Aesthetics,
- --Scientific and
---Practical Efficiency of the Profession
---------
 iv) To encourage the science and art of planning and building the
standards of architectural education , training and practice by
giving grants or by paying fees / giving scholarships/ prizes /
rewards to students
v)To devise means for testing the qualifications for membership
of the Institute by examination in theory / practice
vi) Regulate practice of architecture and take measures to
improve practice of Architecture and amending law relating /
affecting the practice of Architecture
vii) To hold conferences / meetings/discussion /exhibitions
exchange of new on matters relating to Architecture and award
medals, certificates, prizes
viii) To co-ordinate the activities of the building industry and of
the profession of Architecture

ix) To purchase , lease, rent, hold and dispose of any land or

property or any building or hall, and to erect any such building /
buildings to be used as a place of meeting for the members of the
institute
IIA--Objectives
x) To acquire by purchase, donation etc a library and
collection of models, drawings, designs or other
materials, and to maintain, extend and improve the same.
xi) To formulate and notify the law and practice relating to
Architecture to members and the public, and to compile,
collect, print and publish statistics or periodicals relating to
any of the objects of the Institute
xii) To issue appeals for funds, accept any gift etc made to the
Institute, and to borrow moneys, if required for the purposes of the
Institute
xiii) To ensure the advancement of the living standards of our
people through their improved environment and to make the
profession of ever increasing service to Society.
xiv) To constitute various classes of members including Honorary
Fellows;
xv) To do all such lawful things which are incidental or conducive
to the attainment of the above objects or any of them
 Finance Board
 Professional Services Board
 Board of Architectural Education
 Board of Examination
 Publication Board
 International Affairs Board
 Employed Architects Committee
 Membership Growth Committee
 Sohrab Bharucha Library Committee
 R & D Continuing Education Committee
 Events & Programme Committee
 Sports & Culture Committee
 Building & Infrastructure Development Committee
 E-Governance Committee
 Green and Sustainable Architecture Committee
 Committee on Architects Social Responsibility
 Committee on Women Architects
 Young Architects Committee
 Public Relations Committee

 AWARDS
 NATCON
 YAF
 JOURNAL
 NEWS LETTER
 IIA EXAM
 MEMBERSHIP- Fellow, Associates, Hony Fellows,
Licentiates, , Student Members
 Recognising architectural institutions
 Prescribing professional code of
conduct
 IIA Vs COA
 President
 Vice- President
 Junior Vice- President
 Treasurer
 Joint Hon Secretary-2
 Council Members-10
 All Chapter Chairmen -Ex-officio
members of Council
 Election held after every 2 years
TheIndian
Architect Act,
1972
 The Architects Act, 1972, - central law- enacted by
the Parliament of India,
 came into force on 1st September, 1972.
 The Act provides for:
 i. registration of Architects,
 ii prescribing standards of education & recognized
qualifications
 iii prescribing standards of practice to be complied
with by the practicing architects.
 The Architects Act, 1972
 Rules - 1973
 Regulations - 1982
 Minimum Standards of Architectural Education, 1983

 Architects (Professional Conduct) Regulations 1989

 "Architect“-- means a person whose name is for
the time being entered in the register;
 "Council“-- means the Council of Architecture
constituted under Section 3;
 "Indian Institute of Architects“-- means the Indian
Institute of Architects registered under the
Societies Registration Act, 1860;
 "Recognised qualification“-- means any
qualification in architecture for the time being
included in the Schedule or notified under section
15;
 "Register“-- means the register of architects
maintained under section 23
Councilof
Architecture
 The Central Government shall,
 -- by notification in the Official Gazette, constitute,
 -- a Council - known as the Council of Architecture,
 --which shall be a body corporate,
 -- having perpetual succession and a common seal,
 -- with power to acquire, hold and dispose of
property, both movable and immovable, and
 -- to contract, and
 -- may by that name sue or be sued.
 -- The Head Office of the Council shall be at Delhi or
 -- at other place notified by the Central Government
in the Official Gazette,
 Council of Architecture (COA) has the
responsibilities to Regulate the:
 i Education
 ii Practice of profession throughout India
 iii Maintaining the Register of architects.

 Government of India framed Rules--Rules -

1973
 Council of Architecture has framed Regulations
to implement the Act. Minimum Standards of
Architectural Education, 1983
 Architects (Professional Conduct) Regulations
1989
Constitution of
COA
Composition of COA:-18+one architect from
each State/UT
 Five architects elected by the IIA from among its members;
 Two persons nominated by the All India Council for Technical Education
(AICTE)
 Five persons elected by heads of architectural institutions in India
imparting full-time instruction for recognised qualifications;
 Three Chief Architects in the Ministries of the Central Government
relating to defence, railways, CPWD nominated by the Central
Government;
 An architect from each State nominated by the Government of that state;
 Two persons nominated by Institution of Engineers (India) from among
its members; and
 One person nominated by the Institution of Surveyors of India from
among its members ,
 elected/ nominated member shall hold office for three years from date
of his election / nomination or until his successor has been duly elected
/ nominated whichever is later.
 Members of Council shall be eligible for re-election / re-nomination--
but not exceeding three consecutive terms
 The President and Vice-President of the Council
shall be elected by members of Council from
among themselves:
 Elected President or Vice-President of the
Council shall hold office for a term of three
years or
 till he ceases to be a member of the Council,
whichever is earlier,
 but subject to his being a member of the
Council, he shall be eligible for re-election:
 Council to constitute from among its members an:-
 Executive Committee, and
 other committees
 for such general / special purposes to carry out its functions
under the Act.
 The Executive Committee shall consist of;
 President ,
 Vice-President and
 five other members--elected by Council from among its
members.
 The President /Vice-President shall be Chairman / Vice-
Chairman of Executive Committee.
 Member of Executive Committee shall hold office until expiry of
his term as a member of Council he shall be eligible for re-
election.
 Executive Committee shall exercise such powers / discharge such
duties as may be defined by Act/ regulations
Council shall appoint-
◦ i a Registrar who shall act as its Secretary /treasurer;
◦ ii other officers/ employees
◦ to carry out its functions under this Act;
◦ iii Establish a Fund under management/ control of the
Council -into which all moneys received shall be paid
and out of which all expenses and liabilities shall be met.
◦ The Council may prescribe the:
◦ i. minimum standards of architectural education required
for granting recognised qualifications by colleges or
institutions in India
◦ ii. standards of professional conduct / etiquette and a
code of ethics for architects-- violations thereof shall
constitute infamous conduct/ professional misconduct
◦ iii Prepare and maintain a register of Architects for India
Registration of
Architects
 Register to include particulars of each of
Architect :
 full name ,
◦ date of birth,
◦ nationality,
◦ residential address ;
◦ qualification for registration,
◦ date of obtaining qualification
◦ authority which conferred it ;
◦ date of admission to the register;
◦ His professional address ;
 other particulars that may be prescribed
 A person shall be entitled to register
 i. on payment of such fees
 Ii. If he/she resides / carries on profession of architecture in India -
-
 Iii Holds a recognised qualification,
 iv Does not hold such a qualification but, has been engaged in
practice as an architect for a period of not less than five years prior
to notification/Possesses qualifications as prescribed :
v. a citizen of India .
 Procedure for Registration--
 Application for registration to be addressed to the Registrar
 accompanied by fee prescribed
 If Registrar is of opinion that applicant is entitled
 -- to have his name entered in the register
 -- he shall enter thereon the name of the applicant :
 --Provided that no person, whose name has been removed from the
register, shall be entitled to have his name re-entered except with
the approval of the Council.
 --Any case of application for registration rejected by the Registrar -
- within three months of rejection, appeal to Council.
 ---Upon entry in register of a name - Registrar shall issue a
certificate of registration
 for retention of a name in the register after 31st day
of December of year in which name is first entered in
register,
 -- renewal fee on annual basis is to be paid as may
be prescribed by rules
 -- renewal fee to be paid before the first day of April
of the year .
 --Where renewal fee is not paid before the due date,
Registrar shall remove name of defaulter from
register :
 -- name so removed may be restored to the register
on such conditions as may be prescribed by rules.
--on payment of renewal fee, the Registrar shall,,
endorse the certificate of registration accordingly.
 -- on payment of prescribed fee architects entitled to
have entered in register any additional recognised
qualification .
 Council may remove from register the name of
any architect -
-- on a request for removal or
◦ -- due to death
◦ -- name entered in the register by error
◦ -- misrepresentation /suppression of a material fact;
◦ -- convicted of any offence involving moral turpitude;
◦ -- adjudged by a court to be of unsound mind.
 Pass an order directing that architect whose name is
removed from a register shall be ineligible for
registration for a specified period .
 An order shall take effect after expiry of three months
from the date of passing such order.
 w.e.f. 01.04.2016 onward, only online filled uapplications accepted..
 1) REGISTER AS AN APPLICANT: register as an Applicant with Email
id -- your login id, year of Admission other relevant details.
password would be generated and sent to you by email.
 2) FILL UP THE APPLICATION FORM: With User ID and Password, login
Council’s Website, fill application form, upload your recent color
photograph of size 3.5 x 3.5cm upto 10KB (max) and Signatures
upto 4 KB (max).
 3) TAKE A PRINTOUT OF FILLED FORM: on bond A4 size paper
 4) CORRECTIONS: Correction(s), can be made in hard copy by
countersigning at place of correction before sending to the council.
 5) ENROLLMENT NUMBER: Enrolment number i.e., (COA-Six digit
Number) is mandatory / as applicable (for admissions from the
Academic Year 2008-09 onwards)..
 6) SEND THE FILLED FORM TO THE COA OFFICE with Registration
Fee (Non-refundable) of Rs.600/-the payment can also be made
online through login id details.
 7) SUBMIT TO CoA: Do remember to press ‘Submit to CoA’ Button
 DOCUMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED ALONG WITH THE APPLICATION
FOR REGISTRATION- attested by a Gazetted Officer/ Notary Public
/ Oath Commissioner/ self attested.:
 1) APPLICATION FORM:
 2) BIRTH CERTIFICATE:
 3) 10 + 2 MARK SHEET:
 4) ARCHITECTURAL QUALIFICATION CERTIFICATE IN ORIGINAL:
 5) COPIES OF MARKSHEETS FOR ALL SEMESTERS/YEARS:
 6) CASTE/ CATEGORY CERTIFICATE:
 7) DEMAND DRAFT: A demand draft for Rs.600/- (non-
refundable) drawn in favour of “Council of Architecture”, payable
at Delhi/New Delhi
 8) SELF-ADDRESSED ENVELOPE: A self-addressed envelope of
size 12”x 1́ 0″ for sending the certificate of registration by
Registered Post.
 8) REGISTERED POST: The original degree/diploma certificate
should preferably be sent by Registered Post to avoid any loss in
transit along with a self-addressed envelope large enough to
contain it.
PROFESSIONAL
CONDUCT,
REGULATIONS,
1989
 To promote standard of professional conduct/ self-discipline
required of an Architect,
 Society-quality of environment /welfare of society /economic development
 Client --services of a high standard, inform conditions of engagement
/scale of charges, Not to sub-commission to another Architect
 Professional conduct-
 no gifts/commission,
 impartiality in administrating contract,
 integrity,
 advancement of Architecture/ education, research/
 compete fairly/
 observe and uphold the Council's conditions /
 not to supplant architects/
 comply with COA Architectural competitions guidelines/
 take care of employees/ associates/ consultants/
 not to advertise/
 when w orking outside country comply with their guidelines
 ARCHITECTS (PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT) REGULATIONS,
1989 *--To promote standard of professional conduct/
self-discipline required of an Architect, :-
Every architect, in practice/ employment shall :-
 i. ensure that his professional activities do not conflict with
his general responsibility to contribute to the quality of the
environment and future welfare of society,
 ii. apply his skill to the creative, responsible and economic
development of his country,
 iii. provide professional services of a high standard, to the
best of his ability,
 iv. if in private practice, inform his Client of the conditions
of engagement and scale of charges and agree that these
conditions shall be the basis of the appointment,
 v. Not sub-commission to another Architect or Architects
the work for which he has been commissioned without prior
agreement of his Client
 vi. not give/ take discounts, commissions, gifts or other
inducements for the introduction of Clients or of work,
 vii. act with fairness and impartiality when administering a
building contract,
 viii. maintain a high standard of integrity,
 ix. promote the advancement of Architecture, standards of
Architectural education, research, training and practice,
 x. conduct in a manner which is not derogatory to his
professional character, nor likely to lessen the confidence of
the public in the profession, nor bring Architects into
disrepute
 xi. compete fairly with other Architects,
 xii. observe and uphold the Council's conditions of
engagement and scale of charges,
 xiii. not supplant or attempt to supplant another Architect,
 xiv. not prepare designs in competition with other Architects for a
Client without payment or for a reduced fee (except in a
competition conducted in accordance with the Architectural
competition guidelines approved by the Council),
 xv. not attempt to obtain, offer to undertake or accept a
commission
 --for which he knows another Architect has been selected or
employed
 --until he has evidence that the selection, employment or
agreement has been terminated and
 -- he has given the previous Architect written notice
 -- that he is so doing : provided that in the preliminary stages of
works, the Client may consult, in order to select the Architect, as
many Architects as he wants, provided he makes payment of
charges to each of the Architects so consulted,
 xvi. comply with Council's guidelines for Architectural
competitions and inform the Council of his appointment as
assessor for an Architectural competition ,
 xvii. when working in other countries,
 --observe the requirements of codes of conduct applicable
 --to the place where he is working ,
 xviii. not have / take as partner any person who is disqualified for
registration by reason of the fact that his name has been removed
form the Register ,
 xix. provide their employees with suitable working environment,
compensate them fairly and facilitate their professional development
 , xx. Recognize/ respect the professional contribution of his
employees,
 xxi. provide their associates with suitable working environment,
compensate them fairly and facilitate their professional development
 , xxii. recognize and respect the professional contribution of his
associates,
 xxiii. recognize and respect the professional contribution of the
consultants,
 xxiv. enter into agreement with them defining their scope of work,
responsibilities, functions, fees and mode of payment ,
 xxv. shall not advertise his professional services nor
 shall he allow his name to be included in advertisement or
 to be used for publicity purposes save the following exceptions :-
 (a) a notice of change of address may be published on three occasions
and correspondents may be informed by post,
 (b) exhibit his name outside his office /on a building, either under
construction or completed, for which he is or was an Architect, provided
the lettering does not exceed 10 cm. in height ,
 (c) advertisements including the name and address of an Architect may
be published in connection with calling of tenders, staff requirements
 (d) allow his name associated with illustrations / descriptions of his
work in press / other public media but he shall not give or accept any
consideration for such appearances,
 (e) allow his name to appear in advertisements /inserted in the press by
suppliers / manufacturers of materials used in a building he has
designed, provided he does not accept any consideration for its use,
 (f) allow his name in brochure prepared by Clients for the purpose of
advertising or promoting projects for which he has been commissioned,
 (g) produce /publish brochures, pamphlets describing his experience
and capabilities for distribution to those potential Clients whom he can
identify by name and position ,
 **(h) allow his name to appear in the classified columns of the trade /
professional directory and/or telephone directory/ website.
 In a partnership firm of architects,
 -- every partner
 -- shall ensure
 --that such partnership firm
 -- complies with all the defined regulations
 Violation of any of the regulation
 -- shall constitute
 --a professional mis-conduct
 Conditions of Engagement
and
 Scale of Charges
under
the Architects (Professional
Conduct) Regulations, 1989.
 Architect is required to provide following services :
 Part I - ARCHITECTURE :
 1 Preparing Design Brief--Taking Client's instructions and
preparing design brief.
 2 Site Evaluation---impact of existing / proposed
development on its immediate environs.
 3 Design and Site development.
 4 Structural Design.
 5 Designing Public Health Services--Sanitary, plumbing,
drainage, water supply and sewerage design.
 6 Designing Electrical Services- Electric, electronic,
communication systems .
 7 Designing HVAC-- Heating, ventilation and air
conditioning design (and other mechanical systems).
 8 Designing Mechanical System-Elevators, escalators, etc.
 9 Disaster Management-- Fire protection and Security
systems etc.
 10 Periodic inspection -- evaluation of Construction works.
 ALLIED FIELDS :
 Landscape Architecture
 Interior Architecture
 Architectural Conservation
 Retrofitting of Buildings
 Graphic Design and Signage
 Architectural services are rendered in 7 stages
Stage 1--Concept Design
Stage 2—Preliminary Design & Drawings
Stage 3--Drawings For Client’s approvals
-- Statutory Approvals
Stage 4— Working Drawings &
--Tender Documents
Stage 5— Inviting /Analysing Tenders,
appointment of Contractors

Stage 6– Construction & Supervision

Stage 7-- Completion

 Architect after taking instructions from Client, render
following services:
 CONCEPT DESIGN [STAGE 1] :-10%
 --Ascertain Client's requirements
 -- examine site constraints & potential
 -- prepare a design brief for Client's approval.
 -- Prepare report on site evaluation,/ state of existing
buildings, if any ;
 -- analysis impact of existing/ proposed development on
environs.
 --Prepare drawings/ documents for Client to get done
detailed survey & soil investigation of the site
 --Suggest measures required to mitigate adverse impact
of the existing / proposed development on its immediate
environs.
 -- Prepare conceptual design based on requirements
 -- prepare rough estimate of cost on area basis.
 .
 PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND DRAWINGS [STAGE 2] -10%:
 -- Modify conceptual designs
 -- incorporating required changes
 -- prepare the preliminary drawings/ sketches/ study model for
Client's approval
 - along with preliminary estimate of cost on area basis
 DRAWINGS FOR CLIENT'S/ STATUTORY APPROVALS [STAGE 3] -15%:
 - Prepare drawings for Client's final approvals –
 -Prepare drawings essential for statutory approvals
 --ensure compliance with codes, standards and legislation,
 -- assist Client in obtaining statutory approvals - if required.
 WORKING DRAWINGS AND TENDER DOCUMENTS [STAGE 4] -10%:
-- Prepare working drawings,
--specifications and schedule of quantities
-- sufficient to prepare estimate of cost/ tender documents
-- including mode of measurement
-- method of payments,
--quality control procedures on materials & works
-- other conditions of contract.
 APPOINTMENT OF CONTRACTORS [STAGE 5] :-10%
 -- Invite, receive and analyse tenders;
 -- advise Client on appointment of contractors.
 CONSTRUCTION [STAGE 6] :-35%
 - Prepare / issue working drawings/ details for proper execution of works
during construction.
 -- Approve samples of various elements and components.
 -- Check /approve shop drawings submitted by contractor/ vendors.
 -- Visit the site of work, at intervals mutually agreed upon
 -- inspect / evaluate the Construction Works
 -- where necessary clarify any decision,
 -- offer interpretation of drawings/specifications
 -- attend conferences / meetings to ensure project proceeds in accordance with
conditions of contract
 -- keep Client informed
 - render advice on actions
 -- to ensure work proceeds according to contract documents/ drawings and
 -- to exercise time and quality controls,
 -- day-to-day supervision carried out by a
 Appointing--Construction Manager (Clerk of Works/ Site Supervisor or
 --Construction Management Agency --in large / complex project
 -- to work under guidance/ direction of Architect
 - paid by Client.
 -- Issue Certificate of Virtual Completion of works.
COMPLETION [STAGE 7] :-10%
 Prepare / submit
 --completion reports and
 -- drawings
 -- for project
 -- assist the Client
 -- in obtaining "Completion/ Occupancy
Certificate“
 -- from statutory authorities,
 -- Issue two sets of as drawings including services
and structures.
Professional Fee
Paid
to Architects
 PROFESSIONAL FEE :
 For professional services
 -- rendered by the Architect,
 -- he shall be paid professional fee
 -- and other charges
 -- in accordance with Scale of Charges
 --In addition, tax levied by law are to be paid
 -- such as Service tax, etc.
 -- over / above gross fees charged by the
Architect
 .
Retainer Fee- on appointment --Rs 20m or 5% of total fee
payable – whichever higher
 Stage 1-10%- on Submission of Concept design/estimate- 10% of
total fee payable –
 Stage 2- 10%-Submission of preliminary scheme/ estimate - 20%
of total fee payable – less fee paid at S-1
 Stage 3(1)-10% Submission of drawings for client/statutory
approval- 30% of total fee payable-less fee paid at S-1,S2
 Stage 3(2)-5% On client/statutory approval-35 % of total fee
payable-less fee paid at S-1,S-2, S-3(1)
 Stage 4-10% Submission of Working drawing/specifications
/ tender document- 45% of total fee payable less fee paid at
S-1,S-2, S-3
 Stage 5 – 10%--calling/receiving/analyzing/ advising on
tender- 55% of total fee payable -- less fee paid up to S-
4
 -
Stage 6-35%- paid a total of 90%
 10%-- Submission of working drawings/details for
starting work
 5%- on completion of 20% work

 5%- on completion of 40% work

 5%- on completion of 60% work

 5%- on completion of 80% work

 5%- on virtual completion work

 Stage 7 – 10% less retainer fee- 100 %

 Submission of completion report/drawings for issuance

of completion/occupancy certificate and built drawings-
 PAYMENT TO THE ARCHITECT
Fee payable to Architect -- computed on actual cost of works on
completion.
-- Actual cost of completed works include
-- cost of assigned works
--cost of equipment & machinery -- Transformers, DG Sets, Sub-
stations, Lifts, Air Conditioning Machines, Pumps & Motors, Water and
Sewage Treatment Plant, etc.,
--excluding the cost of land

•Payment computed on following basis:

Retainer : On rough estimate of cost.
Stage 1 : On rough estimate of cost.
Stages 2 to 4 : On preliminary estimate of cost.
Stages 5 to 6b : Accepted tender cost.
Stage 7 : Actual total cost.
Progressive, payments made to Architect -- based on work done
during that stage/ mutually agreed
No deductions made -- on account of penalty, liquidated damages,
withheld /recovered from contractors/ suppliers.
 DOCUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION CHARGES :
 Apart from professional fee
 -- Client to pay
 Documentation / Communication charges
 @ 10% of professional fee payable to Architect at all
stages.
REIMBURSABLE EXPENSES :
 -- amounts reimbursed against site visits
 Actual cost of travel (to & fro)
 Boarding/ lodging/ local transport
 for visit made by his staff
 - to the site/ places connected with execution of work
 -- connected with performance of duties referred in
agreement.
 -- Cost of presentation models, computer simulation,
presentation drawings, etc., when asked by Client for
purposes other than Design/ execution of project.
 Explanatory Notes:
 1. For works costing up to Rs. 1400 M
 professional fees may be negotiable
 between Architect and Client.
 2. When Architect is engaged
 --to undertake Comprehensive Architectural Services
 - in respect of buildings/ Site Development and/ or
Landscape Architectural Services
 --as a follow up of an Urban Design/ Urban Renewal
Scheme,
 -his professional fee
 -- for Comprehensive Architectural Services/ Landscape
Architectural Services
 --shall be reduced by 20%.
--The current value of M is 1000.

CLIENT'S
ROLE
AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
:
 Client to discharge following obligations connected with project
/ engagement of the Architect :
 1 Provide detailed requirements of the project.
 2 Provide property lease/ ownership documents.
 3 Provide a:
 -- site plan, to a suitable scale,
 -- showing boundaries, contours at suitable intervals,
 --existing physical features
 -- existing roads, paths,
 -- trees, existing structures,
 -- existing service and utility lines and
 -- such lines to which proposed service can be connected
 -- If information not readily available,
 -- Client to arrange for survey/ collection of necessary
information and pay for same.
 4 To furnish reports on—
 soil conditions/ test as required by Architect or
 -- pay for the preparation of the same.
 5 Statutory stipulations/ Codes of Practice/Schedule of
rates, etc., to be followed.
 6 Pay fees, levies, security deposits and expenses for
statutory sanction.
 7 Follow professional advice of Architect - make no
changes in drawings and
 --documents without consent of Architect.
 8 Honour Architect's bills within one month of
submission.
 9 Appoint
 -- Construction Manager (Clerk of Works/ Site
Supervisor or
 --Construction Management Agency
 --in case of a large and complex project)
 as per the Architect's advice.
ARCHITECT'S
ROLE
AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
:
 1 Architect to keep Client informed about progress of
work .
 2 Architect to appoint specialised consultants in
consultation with Client, when necessary.
 3 Architect responsible for direction/ integration of
consultants work.
 Consultants responsible for calculations/ detailed design
/ periodic inspection/ evaluation of work entrusted .
 4 Architect to advise Client on
 -- Time Schedule (Bar Chart/PERT/ CPM Network) prepared
by contractors for completion of work.
 5 Architect to supply to Client, free of cost, upto six sets
of drawings at different stages.
 6 Architect not to make
 -- deviations/alterations/ omissions
 -- from approved drawings,
 -- involving financial implications without prior consent of
the Client.
 7 Additional professional services rendered by Architect after
project completion period --compensated on mutually agreed
terms.
 8 Architect to exercise all:
-- reasonable skill, care and diligence
- exercise superintendence / inspection
- -- to ensure works executed
- -- in accordance with Conditions of Contract.
 9 Any revision in drawings/ tenders / documents, once
approved, required by Client
 -- compensated as additional services by Architect and
 -- paid for @ 50% of the fee prescribed for the relevant stage(s).
 10 No change made in approved drawings / specifications at
site without consent of Architect.
 11 Any curtailment of professional services, beyond Stage 2
 -- client to pay at least 20% of fee
 -- for remaining Stage(s) of curtailed work/ Services.
 TIME SCHEDULE :
 Architect in consultation with the Client,
prepare:
 -- a Time Schedule
 -- in respect of various services
 --to be rendered and
 -- discharge of Client's obligations.
:In the event a
 -- claim / suit is brought
 -- against Architect/ Consultants
 -- by any third party
 -- for damages
 -- arising from personal injury
 -- or property damage
 -- caused wholly by Client, or
 -- anyone employed by Client, or
 -- anyone for whose acts Client held responsible,
 -- then Client shall indemnify Architect and
 -- fully reimburse any loss/ damage / expenses,
 including attorney's fees,
 which Architect may incur
 Architectural design --an intellectual property of
Architect.
 -- Drawings, Specifications, Documents and
models -- also property of Architect
 - whether project, for which made, executed or
not.
 -- Client may retain copies of Architect's models,
drawings, specifications; other documents for
information and use in connection with project.
 -- But not used for other project by Client / any
other person, except for repetition as stipulated in
Scale of Charges.
 1 Agreement between Architect / Client may be terminated :
 --by either one
 -- giving other a written notice
 -- of not less than 30 (thirty) days,
 -- should either fail substantially to perform his part of
responsibilities/duties,
 -- so long as the failure not caused by one initiating
termination.
 2 When termination of Agreement
 -- not related to-- omission/ neglect / default of Architect
 -- Architect entitled to professional fees
 3 When Architect's firm closing its business
 -- or Client having terminated agreement
 -- Client have right to
 -- employ another Architect
 -- to complete work,
 -- after making payment
 -- to previous architect's firm.
In case of
- any ambiguity or
- -- difficulty
- -- in interpretation of
- -- Conditions of Engagement and
- -- Scale of Charges,
- -- interpretation of
- -- Council of Architecture
- --shall be final and binding
- -- on Architect and Client.
 All disputes / differences
-- between Client and Architect
 -- under "Conditions of Engagement and
 --Scale of Charges“
 -- with regard to the
 -- meaning / interpretation or
 -- matter / things done / to be done
 -- such disputes /differences
 -- referred for arbitration
 -- to Council of Architecture.
-- Arbitrator appointed by
-- President, Council of Architecture.
-- Arbitration conducted as per the provisions of the
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
-- Decision / award of Arbitrator -- final and binding
on Architect/ Client.
 Architecture-- is primarily art / science of designing spaces --for
serving multifarious activities of human beings and-- for meeting their
specific needs in a meaningful built environment.
 Structural Design-- is to evolve a strong, durable and an efficient
skeleton --so that the space which architecture encloses, and form in
which it expresses itself as interior content and an exterior container,
becomes an organic extension of one another
 Urban Design--- is architecture of cities, highly complex and
gargantuan in scale. The primary aim of urban design is to imbibe and
maintain a sense of identity and harmony among buildings, open spaces
and other structures by means of a pleasant and memorable visual
imagery throughout the length and breadth of an urban setting.
 Landscape Architecture-- deals with the analysis, planning, design,
management, preservation and rehabilitation of land and also
determines the environmental impact. It is a science capable of objective
analysis and synthesis leading to an ecologically-sensitive design, which
is self-sustainable.
 Interior Architecture-- primary objective is to generate a purposeful
ambience such as would stimulate the user's creative potential through
multifarious activities
 Architecture Design ---essentially is a product of an individual mind but
realized through association of experts from allied fields who contribute
in the process of construction
 Architectural
Competition
Guidelines
 Competition part of human history and culture to
locate the best possible options
 --Create great public interest,
 -- leads to discovery of new talent
 - Discovery of best designs
 The Council of Architecture Competition Guidelines;
 --provides code that
 --safeguards interests of promoters/ architects,
 -- helps clients to make choice of an architect
 - Provides client with number of solutions to choose
 -- minimises cost to Client
 --Architects prohibited to compete against each other
without charging a fee
 - in an open architectural competition they are allowed
to do so
 Offers opportunity to Architects
 -- to compete in projects of national importance
 - to prove their talent and ability.
 -- provide opportunity for research/ study of a
new building type,
 -- exploring possibilities of new technical ideas
and
 -- for gaining new experience.
 For the promoter advantages are
 -- competition may cost more than commissioning
an architect privately and
 -- also takes a little more time.
 -- But balanced by numerous choice of
 -- best with variety of approaches.
--- a wide range of ideas /concepts
 -- selecting design which fits into his requirements.
 – Explores hidden talents among younger Architects
-- explores talents of those competing in
architectural challenge,
-- possibility of having outstanding design.
-- take pride in finding best architect
 Competition Guidelines by Council of Architecture-
 -- protect and safeguards
 -- interests of both Promoter and Competitors.
 -- While ensuring
 -- promoter a design of high standard
 - competitors compete on same conditions/ within
same limitations- providing level playing field
Purpose of Guidelines is to:
-- detail out architectural competitions system,
-- help client to make up his mind whether competition
right answer to his architectural problem,
-- what kind of competition to be suitable.
--how competitions to be organised and
-- to make promoter understand responsibilities and
liabilities .
 Purpose of Competition Guidelines laid down by COA is to
detail out terms and conditions which will ensure--
 -- each competitor competes on similar conditions/ limitations.
 -- entries judged only by qualified professionals
 -- capable of interpreting competitors' presentations-
 --meeting promoter's requirements..
 --Appointment of Assessors -- first step for a competition.
 - Appointment of Technical Advisors- qualification, role and
responsibilities
 -- define the qualification of Assessors
 -- define the Role of Assessors
 -- Preparation of the project brief
 -- Manner in which competition to be conducted-- Finalising
competition conditions.
 -- Prepare final report/award.
 --Prizes to be paid
 --Remuneration to be paid to Assessors
 - Liabilities and Responsibilities of Promoter

ELIGIBILITY TO
COMPETE
 Participation in all competitions shall be open to:
 Architects -- registered with the COA under the
Architects Act, 1972 --on the date of announcement
of competition and thereafter.

 Firms-- in which all the partners shall be registered

with the Council of Architecture under the Architects
Act, 1972 on the date of announcement of the
competition and thereafter.1

 Students of a Teaching Institution-- recognised by

the COA- provided no staff member of institution is
sole Assessor ---
 --or in a jury of three or more Assessors, only one
Assessor is from the staff of the said institution.

 -- Promoter/ Assessor/s /their associate, partner/

employee shall not compete/ assist a competitor / act
as architect/ joint architect for competition project.
Registration
Procedure
 Competitors when asked to pay substantial
registration fees
 should know when registered under what
conditions registration fee will be refunded.
 Intending competitors must receive sufficient
information
 when invited to apply for competition conditions
 to enable them to judge
 whether competition falls within guidelines for
architectural competition of COA and
 whether they are capable of tackling problem set
by the competition.
 The Council of Architecture recommends 3 parts Procedure:
 PART I
 A leaflet / advertisement should include following
information:
 Name of the Promoter
 Purpose and nature of the competition—ideas/ single or 2
stage competition
 material competitor would submit.
 The prizes (or honoraria)
 Names of Assessors
 Persons eligible to compete
 Approximate time table
 Procedure for registration,
 Last date for registration and
 Date by which competition conditions would be made
available by promoter.

 PART II
 An intending competitor makes an application for
registration form,
 completes registration form
 sends by registered post within the time stipulated
 to promoter with registration fee (if any).
 Registration complete when promoter accepts
competitor's eligibility by placing his name on the
competition register and
 informs him in writing
 PART III
 The competition condition sent to competitors
 when his eligibility is established and
 his name is entered in the competition register.
TYPES OF
COMPETITIONS
Three types of competitions—
 i Project Competition
 - to find best solution for actual building project
 -- to appoint winner to carry out commission
 ii Idea Competition
 --to get ideas about
 -- certain aspects of architectural/ town planning
issues.
 -- winner may not be commissioned to carry out
project,
 --students of architecture may participate when
permitted by promoter
 iii Combination of both– Project and idea
 .
CLASSIFICATION
OF
COMPETITIONS
 Three options of holding Competitions
(I) OPEN COMPETITIONS
--Competitions where all Architects invited to participate
-- through announcement by advertisements
-- in suitable media/ through circulars
-- which may be issued by the promoters.
-- for projects costing less than Rs. 10,00,000/ may be limited to Architects having office in State
of the project site.
-- Participants are not paid
ii) Limited Competition- Competition by Invitation
 --Competitions limited to Architects
 -- approx. 5 to 8
 -- selected by promoter
 -- on advice of Senior Architect Assessor / Board of Assessors,
 -- Each participant submitting designs shall receive honorarium.
 (III) SPECIAL COMPETITIONS
-- for projects involving
 -- town planning and
 -- design problem or
 -- use of industrial components
 --or participation of developers.
 -- participation may be be limited to professionals/ group of professionals ------with definite
expertise.
 -- competition announcement to clearly define field of expertise.
ORGANISATION
OF
COMPETITIONS

Competitions may be organised in one or two stages.

 -- Single Stage Competition

 -- Two Stage Competition

 (I) SINGLE STAGE COMPETITION

--In single stage competition
 -- competition entries
 -- shall be fairly complete drawings
 -- plans, section, elevations, etc.
 -- to a suitable scale
 -- sufficient to explain scheme set out in competition
 -- designs submitted
 -- assessed by the Assessors
 -- for award of prizes and
 -- appointment of architect.
 --Such competitions recommended for small &simple project.
 II) TWO STAGE COMPETITIONS
 STAGE ONE--
-- first stage is for soliciting ideas
 -- competition entries limited to planning
 --on broad basis and
 -- drawings to a suitable scale
 --sufficient to indicate the intention/idea of competitor.
 --Designs submitted assessed by the Assessors
 -- for selecting a small number of competitors (between 5 and 10)
 -- selected designs invited to take part in the second stage of the competition,
 -- each invited architect paid a specified sum.
 ---to maintain anonymity , each competitor informed individually
 --whether or not invited to participate in the second stage.
 -- Correspondence --responsibility of Promoter / Professional Adviser, if appointed
 --. to ensure names of invited / rejected not revealed to assessor
 --After end of the first stage
 -- Board of Assessors, if necessary / with approval of the Promoter
 -- clarify points in competition conditions
 -- for benefit of second stage competitors
 STAGE TWO
 -- Period between Assessors award for the first stage and
submission of designs for the second stage not to exceed
six months.
 -- In exceptional circumstances period may be extended.
 --Second stage competition may be limited
 -- to only a part of subject dealt in first stage.
 --Members of Board of Assessors shall be same
 -- for first stage / second stage
 -- Designs submitted
 -- for both first/ second stage
 -- shall be exhibited and/or published
 -- only after final award of the second stage competition.
 -- If any design selected for second stage published/
exhibited before final award of second stage declared, it
will be disqualified.
 --Two stage competitions recommended
 -- for town planning and for large scale / complex project.
 III. REGIONAL SPECIAL CATEGORY COMPETITIONS
 --This type of competition
 -- intended for small projects
 -- of charitable organisations
 -- in which four to six local firms
 --compete for the appointment
 -- as the Architect.
 --No premiums are given and
 -- the winner appointed to carry out the project.

ADVISORS-
Technical
Professional
 Advisers

 (I) TECHNICAL ADVISER

 - Where necessary promoter in consultation with Assessor/Board of
Assessors appoint
 -- one / more technical advisers
 -- to assist in preparation of brief for competition project and
 -- to advise Board of Assessors on competition design entries.
 ---advise limited to his expertise with no voting rights.
 (II) PROFESSIONAL ADVISER
 For two stage competition--Professional Adviser appointed ( Architect
registered with COA ).
 - He will not be connected with Board of Assessors / attend any of its
meetings.
 Professional Adviser responsible to maintain the anonymity of each
competitor/
 On completion of first stage of competition
 --sealed envelopes containing names of the competitors opened only by
Promoter or Professional Adviser without disclosing names to anyone
 -- inform each competitor individually whether invited or not for second
stage.
 -- All envelopes resealed by Professional Adviser/Promoter till final
award.
 --If after first stage, Assessors wish to clarify / amplify any aspect of
competition project, it shall be conveyed to competitors only by
Professional Adviser/Promoter.
Conditions for
conducting
architectural
competitions
Conditions of competitions shall clearly
give::
-- Conditions based on guidelines of COA.
-- Type of Competition.
-- Purpose of competition
-- intentions of the promoter.
---Nature of problem to be solved.
--- practical / mandatory requirements to be met by
competitors.
-- Number, nature, scale and dimensions of documents,
plan and/or models.
-- Estimates if required in standard form, issued with
conditions.
-- Nature of prizes.
-- Names of Assessors.
---Necessary information required for conducting the
competition.
-- Competition conducted in English.
--- All competition designs submitted anonymously.
 Contractual Obligation
 General Conditions
 Prize Money and Honoraria
 Anonymity
 Copyright and Right of Ownership
 Insurance
 Competition Time table
 Cost Estimates
 Termination of Competition
 Appointment of Architect
 Exhibition of Entries
 Return of Design Drawings
--- Competition conditions / schedule of
requirement primary importance for success of
competition- needs to be given sufficient time
 1. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION
 Publication of competition constitutes an offer of
a contract by the promoter,
 submission of design for competition, the
competitor accepts this contract.
 The competition conditions /reply to competitor's
questions –
 -constitute legal basis for contract
 - legally binding on promoter and competitors.
 Project brief /conditions of competition approved by
Senior Architect Assessor & Board of Assessors before
publication/ issue to competitors.
 Conditions / requirement of competition to be identical
 - Copy filed with COA with answers to questions
 Conditions to indicate mandatory/free for interpretation
 Information to be specific/not open to misinterpretation.
 Supplementary information sent to all competitors .
 Conditions to indicate promoter's priorities--functional
aspects, economy of construction / in use, solution to
technical or circulation problems etc).
 Exact use of winning design.
 Designs not be put to any other use / altered except by
agreement with author
 Any amount remitted by applicants for 'Conditions of the
Competition',--Fully refunded in case of decision not to compete
/return the "Conditions of the Competition" within four weeks prior to
submission of design.
 Submission of design means -acceptance by competitor of conditions of
competition.
 Each design accompanied by a declaration that
 --design is bonafide work
 -- drawings prepared under his supervision
 - accept award of the Assessors as final and binding.
 In case two / more architects compete - a partnership deed to be
created for carrying project in case of winning the competition.
 Board of Assessors:
 -- must make awards
 --which shall be final / binding
 -- made public by a date stated in conditions.
 -- at its discretion adopt "promoters' choice".
 -- select not more than three designs which are of equal merit
 -- selection of winning design could be made by promoter after
discussing with authors of selected designs their respective entries.
 Condition for competition must state:
 -- number of prizes and
 -- amount of each prize money.
 -- Prize money related to the size of project,
 -- amount of work involved and expenses incurred for
preparation for competition.
 -- In Ideas competition where subsequently work carried
out by official bodies-- prize money to be adequate to
compensate competitors for ideas
 --Promoter to accept decision of Board of Assessors
 -- pay prize monies within one month of announcement
of results.

 --Each participant in a limited competition/ invitation two

stage competition to receive an honorarium.
 -- Amount reimbursed for two stage competition for
additional work carried out in second stage stated in
conditions for competition.
4. ANONYMITY
 Anonymity of competitors maintained till final award of Board of
Assessors .
 No competitor shall terminate his anonymity till the final award.
 Anonymity of each competitor guaranteed by adopting suitable
measures

 5. COPYRIGHT & RIGHT OF OWNERSHIP

 Each competitor shall retain copyright for competition design.
 Design awarded first prize only used upon commissioning author of
design to render professional services to carry out project.

 No other design shall be used wholly/ in part by promoter.

 Promoter's right on design awarded the first prize/ designs selected--

covers one execution only.

 Competition conditions , may provide for repetitive work and specify

terms thereof.

 Each competitor shall retain right of reproduction of his design

6. INSURANCE
 Promoter to insure for damage /loss by fire/floods/any other reason
 --Competitor's design drawings
 --submitted in competition
 -- when he assumes responsibility for them
 --and for duration of his responsibility
 -- for loss during transit when drawings returned to competitor.
 --Amount of insurance stated in competition conditions.
 7. COMPETITION TIME TABLE
 Notice of competition shall clearly indicate :
 -- last date for application for the competition conditions
 -- last date for submission of the design drawings.
 --Last date for submission of questions.
 --Approximate date when the answers to the questions will be sent to
the competitors.
 -- final date for despatch of entries by the competitors and receipt by
promoter.
 --Sufficient time given for transport,
 --particularly for open competitions where competitors will be from all
over the country.
 --Interval between date of despatch & date of delivery should be
between five and ten days.

 Competition time table under no circumstances be
shortened.

 The Board of Assessors to decide upon:

 -- judging dates at early stage of the competition
 -- date of announcement of awards
 - included in conditions of competition.
 In case of two stage competitions
 -- conditions of competition indicate dates for first
stage only.
 --All dates of second stage to form part of
conditions of reference to second stage.
 In unavoidable delay in judging—
 -- a new date fixed by Board of Assessors
 -- confirmed by all members and
 -- publicly announced
 8. COST ESTIMATES
--Competitors may be required
-- to submit cost estimate of their design
-- on areas / volume basis.
-- Cost estimate shall not be a determining factor in Assessors'
decision except where cost limits are rigidly imposed and
-- stated in competition conditions.
 9. TERMINATION OF THE COMPETITION
 Promoter may terminate competition if:
 - in opinion of Board of Assessors
 -- none of competition designs declared as winning entry.
 - promoter under advice of Board of Assessors to award
second, third and additional prizes as declared
 - none of competitors will be considered for appointment
 -- as architect for project and
 -- promoter not liable to make any further payments to any of
competitors.
 Award of first prize to a design places promoter under obligation
to appoint its author-- as architect for commissioning of project.
 If Board of Assessors satisfied for a valid objection to appointment
of author of winning design as architect
 -- he may be required to associate with a senior architect / firm of
architects of his choice
 -- whose qualifications shall be approved by Board of Assessors.
 -- Failing this , author of design placed next on merit appointed as
architect subject to similar conditions.
 -- award of Board of Assessors shall not be varied for any reasons.
 --If no instructions given to design selected by Assessor to
proceed within twelve months from date of award,
 - he shall receive payment
 -- for his services in connection with
 -- preparation of Competition drawings
 -- of a sum equal to 1.00 percent on the amount of estimated cost.
 -- First premium shall be deducted from the sum so paid.
 -- If work subsequently proceeded this sum shall from part of his
ultimate fee.
 11. EXHIBITION OF ENTRIES
 -All competition designs
 -- including those disqualified by Board of Assessors
 -- exhibited for at least one week
 -- together with a copy of the signed report of Board of Assessors.
 -- Exhibition shall be open to public free of charge.
 --Promoter to notify all competitors & announce in media
 -- days / place of public exhibition of competition.
 --Promoters to submit to COA -a copy of signed report of jury and
 -- if requested photographs of selected designs for possible publication.
 12. RETURN OF DESIGN DRAWINGS
 --All drawings, plans, models etc.
 -- submitted except those of winning design
 -- shall be returned by promoter at the end of public exhibition at
his own cost.
 -- Drawings, plans, models of winning design shall be returned to
its author
 --on being appointed as Architect for Project or
 -- after six months from date of announcement of award by Board
of Assessors whichever is early.
 Role of Assessors/ Senior Assessor shall be to ;
 --Assist in preparation / approval of project brief.
 -- Type of Competition to be held
 --Study / understand requirements of Local Authorities
 -- Visit / examine project site,
 -- Advise on appointment of Technical Advisers, if necessary.
 --Finalise competition conditions.
 -- Prepare final report/award.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 --The project brief most important document of competition
 -- Success depends upon clarity / completeness of brief.
 -- Need close cooperation between Promoters / Assessors
 -- in preparation / finalisation of brief.
 -- Participation of Assessors in preparation of brief will:
 -- enable them to understand fully intent of promoter
 -- as qualified Architects they would:
 -- visualize development
 --with reference to promoter's requirements,
 -- site conditions etc.
 -- in interpreting the competition entries.
 For complicated projects -- Hospitals, Airports etc.
 -- projects involving highly technical elements,
 -- Technical Adviser necessary
 -- in initial stage
 -- to help Promoter/ Assessors
 -- to draw up brief and
 -- advise Assessors on technical aspect of
competition entries.
 The Board of Assessors :
 --shall be set up before promotion of competition.
 --Their names stated in competition conditions.
 -- composed of a smallest reasonable number of assessors
 -- Odd in number
 --Size related with size of competition project
 -- preferably number not to exceed seven
 --Of Assessors , number of Architects , registered with
COA to be in majority of at least one.
 -- number of Assessors representing promoters not to
exceed two
 --Each member to examine / approve competition
conditions before made available to competitors.
 -- may invite Technical Advisers as experts in specialised
fields
 -- to assist in assessment of competition entries without
any voting rights.
 --Quorum for meeting shall be at least 2/3rd of voting
members of the Board
 -- Board to elect a Chairman from among its members.
 --In event of death of an Assessor before/ during
assessment of competition/ his inability due to illness/ or
any other cause-- another Assessor shall be appointed
 --No promoter of competition / assessors/ any partner,
associate, or employee -- compete or assist a competitor,
or act as architect or joint architect for project.
 This regulation shall not be applicable to:
--Staff / students of an Institution of which a member of regular
teaching staff is on the BOA, provided he is not the sole Assessor

--Employees of a Government/ Semi-Government /Public Sector

organisation of which one of its employees is on Board of
Assessors --provided he is not sole Assessor and Board consists
of three or more Assessors of whom only one is such an employee.
 In two stage competitions, same members shall judge
both stages of competition.
 In no case a competition as a single stage competition
proceed to a second stage except with knowledge of the
Council of Architecture and
 --arrangement for payment of honoraria to the
competitors involved, over and above the prize money
provided for in the original competition.
 In such a secondary competition taking place-- Assessors
appointed for the original competition must be
reappointed by promoters.

 Any drawings, photographs, models or other documents

not required by competition conditions excluded before
examining competitors' entries.

 --disqualify any design which does not conform to any of

the conditions, instructions or requirements of
competition.
 The Board must make an award.
 -- The award shall be final and shall be made public in open
competitions
 -- intimated individually to all those participating in limited
competition,
 -- by a date stated in the conditions.
 --while distributing award money--- shall make full use of the
amounts set aside for prizes in competition conditions.
 --In an ideas competition, a first prize shall be awarded.
-- decision shall be taken by a majority vote with a separate
vote on each entry.
 --The award including Assessors report to promoter, shall be
signed by all members of Board before they disperse.
 Board to make its award known to promoter in a formal
statement signed by a simple majority of members.
 Statement to indicate number of designs examined and order
of prizes awarded. Statement must be completed before
envelops are opened and Assessors disperse.
 The fees/ travel expenses / out of pocket expenses of
members of Board shall be paid by promoter.
Architect’s –
Duties and
Responsibilities
i. Business- while dealing with client money
ii Technology-Planning, designing, controlling
construction, coordinating all activities
iii Quasi – judicial—administering contract
between client and contractor besides resolving
conflicts between them
In addition--
 Rendering quality services
 with highest level of Competency
 Exercising due care
 following Professional conduct
i. Skill & knowledge – required to design the project
ii. Understanding- purpose and function of building to be designed
iii. Legal knowledge- Acts, Rules, bye-laws relating to designing,
constructing --buildings/permission
iv. Cost- ability to advise on cost to decide on scope/specifications
v. Drawings- skill to prepare drawings, plans ,specification for
execution/ approvals
vi. Payments- ability to certify payments- bills
vii. Modifications- skill for accommodating changes, if any, during
construction
viii. Resolving problems- relating to construction, contractor,
authorities- through intervention and advice
ix. Quality- ensure quality of work
x. Completion- of project on schedule
xi. Service- Render quality service
xii. Advise- Render best of professional advice
The Duties and
Responsibilities
of a Building
Contractor
 A building contractor is:
 -- an individual
 --who engages in
 -- planning, developing and coordinating of
activities
 --which relates to construction of buildings.
 The building contractor is :
 --the individual
 --who oversees construction
 -- and ensures that
 -- all necessary measures are taken
 -- to complete the project.
 A building contractor has
 -- wide range of duties /responsibilities
 --in construction of buildings.
 --his job involves:
 i. hard work
 ii thorough knowledge
 Iii thorough understanding and
 Iv expertise
 v of processes
 vi.which form part of construction/building of
structures.
 Responsibilities of a contractor involve:
 -- i planning,
 -- ii carrying activities relating to:
 -- construction of a building/ structure.
 contractor do duties by:
 --i supervising employees
 --ii planning how project will be carried out
 -- iii completing project
 --iv complying with all existing laws, rules and
regulations related to construction.
 Contractor required to do certain duties to ensure
that project is completed on time/ correct manner;
 i to prepare and implement plan- in which to
carry out construction project.
 -ii developing timeline to be followed from start
to finish.
 -iii hiring, supervising, firing employees.
--iv take care of payroll .
--v obtaining materials for the project&
correspondence with material suppliers
--vi to acquire licenses / permits from relevant
entities for starting the building project--
building licenses to zoning permits
-vi Knowledge of relevant regulations and laws
regarding construction process
 i Contractor to establish a budget for
construction project and follow that
budget as closely as possible.
 ii Budget to help building contractor to
obtain supplies, hire workers and finish the
construction in a cost-efficient manner.
 iii building contractor needs to follow the
building project closely .
-iv to deal with all emergencies /surprises
relating to project that occur on-site and
sometimes off-site as well.
 .
 Good building contractor should :
 -i Possess decisiveness– taking important decisions
on a daily basis,- having knowledge of what he wants
and acts on it.
 -ii have experience- helps in getting the job done in a
quick and efficient manner.
 -- iii have good leadership qualities-- many
individuals depend upon building contractor to show
way
 -iv Capacity to resolve issues --in a quick and speedy
fashion-- delay in one portion of construction project
can hold up entire process,.
 -v Must also knows how to troubleshoot --for
beneficial results in the end
 vi. Building contractors have multi-faceted duties and
responsibilities. Contractors who are experienced ,
determined, steadfast , decisiveness and seek quick
resolutions prosper greatly in occupation
CONTRACT
and
ARBITRATION
 Most construction carried through contract system-
agreement between owner and construction agency
 Construction a complex process involving both parties
 Owner’s team- architect, engineer and consultant
 both parties must pull in same direction & with same
speed to successfully complete project
 Word- Contract- drawn from latin word- contractor-
drawing together
 Contract-An agreement enforceable by law is a contract-
Indian Contract Act, 1872
 Contract—an agreement between two or more persons
 --intended to be enforceable by law
 --constituted by making offer by one and
 - Acceptance by other
 --to do or abstain from doing that act
 To complete work given to construction company :
 --without any complication
 - within specified time
 -- within specified cost
 -conforming to specified quality
 --without loss of harmony between key participants
------------------------------------------
 Completion of work
 Completion of work within time
 Completion of work within time and cost
 Completion of work within time and cost conforming to quality
 Completion of work within time and cost conforming to quality and
without sacrificing harmony
 -------------------------------------
 Owner desires– Best value for money spent
 Contractor wants – Maximum rate of return on
investment
 Common objective–Completion of Work
 i.There must be two parties one making offer and other
accepting offer
 Ii. Agreement between contacting parties to terms&
conditions of contract
 iiiGenuine intention of parties to accept/fulfill their
rights and duties
 Iv Legal capacity of parties to make contract
 v Consideration of some value exchanged
 Vi Agreement enforceable by law--Agreement not
enforceable is a void contract
 Vii Agreement enforceable at option of one or more
parties but not enforceable at the options of other- void
 Viii Both parties must be major
 Ix Parties must be of sound mind
 X Parties must not in a relationship of undue influence
Types of contracts–
i. Based on purpose- full contract, labour
contract,/transport contracts/procurement
contracts /Turnkey contracts /consultancy/
Erection contracts
ii. Based on Economic conditions– lump sum
/cost+fee /item rate/ turnkey/ BOOT/ labour/
demolition/ day work
1 Measurement Contracts(Item rate &
%age contracts)
 2 Lump Sum Contracts
 3 Cost plus Fee Contracts
 4 Turnkey Contracts
 5 BOOT Contracts
 6 Labour Contracts
 7 Demolition Contracts
 8 Other Works
 9 Day Works
 10. Consultancy Contracts
1 Measurement Contracts
--Item rate –for large works- owner quotes
quantity and unit, Tenderer- Rate for each item- payment
based on actual measuremnt
-- % age contracts- for small/ repetitive/ repair/
maintenance works-owners gives, items, rate,
quantities, amount- Contractor –quotes-- % above,
below, at par- payment based on actual measurement
 2 Lump Sum Contracts-when cost of entire
work quoted based on scope of work, planning,
designing, working drawings all drawings, specifications
frozen before inviting tender—
 -- owners knows total cost of work in beginning,
 -- no change in scope can be made,
 -- if made additional payment made
 3 Cost plus Fee Contracts- adopted for
emergency/miscellaneous/undefined scope of
works–
 Contractor paid– actual cost+ fixed fee+ incentive
 - contractor risk minimum-owner cost uncertain-
adopted in government/private sector work
 4 Turnkey Contracts—
 contractor responsibility for defined scope of work--
planning, designing ,construction, commissioning
 - paid fixed lump sum amount
 - Risk for the contractor-- weather/ site/foundation/
unforeseen problems
 -suitable for projects where all functional parameters are
defined
 - thermal plant- commercial/ defense /interior projects
 -eliminates co-ordination problems
 -- with minimum responsibility centers
 5 BOOT Contracts- Build, own, operate,
Transfer contracts
 —encouraging private sector-to fund- build-
own- operate
 --collect toll, for a fixed time and then hand
back projects to authority
 – suitable for highways, airports, power plant,
waters supply, bridges etc
 - govt. acts as facilitator- legal issues, land
acquisition,, enforcement
 - Government may also join – in a separate
holding company
 DFBOOT- Designing, financing, build, own,
operate, transfer
 6 Labour Contracts-
 -owner supplies all materials
 - contractor- labour/ equipment/plant/machinery
 - responsible for execution work
 - may lead to misuse/waste of material
 - popular for quality of material/construction
 - problems related to escalation of cost of material donot
impact project
 —need effective supervision for;
 -- quality
 --wastage
 --workmanship
 -suitable for all types of work
 - new/addition/alteration/repair etc
 7 Demolition Contracts-
 -involves demolition of existing building/removal of
debris
 - contractor removes/salvage/ pay for material to owner
 - highest bidder given contract
 -entire bid money deposited by contractor
 - to forfeit incase of default/ non-compliance/non-
removal of debris,
 Contractor – take insurance of worker, compensate them
for accidents
 contract to define scope of work- part/whole demolition
 -incase of part- to make good any loss to remaining
building
 - item to be retained by owner to be specified
 -Earnest money refunded to contractor after the work
 8 Other Works-
 -- splitting
 --large repetitive works
 --into smaller parts
 --- allotted through tendering
 --- canals/metros railway/road
work/electrical/water supply etc-
 9 Day Works
 -for specialized works of small nature
 - which cannot be measured in value terms
 -decorative/craft/artwork etc
 -payment include material cost+ hire
 - charges for machinery + labour charges
+profit
 --- no security/tendering
 - clark of work to report to architect/engineer
for progress
 - wages paid to conform Government guidelines
 - uncertainty in cost
 - difficulty in measurement
 10. Consultancy Contracts-
 --Hiring of consultants for specialized projects
 -- paid on job basis/ lump sum basis/ call basis/
retainer ship basis
 -- depending on situation/ other factors
 Consultants selected on
 --Quality base selection- for specialised
projects- master plans/ finance
 --Best Expert Advise—Feasibility/structural
engineering/major projects-dam
 -- Selection under Fixed Budget– for
simple/precisely defined projects
Selection
of
Contractors
 Selection of contractor- most important part of
contract management
 Critical Factors of construction depend on selection
of a suitable contractor to ensure—
 - Quality
 -- Speed
 --Economy
 -- Harmony
 - Selection of Contractor to be based on principles
of--equity and fair play
 Contractor is selected by owner by any of the
following process after negotiations, when needed
 1. Public Tender
2. Pre- Qualification
 3. Post- Qualification
 4. Limited Tenders
 5. Single Tenders
 6. Nomination
 Tender– or quotation is a:
-- written offer
-- to execute a work or
-- supply of materials required
-- for construction of a facility
-- within a stipulated time
-- under specified conditions of tender/quotation
Public Tender
 For Government works
 - public tenders invited from registered contractors of
appropriate class
 - Tender notice explains
 -- conditions
 - work experience,
 financial solvency,
 annual turnover,
 registration as contractor.
 General reputation is considered before awarding the contract
Contractors are pre-qualified to ensure:
--competition is among capable and qualified bidders
-- Selection of best contractor
- Elimination of incompetent/ insincere contractors
 Pre- qualification of contractor is based on—
 - work experience,
 - financial solvency,
 -- annual turnover, .
 - quality of work executed
 --Organisational structure
 --Board of Directors
 --Plant and Machinery available
 - Manpower available - technical/non-technical
 --General reputation
Tender documents is issued only to those
contractors, who are registered in the
-- I&FC Deptt. ( Irrigation and Flood control
Deptt)
-- CPWD,
--PWD (NCT of Delhi),
--MES
-- duly got verified by I&FC Deptt.


 Contractors enlisted in various classes are
entitled to submit their tenders, as per financial
limits of estimated cost shown below:
 Class I - upto Rs. 20.00 Crore
 Class II - upto Rs. 5.00 Crore
 Class III - upto Rs. 150.00 lac
 Class IV - upto Rs. 60.00 lac
 Class V - upto Rs. 15.00 lac
 Contractor to submit application in a prescribed form
complete with all documents
 Reports submitted verified / works done by
contractor inspected and/or to get such other reports
as may be considered necessary.
 If contractor found suitable for enlistment--
enlistment order issued—otherwise rejection letter
sent of to contractor
 -- decision of enlistment authority final and binding
on contractor.
-- authority reserves right to limit number of
contractor to be enlisted in any class .
 Enlistment of contractors may be closed at any
point of time.
 While closing department may have a reserved list of
eligible contractors from pending applications.
 Out of this-- contractors enlisted depending on
requirement in a particular area/ NCT as a whole.
 Enlistment valid for a period of four years.
 Enlistment can, be revalidated .
 Each revalidation shall be for a period of three
years
 Enlistment shall be open to:
 -- review by the enlistment authority
 -- liable to termination,
 -- suspension
 - demotion to a lower class
 -- any other such action
 -- at any time if considered necessary
 -- by the enlistment authority,
 -- after issue of show cause notice
 Disputes are part of human living
 In ancient times disputes referred to Village
Panchayats for speedy settlements
 During British Rule, Arbitration was encouraged
 Arbitration Act, 1899 was the first Act
 Replaced by Arbitration Act, 1940 as full code
 The Arbitration and Reconciliation Act, 1996
based on the UN Model Act was passed in 1996
 Act provides for-
 Domestic Arbitration
 International commercial and
 Enforcement of foreign Arbitral awards
 1. Capitulation- weaker party give in -to retain
goodwill/ long term business relationship with
stronger party
 2. Negotiation--Both parties sink differences and
try to reach amicable settlement
 3. Arbitration- Disinterested/impartial third
party appointed to adjudicate
 4. Litigation- Disputes taken to court resulting in
abnormal delay and heavy expenditure
 5. Dispute Resolution Board- Board constituted
on award of contract to resolve disputes as and
when they arise
 --Settlement of a dispute (whether of fact, law, or
procedure)
 between parties to a contract
 -- by a neutral third party (the arbitrator)
 -- without resorting to court action.
 -- Arbitration is usually voluntary but
 -- sometimes it is required by law.
 -- If both sides agree to be bound by arbitrator's
decision
 'award‘ becomes a binding arbitration.
 Exact procedure to be followed (if not included in the
contract under dispute)
 - governed usually by a country's arbitration laws, or
 --by arbitration rules prescribed by International
Chamber Of Commerce (ICC)
 Arbitration most popular mode of settling disputes
in building and construction disputes
 Most construction projects provide for arbitration
 Helps in imparting justice in a:
 -- speedier and
 -- cost-effective manner
 Determining of disputes by the decision of one or
more – persons known as Arbitrator
 Every dispute – which can be settled by a civil court
can be settled under Arbitration
 It is an alternate method of settling disputes
 Make provision for arbitral procedure which is:
 -- fair,
 -- efficient
 -- capable of meeting needs of specific arbitration
 To Minimise supervisory role of Courts
 Arbitral tribunal to give reasons for the award
 To ensure Arbitral tribunal remains within its
jurisdiction
 Permit Arbitral tribunal to use:
 -- mediation,
 -- conciliation or
 -- other procedures to settle disputes
 To make decisions of Tribunal enforceable as a degree
of court
 Arbitrator- A person appointed to settle disputes
 Arbitration Agreement- A written agreement
between client and contractor to settle future
disputes
 Order of reference– Order containing names of the
arbitrator, specific dispute, nature, time limit for
award
 Presiding arbitrator-An umpire when each party’s
arbitrator or both parties arbitrator choose one
presiding arbitrator
 Award– Written decision of the arbitrator on
completion of the proceedings
 Advantage of Arbitration over litigation:
 More Speed
 Less Expensive
 More Privacy
 Informal Proceedings
 Expertise of the Arbitrators in the field
 Flexibility in choice of meeting place and
location
 finality of decision
 Continued good relations between parties-
owners and client
 Specific clause to be introduced in contract-
settling disputes by arbitration
 Aggrieved party to approach the designated
authority to appoint arbitrator with list of
all/selected disputes and amount involved for
each dispute-
 Arbitrator is then appointed with list and --
referred with the papers submitted
 Few contracts provide for direct resolution of
disputes by parties- failure to do so can lead to
appointment of an Arbitrator
 Arbitration conducted under the provisions of
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
 Parties are to be treated on equality and given
full opportunity to present their case
 Parties are free to agree on the procedure for
Arbitral Tribunal
 Parties free to agree on the place and language for
arbitration
 Arbitration proceedings start from the date of
receipt of request for arbitration
 Claimant to state facts supporting the claim, issues
involved and remedy sought
 Respondent to give defence against these claims
 Tribunal to decide on oral/documentary evidence
 Experts appointed by Tribunal in case of specific
technical issues
 Assistance of court may be sought for taking
evidence
 Decision of the Tribunal to be by majority- being
in odd numbers
 Award to be in writing and signed by all members
 It is to be reasoned award unless otherwise agreed
to by parties
 Award amount, if not paid, to carry interest @18%
per annum from date of award to date of payment
 Award to be final and binding
 Enforced as – decree of the Civil Court
 Sticking to the scope of defined issues
 Stick to time limit
 Unambiguous, unconditional, complete and
clear decision
 Judgment and decision that of the Arbitrator
only and no one else
 Complete application of mind of Arbitrator’s
VALUATION
 Valuation was introduced due to
 -- Land Acquisition Act – for assessing value of land
on market value
 -- for levying property tax by municipalities based on
ratable value of property
 -- for buying/selling property
 -- Valuation necessity till property lives as a concept
 Valuation is a process by which value of an asset is
estimated
 - It is not an exact science with mathematical accuracy
 -It is an expert opinion – supported by relevant fact
and information impacting value of asset
 Duty of the valuer to avoid undervaluing/ over-valuing
property
 It is a guess based on certain objective factors
 -Valuation depends upon–
 -- location,
 -- quality of construction,
 -- life of building
 - current status of building
 -- type/nature of buildings- temporary/ permanent
 -- prevailing cost of land
 -- Cost of construction- plinth area rates
 -demand and supply
 - Purpose of valuation
 -cost indices
- --Available data
- —sound judgment, experience
- It is multi-disciplinary work involving knowledge of—
Architecture, engineering, mathematics, land, geography,
materials etc
 Value represent—
 -- worth, utility, attachment to a thing in the eyes
of a person
 - For a thing to have value it must possess
 - economic & Legal qualities--- utility, demand,
scarcity,, transferability of ownership
 --Value differs from person to person
 - hence different persons value differently same
property
 -- Value is a relative concept
 - valuation is a function of:
 -- place,
 --purpose and
 -- time
1. Land and Building Method
2. Composite Rate Method
3. Development Potential Method
4. Rent Capitalization Method
5. Profit Capitalization Method
6. Cost Approach Method
Land and Building Method involves a sum of ;
-- Fair Market Value of Land + Depreciated value of
building
- Depreciated value of building is worked out on
the basis of plinth area, plinth area rate of
building based on CPWD/PWD for the area based
on cost index, age of building, estimated total life
of building, savage value-
- Value of building= Value of building component+
services+ market value of land
- Valuation used for –
- --Residential/
- --self-occupied properties and
- -- certify the present worth of property
 Method used for assessing value of Residential
apartment and commercial complexes
 Comprises of = Rate per unit area of building+
proportionate share of land
 Land component decided on- location, land
values, amenities provided by developer,
specification of land
 Building component depends on- cost of
construction, age, specification, finishes,
structure, materials, location, accessibility,
quality etc
 In case of old apartments- depreciated value is
worked out for the building
 Based on the potential of land for immediate
future development- fair market value
 Used for assessing value of vacant
undeveloped/under-developed land parcels on
outskirts of city and for land within the city
based on the existing local bye-laws
 Used by developers for investment into land
and carving out smaller plots for sale
 Applied when demand for small plots exist and
land is sufficient to take up real estate
development involving residential/commercial
development with minimal cost
 Method used for valuation of rented properties,
properties under Rent Control Act
 Method considers- tenant right( not legally saleable)
and owners right to receive rent.
 This method has- Net Maintainable Rent- NMR for
landlord which is worked out by deducting outgoings
from the Gross Maintainable Rent- GMR
 - Net rent capitalised and depreciation is ignored
 Essentials for this valuation are–
 -- Gross rent,
 -- outgoing,
 --Capital employed,
 -- rate of return ,
 -- life of building,
 --unused portion of asset for future use,
 -- money required for repair
 Used for single commercial properties like-
cinema, hotel, marriage halls etc
 Net profit is capitalised
 Based on Gross profit minus outgoings
 Method sensitive to market variations
 Method approximate- applied in the absence
of data by other methods
 Net profit obtained- helps to assess value of
property along with rate of return
 Net profit- average of last 3-5 years taken
 Part of profit is goodwill taken from the tenets
 Applied primarily to service properties- which
are
 -- not frequently exchanged in market
 -- donot generate revenue by themselves
 Useful on new or special purpose properties
 -Logic is that prudent investor:
 -- should not pay more for property
 -- than cost of producing a substitute
property with the same utility
 Appointment of valuer detailing property, purpose
and scale of fee charged
 Ascertain the purpose of valuation
 Visit the site of valuation
 Document the site with maps and photographs
 Study relevant Act, practices, approach to valuation
to suit the purpose
 Follow the set procedure to determine its value
 Where necessary check by other methods and
observe difference
 Based on experience/ wisdom form an opinion of
the realistic value of asset by appropriate method
 Ascertain all possible facts
 Identify the property
 Donot inflate the value
 Donot understate the value
 Donot value illegal properties
 Donot delegate valuation to incompetent
colleague/assisttant
 Apply appropriate method of valuation
 Donot rely entirely on legal opinion
 Do not rely entirely on previous valuation report
 Take all possible precaution
 Remain objective- minimize subjectivity
 Donot yield to any pressure of offer
 Use all available legal documents- building plans,
occupation certificate, completion certificate etc
Expression of
Interest
 Expression of interest (EOI) -- process of seeking an indication of
interest from potential service providers who are capable of
undertaking specific work
 Expression of interest -- submission made by a
prospective tenderer in response to an advertisement for supply
of goods/ service
 It is a method by which a client compiles a list of --
 --potential supplier
 other than recommendations,
 research,
 maintaining a pre-selected list of possible suppliers based on
track record,
 asking consultants to prepare a list.
 Expressions of interest -- form of open tendering that allows
anyone to put themselves forward.
 offers greatest competition
 advantage of having new / emerging suppliers to try to secure
work.
 Criticised for:
 -- attracting large numbers of suppliers
 --, some of whom may be entirely unsuitable for contract
 -- can waste a time, effort and money.
 An advertisement placed online or in print press to
include:
 Description of contracting body.
 Description of nature of contract, including scale
and budget.
 Procurement route, contract type and conditions.
 Programme.
 Submission address and deadline.
 Details of the information required in EOI
 Contact details.
 Description of company– including financial
information.
 Relevant experience and technical capacity.
 Staff experience and availability.
 References.
 Tender process can be a long one,
 to avoid potential delays,
 EOI should be sought as early as practical.
 For construction contract-- when planning
approval is received.
 for public projects-- process can be very slow .
 Ideally, contracts for goods/ services required for
project should be advertised at outset of project
or soon as possible afterwards.
 Failure to advertise could result in long delays.
 An Expression of Interest (EOI)
 -- multi-staged process
 -- used to shortlist potential suppliers
 --before seeking detailed bids
 -- used when information required from tenderers
is specific but agency unsure of capability of
suppliers to provide required goods / services.
 A Request for Proposal( RFP)–
 -- can be a single or a multi-staged process
 -- used when project or requirement
 -- has been defined,
 -- but where an innovative/ flexible solution is
sought
ARCHITECTURAL
PRACTICE
 An architect has to open a office to:
 -- produce optimum work and
 -- deliver efficient service
 Methods of starting practice
 Starting own proprietorship firm
 Buying out practice from others
 Inheriting
 Joining some firm and rise from ranks to become
partner
 Joining other architects/ professionals to open
practice
 Joining Govt offices, PSU , CORPORATIONS
 In a small office-architect has to do all work—
sourcing project, prepare sketches, finalising
schemes, preparing submission drawings,
obtaining approvals, preparing working drawings/
cost-estimates, preparing/calling tenders,
selecting contractor, supervising construction,
ensuring completion besides maintaining accounts
and office
 In Older practice—office will have-- engineer to
prepare estimates/tender/supervise work,
 Draughtsman/ – to do detailed drawings,taking out
prints ,storing drawings
 Typist –cum- receptionist- for reception, typing,
record keeping, diary and dispatch
 office boy- for visiting other offices, depositing
documents
 In a big practice—
 where architects are more than 15-20-
 - trend is to form teams of 3-4 architects headed by a
senior architect as a team leader
 -- team completely responsible for the project
 - principal architect provides overall approach/ concept/
interaction with clients
 -- in few cases team leader vested with all powers:
 -- even to interact with clients, contractors, consultants
 --under direction of principal architect
 Turn over is more with greater freedom
 Senior architects given salary+ performance bonus
 Office is a place
 -where records are prepared ,handled and preserved
 -- which is centre of business
 -- where administrative functions—communication, safety,
security, co-ordination, planning, cost- efficiency, public
relation, achieving organizational goals are performed.
 Therefore office must –
 - improve existing information system
 -Reduce paper work-
 -- using computer in all areas
 --Encourage creative thinking and employees participation
 --Improve/maintain public relation
 --Attract, acquire and retain talent
 - promote cost-efficient office services
 --Decentralisation of functions to the extent possible
 -Achieving greater productivity through incentives
 -- involving employees in productivity- cost, meeting
deadlines etc
 Architects( Professional Conduct) Regulations, 1989-state
that Architect would provide their employees with:
 -- suitable working environment,
 --compensate them fairly and
 -- facilitate their professional development,
 -- recognize and respect professional contribution of his
employees
 -- provide their associates
 -- with suitable working environment
 -- compensate them fairly and
 -- facilitate their professional development,
 -- recognize and respect the professional contribution of
his associates
 -- recognize and respect professional contribution of
consultants,
 --. enter into agreement with them defining their scope of
work, responsibilities, functions, fees and mode of payment
 Management is the art and science of getting results
through other people.
 In architecture besides making other people to perform
architect has also to be role model and professional
contributor- Team leader
 Architect as co-ordinator is required to co-ordinate the
activities of Key players- consultants, contractor,
client, regulatory authorities, sub-contractor, vendors
etc- duty is to organise the team to meet defined goals
 As a Visionary- he is to carry out SWOT analysis of
project and prepare contingency plan for meeting any
eventualities
 As a part of business management—control factors like
cost, labour, time,, technology, site execution to
complete the project within defined time and defined
cost
 Location--Try to locate office in a central place with
visibility and accessibility
 Office layout- informal, more open, less rigid, less
hierarchical, promoting personal relationship, generally
exclusive cabins for the partners and open cabins for
senior designers, work stations, meeting
rooms,/discussion area- for
meetings/presentation/display of models with
clients/consultants
 Library- for knowing latest trends in architecture/
materials/ technologies, doing experimentation, value
addition to projects/staff/employees, documentation,
reference, knowing norms & standards, creating data
base, research, publications , preparing project
reports– books, reputed journals, reports, drawings etc
 Material or Sample collection— Architect office
must have large sample collecting area to know
latest products in the market to promote greater
creative expression- using compact discs for
saving space with proper cataloguing
 Administrative Section- in small offices number of
functions are combined to be done by one or more
persons, but in medium /large offices separate
administrative office/manager needs to be
appointed to discharge administrative functions
besides accountants to manage finances.- staff
may include- liaison person, public relation officer,
staff boys, security personnel etc
 Store- for storing drawings, materials, record,
xerox / printing machine/ printer-
 Pantry– for serving/ preparing beverages/tea/ heating
food/drinking water facility/washing/ coffee/ tea
dispenser
 Reception area/entrance lobby- for projecting good
image and making value addition to
 office– appealing/good sign board/logo/office
address/ photographs/models/good lighting /furniture
/painting/ murals/good interiors/colour scheme
/flooring/carpeting/false ceiling
 Finances- deals with income/expenditure apart from
saving- office though not commercial efforts need to
be made to increase income and control expenditure
and earn reasonable profit, Provision to be made for
taxes/ light beverages /snacks/ gifts to
employees/picnics/annual parties- account to be
maintained by trained manpower- statements to be
prepared by Chartered accountants for taxation
besides making use of deductions on books, vehicles,
entertaining clients
 Human Resource management-
 Growth of any organisation depends upon—
 - Hiring right kind of employees
 Making employees supportive/committed to
organisation
 - Keep employees happy / satisfied/ motivated/
providing right kind of ambience- competitive
salary, incentives, allowances, bonus ,PPF, gratuity
assured career promotion, work freedom,
sponsoring for seminars/conferences/annual
leave/ flexible working hours/ providing support
during period of hardships/taking personal care/
providing training in learning new softwares/
providing opportunities for higher qualifications-
IIA etc
 Handbook of Professional documents–
Council of Architecture
 Professional Practice– K G Krishnamurthy& S
V Ravindra– PHI Learning Private limited,
Rimjim House, 111 Patparganj Industrial
Estate
 Delhi- 110092
Thanksand
Good Luck and
God Bless you all