Lectur
er
S. Valle
CE 8 Fluid M
echanics
Stability of
Gravity
Dams
Gravity Dam
* the stability of the dam is dependent on the mass of the dam
* Forces acting on the Dam: * Weight of the Dam (G)
* Hydrostatic Forces (FH & FV)
* Hydrostatic Uplift (U)
ycp G FV
h FH1
ycp
FH2
U
Modes of Failure: Sliding ΣFX = FH1 - FH2 - f = 0
FH1 - FH2 = f
* occurs when there is an unbalanced FH1 - FH2 = 𝜇N
horizontal force pushing the dam forwards FH1 - FH2 = RH
motion ΣFY = N + U - G - FV = 0
N = G + F V - U = RV
G
FV
FH1 RH = 𝜇RV
FH2
𝜇RV
FSsliding = > 1.0
f=ᘈN RH
U
N
Modes of Failure: Overturning
ΣMtoe = R.M - O.M
* occurs when there is a residual couple
Overturning Moment (O.M):
toppling the dam forwards (pivot at the toe)
* FH1
* U
Righting Moment (R.M):
G * G
FV
FH1 * FV
FH2 * FH2
RM
motion FSsliding = > 1.0
OM
U
Foundation Pressure Eccentricity of x from cg at base:
e = B/2 - x
Location of Resultant of External Forces:
RM - OM Distribution of Pressure if
x=
RV ⅓B < x < 2/3B , or | e | ≤ B/6
RV 6e
𝜎 toe (+) 𝜎= 1±
𝜎 heel (-) B B
G FV
R RV
FH1 If | e | > B/6,
FH2
2RV
𝜎max = ; 𝜎min = 0
x 3x
B
U
Example: A dam 4 m on top, 18 m at the bottom and 24 m high has water 20 m deep
acting on its vertical side. Assume the weight of masonry to be 2400 kg/m3 and the
coefficient of friction is 0.80, determine the following: (a) FS against overturning, (b)
FS against sliding, (c) stress at the heel, and (d) stress at the toe.
Forces acting on the dam: 8 m
FH = (9.81 kN/m3)(10m)(20m*1m) G1
24 m G2
FH = 1962 kN ycp
20 m
3
FH
G1 = (2400 kg/m *9.81)(8m*24m*1m)
G1 = 4520.45 kN 18 m
8 m 10 m
G2 = (2400 kg/m3*9.81)(½* 10m*24m*1m)
G2 = 2825.28 kN
Example: A dam 4 m on top, 18 m at the bottom and 24 m high has water 20 m deep
acting on its vertical side. Assume the weight of masonry to be 2400 kg/m3 and the
coefficient of friction is 0.80, determine the following: (a) FS against overturning, (b)
FS against sliding, (c) stress at the heel, and (d) stress at the toe.
Factor of Safety against Sliding: 8 m
RV = G1 + G2 = 4520.45 kN + 2825.28 kN G1
24 m G2
RV = 7345.73 kN ycp
20 m
FH
RH = FH = 1962 kN
18 m
0.80(7345.73 kN) 8 m 10 m
FSsliding =
1962 kN
FSsliding = 3.00
Example: A dam 4 m on top, 18 m at the bottom and 24 m high has water 20 m deep
acting on its vertical side. Assume the weight of masonry to be 2400 kg/m3 and the
coefficient of friction is 0.80, determine the following: (a) FS against overturning, (b)
FS against sliding, (c) stress at the heel, and (d) stress at the toe.
Factor of Safety against Overturning: 8 m
Force Magnitude Moment Arm G1
24 m G2
G1 4520.45 kN 14 m ycp
20 m
G2 2825.28 6.67 FH
FH 1962 6.67 18 m
8 m 10 m
(4520.45 kN * 14 m) + (2825.28 kN * 6.67 m)
FSoverturning =
(1962 kN * 6.67 m)
FSoverturning = 6.28
Example: A dam 4 m on top, 18 m at the bottom and 24 m high has water 20 m deep
acting on its vertical side. Assume the weight of masonry to be 2400 kg/m3 and the
coefficient of friction is 0.80, determine the following: (a) FS against overturning, (b)
FS against sliding, (c) stress at the heel, and (d) stress at the toe.
Location of Resultant of External Forces:
82121.46 kN-m - 13080 kN-m
x= = 9.40 G
R FV
FH1 RV
m FH2
7345.73 kN
x=9.40m
e = (18m / 2) - 9.40m = - 0.40 m
| e | ≤ B/6? U B/2=9m
0.40 m ≤ 3 m
YES, use RV 6e
Example: A dam 4 m on top, 18 m at the bottom and 24 m high has water 20 m deep
acting on its vertical side. Assume the weight of masonry to be 2400 kg/m3 and the
coefficient of friction is 0.80, determine the following: (a) FS against overturning, (b)
FS against sliding, (c) stress at the heel, and (d) stress at the toe.
Stress Distribution:
7345.73 kN 6(-0.40 m)
𝜎toe = 1+ G
18 m 18 m R FV
FH1 RV
𝜎toe = 353.68 kPa FH2
x=9.40m
7345.73 kN 6(-0.40 m)
𝜎heel = 1-
18 m 18 m X is closer to tUhe hee B/2=9m
l so
𝜎heel = 462.51 kPa 𝜎heel > 𝜎
toe
Example: The unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3. Hydrostatic uplift varies from 90%
of the heel to 0% at the toe. Coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the
foundation is 0.80. Calculate (a) FSsliding, (b) FSoverturning, (c) distance of the RV from the
toe, (d) pressure at the heel, and (e) pressure at the toe.
4 m
Forces acting on the dam:
FH1 = 397.31 kN → 9 m G1
FH2 = 44.15 kN ← G2 FV
FH1
FV = 66.22 kN FH2
3 m
G1 = 864 kN
G2 = 1080 kN 9 m
p2=0
U = ½(79.46 kN/m2)(9m*1m) p1=0.9(9.81)(9)
U = 357.57 kN p1=79.46 kPa
Example: The unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3. Hydrostatic uplift varies from 90%
of the heel to 0% at the toe. Coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the
foundation is 0.80. Calculate (a) FSsliding, (b) FSoverturning, (c) distance of the RV from the
toe, (d) pressure at the heel, and (e) pressure at the toe.
Factor of Safety against Sliding: 4 m
9 m G1
RV = G 1 + G 2 + F V - U G2 FV
FH1
RV = 1652.65 kN FH2
3 m
RH = FH1 - FH2 = 353.16 kN 9 m
p2=0
0.80(1652.65 kN)
FSsliding = p1=0.9(9.81)(9)
353.16 kN p1=79.46 kPa
FSsliding = 3.74
Example: The unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3. Hydrostatic uplift varies from 90%
of the heel to 0% at the toe. Coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the
foundation is 0.80. Calculate (a) FSsliding, (b) FSoverturning, (c) distance of the RV from the
toe, (d) pressure at the heel, and (e) pressure at the toe.
4 m
Force Magnitude Moment Arm
G1 864 kN 7m 9 m G1
G2 FV
FH1
G2 1080 3.33 FH2
3 m
FV 66.22 0.75
9 m
FH1 397.31 3 p2=0
FH2 44.15 1
p1=0.9(9.81)(9)
U 357.57 3 p1=79.46 kPa
Example: The unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3. Hydrostatic uplift varies from 90%
of the heel to 0% at the toe. Coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the
foundation is 0.80. Calculate (a) FSsliding, (b) FSoverturning, (c) distance of the RV from the
toe, (d) pressure at the heel, and (e) pressure at the toe.
Force Magnitude Moment Arm RM = (864 kN * 7m) + (1080 kN * 3.33m)
864 kN + (66.22 kN * 0.75 m) + (44.15 kN * 1 m)
G1 7m
RM = 9741.82 kN-m
G2 1080 3.33
FV 66.22 0.75 OM = (397.31kN * 3m) + (357.57kN * 3m)
FH1 397.31 3 OM = 2264.64 kN-m
FH2 44.15 1 9741.82 kN-m
FSoverturning =
U 357.57 3 2264.64 kN-m
FSoverturning = 4.30
Example: The unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3. Hydrostatic uplift varies from 90%
of the heel to 0% at the toe. Coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the
foundation is 0.80. Calculate (a) FSsliding, (b) FSoverturning, (c) distance of the RV from the
toe, (d) pressure at the heel, and (e) pressure at the toe.
Location of Resultant of External Forces: Stress Distribution:
9741.82 kN-m - 2264.64 kN-m 1652.65 kN 6(- 0.02 m)
x= = 4.52 m 𝜎toe = 1+
1652.65 kN 9m 9m
𝜎toe = 181. 18 kPa
e = (9m / 2) - 4.52m = - 0.02 m
| e | ≤ B/6?
1652.65 kN 6(- 0.02 m)
0.02 m ≤ 1.5 m 𝜎heel = 1-
9m 9m
YES, use RV 6e 𝜎heel = 186.08 kPa
𝜎= 1±
B B
Any
Questions?
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