ECE424FL: FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS
Let the input be a 10Vdc turned on at t =0 such
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS that e(t) = 10u(t) volts.
USING LAPLACE IMPEDANCES
Plot the time-domain graph of the branch
In the s-domain, the impedances of the basic electrical currents and the component voltages and observe
components are follows: their behavior and note their initial value, steady state
Resistor: ZR(s) = R, where R is in Ohms value, value at t=0.5s, and value at t=1sec.
Inductor: ZL(s) = sL, where L is in Henrys
Determine the currents and voltages in the s-
Capacitor: ZC(s) = 1/(sC) where C is in Farads domain and plot them in the time-domain using
the SCILAB routine shown in the previous
The voltage-current relationship is V(s)=I(s) Z(s) such examples.
that I(s)=V(s)/Z(s) and Z(s)=V(s)/I(s). The Laplace
impedance is valid only if the inductor has no initial -->s=poly(0,'s')
current and the capacitor has no initial charge when //Declare the Laplace transform of the input
power is applied. The analysis of electrical circuits in -->Es=10/s
the s-domain is carried out using network theorems
such as KVL, KCL, Thevenin's Theorem, Norton's //Determine the Laplace impedances
Theorem, and others. -->R1=10; R2=15; L=0.25, C=0.1;
-->ZR1=R1
Example 1] -->ZR2=R2
-->ZL=L*s
Consider the circuit shown as -->ZC=1/(C*s)
Perform series-parallel analysis
//Combine ZL and ZR2 in series
// and then the series combination in parallel to
ZC
// and represent it as ZP
--->ZP=((ZR2+ZL)*ZC)/((ZR2+ZL)+ZC)
//Determine the total impedance
-->ZT=ZR1+ZP
//Determine the total current
-->I1=Es/ZT
R1=10Ω, R2=15Ω, L=0.25F, and C=0.1 //Determine the branch current I2
//using current division Note from the plot that i3(t) decays exponentially with
-->I2=I1*ZC/((ZR2+ZL)+ZC) an initial value of 1 Ampere and a steady -state value
-->I3=I1-I2 of 0 Ampere. At t=0.5s, i1(t)=0.436A and at t=1s,
//Determine the component voltages i1(t)=0.187A.
-->VR1=I1*ZR1
-->VR2=I2*ZR2 The branch currents satisfy KCL such that i1(t)=i2(t)
-->VL=I2*ZL +i3(t) for any t.
-->VC=I3*ZC
The branch with the inductor is initially open as
//Plot i1(t) for 0< t ≤ 20 indicated by an initial current of 0.
-->t=10^(-10):0.001:20;
-->i1=csim('impulse', t, tf2ss(I1)); The branch with the capacitor is open at steady-state
-->clf; plot2d(t,i1); xgrid; indicated by a steady-state current of 0.
Note from the plot that i1(t) decays exponentially This demonstrates the simplifying conditions that for
with an initial value of 1 Ampere and a steady- DC input voltage, the inductors act as open initially but
state value of 0.4 Ampere. At t=0.5s, i1(t)=0.659A and act as shorts at steady state and capacitors are shorted
at t=1s, i1(t)=0.511A. These values at the time initially but open at steady state.
instants of interest may be computed as follows:
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-->t1=[10^-16; 1; 20] Let the input be replaced by e(t)=10sin(πt)u(t) and plot
-->i1=csim('impulse', t1, tf2ss(I1)) the total current i1(t). The only change in the previous
program is the declaration of the input as
//Plot i2(t) for 0 < t ≤ 5 -->Es=10*(%pi)/(s^2+(%pi)^2)
-->i2=csim('impulse', t, tf2ss(I2)); After plotting i1(t), plot also the input as a
-->clf; plot2d(t,i1); xgrid; reference for phase measurement.
-->e=10*sin( %pi*t);
Note from the plot that i2(t) increases from an initial -->plot2d(t,e); xgrid();
value of 0 to a steady-state value of 0.4 Ampere. At
t=0.5s, i2(t)=0.223A and at t=1s, i1(t)=0.324A. Note that the steady state amplitude of i1(t) is
0.901Amperes and leading the input voltage by
//Plot i3(t) for 0 < t ≤ 5 0.0894 seconds such that i1(t) can be expressed
-->i3=csim('impulse', t, tf2ss(I3)); as
-->clf; plot2d(t,i3); xgrid; i1(t)ss = 0.901sin(π(t + 0.0894)) Amperes
i1(t)ss=0.901sin(πt + 0.0894π) Amperes
i1(t)ss=0.901sin(πt + 16º) Amperes
in phasor form: I1=0.901∟16º
This is in agreement with the results of steady-state
AC circuit analysis where ZL=jωL and ZC=1/(jωC)
with ω=π radians/second. Using steady-state AC
circuit analysis, ZT=11.094 ∟-16º and I1=E/ZT =
(10 ∟ 0º)/(11.094 ∟-16º)= 0.901∟16º Amperes.
