Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

An Introduction
to Robotics   Robotics is a hook that
  keeps students striving
• MISCONCEPTIONS   for more challenges.
 
Robotics is a way to build
- Do not think of robotics
and develop Thinking
as a product. It is actually
Skills.
a field.
• ETYMOLOGY
- Robots are a modern
invention. Robotics – robot,
introduced to the public
- Only professionals can by Czech writer Karel
build robots. Capek in his play R.U.R.
1920
- Robotics technology is
not yet mainstream. Robot – Slavic word
robota (labor/work)
- All robots are expensive.
• DEFINITION
- Robots are intended to
eliminate jobs. Robotics…

• WHAT REALLY IT IS Is an interdisciplinary

branch of engineering
Robotics in Education is a and science.
“MEANS to an end”
(update/level-up) Is a love child of
Mechanical Engineering,
Robotics is an experience Computer Science, and
with multi-disciplinary Electronics.
activities (mechanical,
electronics, and Deals with the design,
computer programming) construction, operation,
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

and use of robots, as well have possessed lifelike

as computer systems for organs, like bones,
their control, sensory muscles and joints.
feedback, and
information processing. Made by Al-Jazari in
1206.
• LAW OF ROBOTICS
Mechanical Knight:
(1) Must not injure a Designs for a humanoid
human being robot.
(2) Must obey any
orders given to it Made by Leonardo Da
(3) Must protect its Vinci in 1495.
own existence
Digesting Duck: A
• HISTORY mechanical duck that was
able to eat, flap its wings,
Automata: 1st form of and excrete.
robot
Made by Jacques de
Flying Pigeon of Vaucanson in 1739.
Tanterum: It has a steam
propeller. Teleautomation: The 1st
radio-controlled vessel.
Made by Archytas of
Tanterum in 420 B.C. Made by Nikola Tesla in
1898.
Early Humanoid
Automata: Has a Rossum’s Universal
programmable Robot: 1st fictional
automaton band. automatons called
“robots” appear in the
Could sing and dance. play R.U.R. in 1921.
The machine is said to
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

Made by Karel Capek. Made by George Devol &

Joseph Engelberger in
Elektro: A humanoid 1956/1961.
robot exhibited at the
1939 and 1940 World’s WABOT-1: 1st full-scale
Fairs. humanoid intelligent
robot.
Whirlwind: 1st general-
purpose digital It is also the 1st android.
computer.
It is an old computer. Its limb control system
allowed it to walk with
Made by multiple people the lower limbs, and to
in 1946. grip and transport
objects with hands, using
Elmer & Elsie: 1st robot to tactile sensors.
have sensor
Its vision system allowed
Electromechanical Robot, it to measure distances
Light Sensitive and directions to objects
using external receptors,
Simple robots exhibiting artificial eyes and ears.
biological behaviors.
And its conversation
Made by William Grey system allowed it to
Waiter in 1948. communicate with a
person in Japanese, with
Unimate: 1st an artificial mouth.
programmable robot arm
It is installed with
1 commercial &
st
intelligence.
industrial robot
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

Made by Waseda Allows robot to handle

University in 1967-1972. variations in object
position, shape, and
Famulus: 1st industrial sensor noise.
robot with six
electromechanically Made by Patricia Amber
driven axes. & Robbin Popplestone in
1978.
Made by KUKA Robot
Group in 1973. • IMPORTANCE

IRB 6: World’s 1st Robotics is used to

microcomputer develop machines that
controlled electric can substitute for humans
industrial robot. and replicate human
actions.
Made by ABB Robot
Group in 1974. Robots can be used in
PUMA: A Unimation many situations and for
product. lots of purposes are as
follows:
A programmable
universal manipulation - Many are used in
arm. dangerous environments

Made by Victor - Manufacturing processes

Scheinman in 1975. (repetitive tasks)

RAPT Robot: 1st object- - Situations where human

level robot programing cannot survive.
language.
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

• ROBOTIC ASPECTS energy supplied to their

motors and sensors in
Mechanical Construction: order to activate and
A frame, form or shape perform basic operations)
designed to achieve a
particular task. Computer Programming:
A program is how a robot
The mechanical aspect is decides when or how
mostly the creator's
solution to completing Programs are the core
the assigned task and essence of a robot, it
dealing with the physics could have excellent
of the environment mechanical and electrical
around it. construction, but if its
program is poorly
Form follows function. constructed its
performance will be very
Electrical Components: poor (or it may not
Robots have electrical perform at
components which power all) to do something.
and control the
machinery. There are three different
types of robotic
The electrical aspect of programs: remote
robots is used for control, artificial
movement (through intelligence and hybrid.
motors), sensing (where
electrical signals are used • TYPES OF ROBOTICS
to measure things like PROGRAM
heat, sound, position,
and energy status) and Remote control
operation (robots need programming: has pre-
some level of electrical existing set of commands
and that it will only
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

perform if and when it having to first become

receives a signal from a electrical engineers.
control source.
The Arduino hardware
Artificial intelligence: and software is an open
interacts with the source.
environment on their own
without a control source. The Arduino software is
also known as Integrated
It can determine Development
reactions to objects and Environment (IDE).
problems they encounter
using their pre-existing • PHYSICAL COMPUTING
programming.
Uses electronics to
Hybrid: incorporates both prototype new objects for
AI and RC functions. designers and artists.

• ARDUINO It involves the design of

interactive objects that
It is an open source can communicate with
physical computing humans by using sensors
platform for creating and actuators controlled
interactive objects that by a behavior
stand-alone or implemented in a
collaborate with software microcontroller.
on your computer.
• INTERACTION DESIGN
It was designed for artist,
designer and others who A design discipline that
want to incorporate puts prototyping at the
physical computing into center of its
their design without methodology.
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

It is the design of any other forms are

interactive experience. developed or copied.

The Arduino Way   Interactive Design Process:

  - design
• PROTOTYPING - model design
Ø It is the heart of the - prototype construction
Arduino way. - implementations &
feedback
Ø Playing with the - requirements analysis
medium in an - redesign
open-ended way
and finding the Product, paper, or digital
unexpected in prototype.
order to build
better prototypes. Tips for Sketch/Paper
prototyping:
Ø We make things
and build objects (1) Simulate
that interact with interactions
other objects, (2) Record interactions
people, and (3) Print or copy
networks. existing screen
(4) Explore elevation &
Ø To find simpler and shadow
faster way to
prototype in the James Dyson:
cheapest possible He made 5127
way. prototypes of his vacuum
cleaner.
Prototype is a 1st or
early version of a • TINKERING
product, from which Ø Reusing existing
technology
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

Ø Playing with The Arduino

technology, Platform  
exploring different
possibilities directly Arduino is composed of
on hardware or two major parts; Arduino
software – board & Arduino
sometimes without Integrated Development
a very defined goal. Environment (IDE).

• PATCHING Arduino board:

Ø The process of
building complex A piece of hardware you
systems by work on when you build
connecting your objects.
together simple
devices. A small microcontroller
board, which is a small
• CIRCUIT BENDING circuit (the board) that
Ø One of the most contains a whole
interesting forms of computer on a small chip
tinkering (microcontroller).

Ø Creative short- IDE: piece of software

circuiting of low you run on your
voltage, battery- computer and is used to
powered electronic create a sketch
audio devices
Sketch: tells the board
Ø Art of chance what to do
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

• THE ARDUINO As with the digital I/O

HARDWARE pins, you specify what the
pin should do in your
The Arduino UNO board sketch.
has a rectangular black
piece of plastic with 28 The board can be
‘legs’ powered from computers
USB port, most USB
14 Digital I/O pins (pin 0- chargers, or an AC
13) adapters (9V
recommended, 2.1mm
Inputs are used to read barrel tip, center +)
information from sensors.
• THE SOFTWARE IDE
Digital inputs can only Ø A special program
read one or two values. running on your
computer that
Outputs are used to allows you to write
control actuators. sketches for the
Arduino board in a
Digital outputs can only simple language
output one of two values modeled after the
(HIGH and LOW) Processing
language.
6 Analogue Out pins
(pins 3,5,6,9,10, and 11) The programming cycle:

These are six of the (1) Plug your board into a

digital pins that can USB port on your
perform a 3rd function; computer
they can provide (2) Write a sketch that will
analogue output. bring the board to life
(3) Upload the sketch to
the board through the
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

USB connection and • LIGHT SENSOR

wait a couple of
second for the board It is a passive device that
to restart. converts this light energy
(4) The board executes into visible infra-red parts
the sketch that you of the spectrum into
wrote. electrical output.

Different Types It is also commonly

of Sensor   known as photoelectric
devices.
• PROXIMITY SENSOR
Can transmit It is a sensor that
electromagnetic measure the brightness
radiation. of a light source

• TEMPERATURE SENSOR • THERMISTOR

This will measure the heat A sensor changes

or the coldness of an resistance based on the
object or a system. temperature.

This sensor allows us to There are two types of

detect any change to its thermistor, NTC and
temperature. NPC.

• SMOKE & GAS SENSOR • TOUCH SENSOR

A type of sensor in which (1) Enabling basic

detect if there is gas or movement and the ability
smoke nearby to detect touch in its
surroundings,
 Robotics 1st Periodical Reviewer

(2) emulates mouse

functions-click, double-
click, drag,

(3) touch-screen sensor

and mouse can be used
concurrently,

(4) and sensitive to touch,

force, or pressure

 
• PROXIMITY SENSOR

Able to detect the

presence of nearby
object without physical
contact.

• WATER FLOW SENSOR

Are placed at the water

supply or pipelines to
calculate the flow rate of
the water and to estimate
the amount of water
passing through the pipe.