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Cell
Membrane
Cell Membrane
Structure and
Function
Cellular
Transport
Notes
About
Cell
Membranes
1. All
cells
have
a
cell
membrane
2. Functions:
a. Controls
what
enters
and
exits
the
cell
to
maintain
an
internal
balance
called
homeostasis
b. Provides
protection
and
support
for
the
cell
TEM
picture
of
a
real
cell
membrane.
About
Cell
Membranes
(continued)
3. Structure
of
cell
membrane
Solute
vs.
Solvent
Lipid
Bilayer
-‐2
layers
of
phospholipids
a. Phosphate
head
is
polar
(water
loving)
Phospholipid
b. Fatty
acid
tails
non-‐polar
Solute
(water
fearing)
(salt)
c. Proteins
embedded
in
membrane
Solvent
Lipid
Bilayer
(water)
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Passive
Transport
Diffusion
• No
energy
required
• McGraw
Hill
Animation
• Movement
of
molecules
from
an
area
of
high
concentration
to
an
area
of
low
concentration
Wee!!!
(with
the
concentration
gradient).
• Three
types
• Diffusion
–
movement
of
solute
high
• Osmosis
–
movement
of
water
• Facilitated
Diffusion
–
movement
of
solute
low
through
a
protein
channel.
Diffusion:
______
the
Concentration
gradient
concentration
gradient
Diffusion
Diffusion
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Diffusion
in
Organisms
Osmosis
Osmosis
in
Plants
Osmosis
in
Plants
Plant
Cell
in
Salty
Normal
plant
cell
Environment
Red
Onion
Cells
Osmosis
in
Elodea
Leaves
• Normal
• What
happened
to
the
cytoplasm
and
cell
• Normal
Cell
• Salt
Water
membrane?
Plant
cell
shrivels
In
salt
water
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Osmosis
in
Animal
Cells
Osmosis
• Tonicity
Demos
Phospholipids
only
let
small
Pruney
Fingers
molecules
pass
through
• How
can
the
larger
ones
get
in
the
cell?
Proteins
in
the
Cell
Facilitated
Diffusion
Membrane
• Proteins
allow
only
• Animation
certain
molecules
pass
by
based
on
their
shape.
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Diffusion
or
Facilitated
Carbohydrates
in
the
cell
Diffusion?
membrane
• Cell
to
Cell
Communicat
Active
Transport
Active
Transport
• Movement
of
molecules
from
an
area
of
low
concentration
to
an
area
of
high
concentration
(against
the
concentration
gradient).
• Energy
required
This
is
gonna
• Always
uses
protein
channels
be
hard
work!!
high
low
Movement
of
Molecules
Across
the
Which
type
of
transport?
Cell
Membrane
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Which
type
of
transport?
Which
type
of
transport?
Active
Transport
Will
the
cell
shrivel,
swell,
or
Which
type
of
transport?
stay
the
same?
Which
type
of
Why
do
plant
transport?
cells
have
1
large
vacuole
instead
of
several
small
vacuoles
like
animal
cells?
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Requirements
for
Homeostasis
is
the
body’s
balancing
act
Maintaining
Homeostasis
• An
organism
must
be
able
to
sense
changes
in
the
external
and
internal
environments
• It
must
be
able
to
respond
to
those
changes
with
appropriate
adjustments
Homeostasis
in
Blood
Homeostasis
in
Plants
Clotting
Cell
Size
• As
the
cell
size
decreases
the
surface
area
to
volume
ratio
increases.
• If
the
cell
grows
larger
and
the
surface
area
to
volume
ratio
gets
too
small:
• substances
won’t
be
able
to
enter
the
cell
fast
enough
to
fuel
the
reactions
• waste
products
will
start
to
accumulate
within
the
cell
as
they
will
be
produced
faster
than
they
can
be
excreted.
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Why Cells Aren’t Big? Why Cells Aren’t Big?
• All organisms need to exchange substances such as • The rate of exchange of substances therefore
food, waste, gases and heat with their surroundings. depends on the organism's surface area that is in
contact with the surroundings.
• These substances must diffuse between the organism
• The requirements for materials depends on the
and the surroundings. volume of the organism, so the ability to meet the
requirements depends on the surface area :
volume ratio.
• As organisms get bigger their volume and
surface area both get bigger, but volume
increases much more than surface area.
Why Cell’s Aren’t Big
Why Cells Aren’t Big?
Investigation
• So as organisms get bigger their surface • So how do organisms larger than 100 µm exists?
area/volume ratio gets smaller.
• All organisms larger than 100 µm are
• It becomes more difficult for them to exchange
materials with their surroundings. multi-cellular, which means that their bodies are
composed of many small cells, rather than one big
• Maximum size (single cell) – 100 µm. cell.
• In anything larger than this materials simply cannot
• Each cell in a multi-cellular organism is no bigger than
diffuse fast enough to support the reactions
needed for life. about 30 µm, and so can exchange materials quickly
and independently. Humans have about 1014 cells.
Which has greater surface
Why are cells so small?
area?
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Summary Summary
Why does the small
intestine have many
finger-like projections
called villi?
Why do human lungs contain millions of small sacs called
alveoli to extract oxygen from the air we breathe? Why
aren’t there just a few large cells to collect oxygen?
Get a piece of graph paper
from the extra copies bin.
Summary • Create a graph, plotting the surface area against the
volume of each cube. Draw a line connecting the
Why are kidney’s
points and label axes and units.
made of many small
• Cubes
units called nephrons?
• 1cm3
• 2 cm3
• 3 cm3
• 4 cm3
• 5 cm3
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