INTRODUCTION
Automotive Exhaust Emissions
Internal combustion engines emit undesirable emission during
the combustion process. The emission exhaust into the
surrounding pollutes the atmosphere and causes the following
problems
? Global warming
? Acid rain
? Smog
? O dour
? Respiratory and other health hazards
The Major Causes of These Emissions Are:-
? Non-stoichiometric combustion
? Dissociation of nitrogen
? Impurities in the fuel and air
The Exhaust Emissions Are:-
1. Hydrocarbon- HC
2. Carbon monoxide-CO
3. Oxide of nitrogen-NOx
4. Oxides of sulphur
5. Carbon particulate
Emission Control Systems
? Catalytic Converter
? Positive Crankcase Ventilation
? Thermostatic Air Cleaner
? Evaporative Control System
? Early Fuel Evaporation
? Exhaust Gas Recirculation
? AIR System
1. Catalytic Converter
Purpose
? 2-way Converter (oxidizing)
Oxidize HC and CO in the exhaust stream into
?
H 20 and CO2
? 3-way Converter (reduction)
? Converts NOx into N2 and O 2
2NO => N 2 + O2 or 2NO 2 => N 2 + 2O 2
? Oxidize HC and CO in the Exhaust stream into
Catalytic Converter
? Components
? Oxidation converter
? Platinum
? Palladium
? Reduction Converter
? Rhodium
? Construction
? Pellet
? Contains ceramic pellets coated with the catalyst
? Monolith
? Looks like a honeycomb
? The inside of the honeycomb is coated with the catalyst
2 Positive Crankcase Ventilation
? Purpose (PCV)
? Eliminate crankcase pressure created by blow by past
the cylinder rings (HC’s)
? Possible symptoms of a faulty valve
? Poor idle
? Excessive oil consumption
? Oil leaks (oil pan, valve covers etc.)
*If a rich condition is being diagnosed, check the
crankcase for fuel-saturation.
*If it is saturated with fuel, the PCV system will pull
these vapors into the intake and cause a rich
condition
PCV System
Operation
?When the engine is off the valve is seated by
the internal spring
?When the engine is at idle the valve is pulled
open to allow a small amount of flow
?When the engine is under load the low vacuum
allows the valve to move to a position that allows
a high flow rate
3. Thermostatic Air Cleaner
? A thermostat located in the air cleaner
directs manifold vacuum to a hot air door
vacuum motor when the incoming air is
below a pre-set temperature.
During cold weather operation, hot air is
pulled from the exhaust manifold into the
engine.
4. Early Fuel Evaporation Systems
? Heat risers
? Exhaust gas is redirected through a passage in
the intake manifold to quickly warm the
air/fuel mixture
? Promotes good fuel vaporization
? Electrical EFE grid
?A ceramic heater is placed under the carburetor
or throttle body and heats the incoming air/fuel
mixture during warm-up
Evaporative Emissions Control System
(EVAP)
? On a non-controlled vehicle, evaporative emissions are
responsible for 20% of the vehicles total emissions
? Evaporative emission systems are designed to control the
HC emissions from fuel evaporating from the fuel tank or
carburetor float bowl
EVAP System
? Components
? Fuel tank
? Fuel fill cap
? Fuel separator
? Vapor lines
? Charcoal canister
? Purge solenoid
?Vacuum
?Electrical
? Float bowl vent
EVAP System
Operation
? The fuel tank has a provision to trap some air at the top
? The fuel-vapor separator ensures only vapors and not
liquid fuel are pushed into the charcoal canister
? The charcoal canister stores fuel vapors
? The canister purge valve allows manifold vacuum to pull
the fuel vapors from the charcoal canister
? Engine warm and at part-throttle cruise
? Purge solenoid control
? May be vacuum or electrical
? Vacuum (activated at part throttle when the engine is
warmed up)
? Attached to ported vacuum
Uses a thermostatic vacuum switchAir
Injection Reaction System (AIR)
Purpose
? During cold startup HC and CO levels are high, the AIR
system is designed to help reduce the HC and CO levels by
afterburning the exhaust
? During normal operation the catalytic converter needs
oxygen in order to effectively oxidize the HC and CO, the AIR
system supplies extra oxygen to the catalytic converter
Air Injection Reaction System
(AIR)
? Components
? Air pump
? Check valve
? Diverter valve
? Air-switching valve
Operation
? Startup
? The AIR system injects air into the exhaust manifold, this creates
an “afterburner” effect and helps burn up HC and CO
2
? Closed loop operation
? The AIR system injects air downstream of the O ?
? This provides extra oxygen to the oxidizing catalyst
? Deceleration
? The AIR system diverts the air to the air cleaner
? During rapid deceleration large amounts of HC are emitted from the
engine
? If oxygen were injected during deceleration a violent backfire may
occur
? The diverter valve switches the air to the intake manifold when it sees
a high vacuum sign
