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Objective: Apparatus Required:: Reflex Klystron Characteristics

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ratan lal mourya

This document describes an experiment to study the characteristics of a reflex klystron oscillator. A reflex klystron converts DC power to microwave power using velocity and current modulation of an electron beam. It uses a single resonant cavity, where the electron beam is velocity modulated by the RF field. The electrons are then reflected back to the cavity, becoming bunched and transferring energy to sustain oscillations at the cavity's resonant frequency. By adjusting the reflector voltage, different oscillation modes can be achieved. The experiment involves setting the reflector voltage to obtain maximum power output and noting the corresponding frequency, as measured on a VSWR meter and frequency meter.

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Objective: Apparatus Required:: Reflex Klystron Characteristics

Uploaded by

ratan lal mourya
102 views5 pages
This document describes an experiment to study the characteristics of a reflex klystron oscillator. A reflex klystron converts DC power to microwave power using velocity and current modulation of an electron beam. It uses a single resonant cavity, where the electron beam is velocity modulated by the RF field. The electrons are then reflected back to the cavity, becoming bunched and transferring energy to sustain oscillations at the cavity's resonant frequency. By adjusting the reflector voltage, different oscillation modes can be achieved. The experiment involves setting the reflector voltage to obtain maximum power output and noting the corresponding frequency, as measured on a VSWR meter and frequency meter.

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EXPERIMENT 2

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This document describes an experiment to study the characteristics of a reflex klystron oscillator. A reflex klystron converts DC power to microwave power using velocity and current modulation of an electron beam. It uses a single resonant cavity, where the electron beam is velocity modulated by the RF field. The electrons are then reflected back to the cavity, becoming bunched and transferring energy to sustain oscillations at the cavity's resonant frequency. By adjusting the reflector voltage, different oscillation modes can be achieved. The experiment involves setting the reflector voltage to obtain maximum power output and noting the corresponding frequency, as measured on a VSWR meter and frequency meter.

Copyright:

© All Rights Reserved
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
102 views5 pages

Objective: Apparatus Required:: Reflex Klystron Characteristics

Uploaded by

ratan lal mourya
This document describes an experiment to study the characteristics of a reflex klystron oscillator. A reflex klystron converts DC power to microwave power using velocity and current modulation of an electron beam. It uses a single resonant cavity, where the electron beam is velocity modulated by the RF field. The electrons are then reflected back to the cavity, becoming bunched and transferring energy to sustain oscillations at the cavity's resonant frequency. By adjusting the reflector voltage, different oscillation modes can be achieved. The experiment involves setting the reflector voltage to obtain maximum power output and noting the corresponding frequency, as measured on a VSWR meter and frequency meter.

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© All Rights Reserved
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EXPERIMENT 2

REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

Objective: To study the repeller mode characteristics of the Reflex


Klystron.

Apparatus Required:
Klystron power supply, klystron tube with mount, frequency meter variable
attenuator, detector mount with probe connection, Oscilloscope.

Theory:
Reflex Klystron is one of the most commonly used microwave (low power)
generators. It converts D.C. power into microwave power.

Reflex klystron oscillators:

The Reflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation and current modulation
to transform a continuous electron beam into microwave power. Electrons
emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed through the cavity
resonator. The electron velocity is either accelerated or retarded depending on
the instantaneous ac voltage across the resonator (velocity modulation).
The electrons that leave the resonator and travel towards reflector need different
times to return due to change in their velocities. As a result, returning electrons
group together in bunches (current modulation).
The schematic diagram of a reflex klystron tube is shown in Fig. 2.1, which
uses only a single re-entrants microwave cavity as resonator. The electron beam
emitted from the cathode K is accelerated by the grid G and passes through the
cavity anode A to the repeller space between the cavity anode and the repeller
electrode.
Mechanism of oscillation :

Due to dc voltage in the cavity circuit, RF noise is generated in the cavity. This
electromagnetic noise field in the cavity becomes pronounced at cavity resonant
frequency. The electrons passing through the cavity gap d experience this RF
field and are velocity modulated in the following manner. The electrons as
shown in figure below which encountered the positive half cycle of the RF field
in the gap d will be accelerated, those (reference electrons) b which encountered
zero RF field will pass with unchanged original velocity, and the electrons c
which encountered the negative half cycle will be retarded on entering the
repeller space.

All these velocities modulated electrons will be repelled back to the cavity by
the repeller due to its negative potential. The repeller distance L and the
voltages can be adjusted to receive all the velocity modulated electrons at a
same time on the positive peak of the cavity RF voltage cycle. Thus the velocity
modulated electrons are bunched together and lose their kinetic energy when
they encounter the positive cycle of the cavity RF field. This loss of energy is
thus transferred to the cavity to conserve the total power. If the power delivered
by the bunched electrons to the cavity is greater than the power loss in the
cavity, the electromagnetic field amplitude at the resonant frequency of the
cavity will increase to produce microwave oscillations. The RF power is
coupled to the output load by means of a small loop which forms the center
conductor of the coaxial line. When the power delivered by the electrons
becomes equal to the total power loss in the cavity system, a steady microwave
oscillation is generated at resonant frequency of the cavity.
Mode of oscillation :

The bunched electrons in reflex klystron can deliver maximum power to the
cavity at any instant which corresponds to the positive peak of the RF cycle of
the cavity oscillation. If T is the time period at the resonant frequency, to is the
time taken by the reference electron to travel in the repeller space
between entering the repeller space at b and the returning to the cavity at
positive peak voltage on formatting of the bunch then

to = (n + 3 / 4) T = NT
where N = n + 3 / 4, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., as shown in Figure

thus by adjusting repeller voltage for given dimensions of reflex klystron, the
bunching can be made to occur at N= 1 3 3 ,1 , 2 ,4 4 4 etc.for modes n=
0,1,2,3,…..respectively. It is obvious that the lowest order mode ¾ occurs for a
maximum value of repeller voltage when the transit time to of the electrons in
the repeller space is minimum. Higher modes occur at lower repeller voltages.
Since at the highest repeller voltage the acceleration of the bunched electrons of
return is maximum, the power output of the lowest mode is maximum.

Modulation:

By varying the reflector voltage about a d.c. value, Klystron can be frequency
and amplitude modulated simultaneously. For proper square wave modulation
with 100% modulation index, the reflector voltage and amplitude of the square
wave should be set as shown in Fig. 4.3. If the square wave peak to peak
amplitude is Vm and Vo is the reflector d.c. voltage, the total reflector voltage
will switch between (Vo+Vm) and (Vo- Vm). We have to choose Vo and Vm
such that (Vo+Vm) is in the mode center and (Vo-Vm) is the non-oscillating
region for proper square wave modulation.

Procedure:

1) Firstly, as per required apparatus for this experiment collect it and put it on a
single bench and make proper connection and setup.
2) Before starting the experiment place a fan near to the klystron so that it will
continuously cool the Klystron.
3) In the klystron power supply, put the meter select on repeller voltage and
adjust value with the help of Beam nobe.
4) In VSWR meter, put a range on DB to measure the power in DB.
5) Now putting reflex voltage at -125V, where maximum power is measured on
VSWR meter, change the frequency and note down again when same power is
displayed on VSWR meter.

Calculation:
Reflex Voltage = -125V
VSWR (power reading) = -6.10DB (normal mode)
Measured Frequency = 9.739 MHz

Result:
The performance characteristics of reflex klystron tube are observed.

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