Dr Niddhi Arora
AMPHISTOMIASIS
• Amphistomes are called as Stomach flukes or
Conical flukes
INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR AMPHISTOMES :
• Planorbis, Bulinus
• Pseudosuccinea, Fossaria
• Indoplanorbis, Lymnaea
• Pygmanisas, Glyptanisus & Cleopatra
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Factors influencing ourbreak of amphistomiasis
1. Management
2. Environmental factors
3. Intermediate host
4. Definitive host
5. The egg contain the miracidium when passed in the faeces
1.Management
Animals are reared in extensive systems of management
• Grazing near pond area/ other natural resources, especially - drier
months
Snail population - concentrated more
Fresh palatable grasses are more
• Favour for encystation of metacercariae
• Attracts animals
2. Environmental factors
• Season – drier months
• High rain fall
• Temperature – embryonation (miracidium) &
maturation of cercariae (27°C)
• Light - Strong light influences release of cercariae
from snail.
3. Intermediate host
• Availability of suitable snail
• Young snails are highly susceptible than adult
• Multiplication of snails take places in warm, watery
environment
4. Definitive host
• Young animals are highly susceptible than adult
• Preinfection – give resistant
PATHOGENESIS
• Adult flukes
Forestomach–large number of worms–Not much
pathogenic changes
Bile duct & gall bladder–Superficial Haemorrhage
Liver–Fibrosis
• Immature flukes (Pitto)
Duodenum, upper ileum-plug feeder: Plug
intestinal mucosa–Haemorrhages and necrosis
(Haemorrhagic duodenitis)
Embedded in mucosa/ muscularis
CLINICAL SIGNS
• Enteritis : Fetid diarrhoea with migrating flukes in the
duodenum
• Marked weakness, depression, dehydration and anorexia.
• Thirsty and drink more water
• There may also be submaxillary edema and pallor mucosae.
• Death usually occurs 15-20 d after the first signs appear.
• The mortality rate in heavily infested animals may be high.
• Mature flukes in the forestomachs of animals normally
cause little harm, although loss of weight, anemia, a rough
dry coat, and a drop in production have been ascribed to
heavy infestations
DIAGNOSIS
• Based on history and Clinical signs
• Faecal examination
• Gross – presence of immature worms in fluid
faeces
• Microscopic - Presence of typical egg
TREATMENT
• Bithionol sulphoxide – 40 mg/ kg (activity against Immature
– 100%)
• Resorantol – 65 mg / kg ( Immature – 65% &Mature –
100%)
• Niclosamide - 90 mg / kg (Immature – 99.9% &Mature –
8%)
• Niclofolan - 6 mg / Kg (Immature – 96% & Mature – 43%)
• Oxyclozanide – 18.7 mg / kg for two days (Immature &
Mature - 100 %)
• Hexachlorophene – 20 mg/ kg - single dose
• Resorantol and Oxyclozanide are the drug of choice for
both immature and mature Amphistomes
CONTROL
• Avoid grazing near pond area
• Prevent access of natural water resources –
fencing of water resources
• Provide wholesome water supply at
convenient places
• Drainage of water pools & swampy area
• Snail control
• Prophylactic deworming
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
• Blood flukes
• Unisexual – dimorphic trematode
• Female - long (12 –28 mm) & slender
• Male - Comparatively small in length (9-22 mm) &
having Gynaecophoric canal in which female
lodges at the time of copulation
• Cercariae - Tail forked - Furcocercous cercariae
• Egg - 100 –500 µm long, spindle in shape without
operculum.
EPIDEMILOGY
By Skin penetration
• Horses and cattle may get infection while standing in the
infected water sources
• Buffaloes get infection while wallowing in the infected water
sources
• Slow moving water favour – entry of cercariae into body of
animal
• Consumption of water contaminated with cercariae
• Highest rainfall (Season – September to October)
• SPECIES AFFECTED :
• Sheep and goat
• Cattle >buffalo
• Age: Older bovines (>3 years)
• Infection also occurs 5- 6 months old calves
• Sex: both sexes are equally affected.
NASAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS
• SNORING DISEASE/ PSEUDOTUBERCLE/ ACTINOBODY
FORMATION
• Cattle and buffalo (infection rate – 40 –50%) &
Horses
• S. nasalis - nasal mucosal vein – induction of
inflammatory and granulomatous response
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Anemia, Eosinophilia, hypoalbuminemia,
hypergammaglobulinemia
• Dyshaemopoisis and expansion of plasma volume
CLINICAL SIGNS
CATTLE
• Rhinitis – mucoprulent discharge, sneezing and
dyspnoea
• Adult parasite – dilation of vein and thrombosis of vein
• Nasal mucosa studded with small granulomas and
small abscess containing eggs
• Chronic cases – proliferation of nasal epithelium
• Space occupying lesion - breathing difficulties - snoring
BUFFALO
Pin sized eruption and congestion of nasal mucosa -
Actinobodies
• Diarrhoea, sometimes blood stained and contains
mucus
• Anorexia, thrust and emaciation
DIAGNOSIS
• Based on history, clinical signs and clinical
pathology
• Demonstration of characteristic eggs
• Measuring cell mediated immune response
TREATMENT
Nasal Schistosomiasis
• Tartar emetic - 2 mg / kg
• Sodium antimony tartrate – 1.5 mg / kg twice a
day for 2 days
• Trichlorophon - 30 –40 mg / kg three doses
CONTROL
• Management practices and snail control
similar to that of Amphistomiasis and
Fascioliasis
• Biological control Schistosomes larvae
• Larval stages of Echinostoma spp. – used as
predatory on schistosome larvae within the
snail intermediate host
• Microsporidial protozoa – Nosema
eurytremae
• Avoid contact of infected water sources
