PHYSICS DERIVED UNITS AND UNIT PREFIXES

 Branch of science concerned with the nature DERIVED UNIT

and properties of matter and energy.  Combination of two or more base units.
 Applied mathematics. THREE (3) EXAMPLES:
 Uses mathematics to prove concepts of 1. AREA
science. Area = length (m) x with (m)
= square meter (m2 )
MEASUREMENT 2. VOLUME
 Defined as the process of comparing Area = length (m) x with (m) x height (m)
something with the standard to see its size, = cubic meter (m3 )
length, or mass. 3. SPEED
 Made up of a number or magnitude and a distance meter m
unit. speed = = =
time second s
TWO (2) SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
UNIT PREFIXES
1. METRIC  Also called as metric prefix.
 Based on meter, kilogram, and second.  Can be used to make a new unit larger or
THREE (3) EXAMPLES: smaller than the base unit.
A. METER
 Used to measure length. TIME AREA
B. KILOGRAM 1 min = 60 s 1 cm2 = 0.155 in.2
 Used to measure mass. 1 h = 3,600 s 1 in.2 = 6.452 cm2
C. SECOND 1 day = 86,400 s 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2
 Used to measure time. 1 day = 24 h
2. BRITISH OR ENGLISH 1 year = 365.24 days
 Derived from parts of the body. VOLUME MASS
 Has constant values. 1 ft3 = 7.477 gallons 1 slug = 14.59 kg
THREE (3) EXAMPLES: 1 gallon = 3.788 l 1 N = 0.2248 lb
 Foot or inches 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 g = 6.85 x 10-5 slug
 Yard LENGTH
 Slug or pounds 1 km = 1,000 m = 0.6214 mi
1 m = 3.281 ft = 39.37 in
MASS AND WEIGHT 1 in = 2.54 cm
1. MASS 1 ft = 30.48 cm
 Amount of matter present in an object. 1 yd = 91.44 cm
2. WEIGHT 1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km
 Mass is affected by the acceleration due to 1 light year = 9.461 x 1015 m
gravity.
 Newton is the unit for weight. SIX (6) EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:
The wavelength of the green emission line in the
METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
spectrum of hydrogen is approximately 486
 Measurement system proposed by Gabriel
nanometers (nm). Express this length in meters (m).
Moulton base on a physical quantity of
GIVEN:
nature and not on human anatomy.
486 nm
 Constitutes units based on powers of 10.
UNKNOWN:
 Composed of 7 base units.
486 nm =?
EQUATION:
1 nm = 1 x 10−9 m EXAMPLE NUMBER 4:
SOLUTION: Imagine that you are driving your car along EDSA.
−9
1x10 m As you’re driving, you notice that the speed limit
486 nm x ( )
1nm signs have numbers like 80 (on the highway) and 60
SAGOT: (on the city). As you start to speed up, you realize
= 4.86 x 10−7 m that the signs are in km/h. What will be your speed
limit both on the highway and on the city in terms of
m/s?
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
GIVEN:
 Technique of converting between units. A. 80 km/h
UNIT EQUALITY
B. 60 km/h
 Also called as conversion factor. UNKNOWN:
 Equation that shows the equivalent amounts A. 80 km/h = m/s?
of different units. B. 60 km/h = m/s?
EXAMPLE NUMBER 2: EQUATIONS:
How many inches (in) are there in 12 meters (m)? 1 km = 1 x 103 m
GIVEN: 1 h = 3,600 s
12 m SOLUTION:
UNKNOWN:
12 m = in? A.
EQUATION: 80km 1x103 m 1h
x ( )( )
1 m = 39.37 in h 1km 3,600s
SOLUTION:
39.37in = 22.22m/s
12 m x ( )
1m B.
SAGOT: 60km 1x103 m 1h
= 472.44 in x ( )( )
h 1km 3,600s
EXAMPLE NUMBER 3:
Maynilad uses cubic meter (m3) as the unit of a = 16.67m/s
volume of water used in each household. Determine EXAMPLE NUMBER 5:
how many m3 are there in a 15 liters (l) tank of water. Speed limit: 55 miles per hour (mi/h or mph). What
GIVEN: is this speed in:
15 l A. meters per second (m/s)?
UNKNOWN: B. kilometers per hour (km/h or kph)?
15 l = m3? GIVEN:
EQUATION: 55 mi/h
1 ml = 1 cm3 UNKNOWN:
1 m = 1 x 10-3 l A. 55 mi/h = m/s?
1 cm = 1 x 10-2 m B. 55 mi/h = km/h?
= (1 cm) = (1 x 10-2 m) 3 EQUATIONS:
= 1 cm3 = 1 x 10-6 m3 1 mi = 1.609 km
1 km = 1 x 103 m
SOLUTION:
1 h = 3,600 s
SOLUTION AND SAGOT:
1ml 1cm3 1x10−6 m3 A.
15 l x ( ) ( )( )
1x10−3 l 1ml 1cm3 55mi 1.609m 1x103 m 1h
x( )( )( )
h 1mi 1km 3,600s
SAGOT:
= 0.015m𝟑 = 24.58m/s
B. Where:
55mi 1.609km σ - standard deviation
x( ) N - total number of measurements done
ℎ 1mi

= 88.50km/h STANDARD DEVIATION

EXAMPLE NUMBER 6: Formula:
One hectare is defined as 1 x 104 m2. One acre is
∑(X − X)2
4.356 x 104 ft2. How many acres are in one hectare? σ=√
GIVEN: N
1 hectare Where:
UNKNOWN: x - measurement
1 hectare = acre? x̄ - mean
EQUATION: N - total number of measurements done
1 hectare = 1 x 104 m2
1 acre = 4.356 x 104 ft2 VARIANCE
1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 Formula:
SOLUTION:
∑(X − X)2
σ2 = √
1x104 m2 1ft2 1acre N
1 hectare x ( )( 2
)( )
1hectare 0.0929m 4.356x104 ft2 MEAN
Formula:
SAGOT: ∑x
x=
N
= 2.47 acres Where:
x - measurement
N - total number of measurements done
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT TWO (2)
KINDS OF UNCERTAINTY
ONE (1) EXAMPLE:
The class was divided into 5 groups and each group
1. RANDOM ERRORS measured the diagonal length of the whiteboard.
 Statistical fluctuations in the measured data Group 1 measured it as 2.54 m; Group 2 as 2.46 m;
due to the limitations of the measurement Group 3 as 2.65 m; Group 4 as 2.55 m; and Group
device. 5 as 2.39 m.
2. SYSTEMATIC ERRORS Find the (A) variance and (B) standard deviation of
 Often due to a problem from the measuring the measurements. (C) Also express the average
device which persists throughout the entire measurement in a form that includes uncertainty.
experiment.
ACCURACY AND PRECISION GROUP X (X − X) (X − X)2
1 2.54m 0.02m 4x10-4m2
2 2.46m -0.06m 3.6x10-3m2
3 2.65m 0.13m 0.0169m2
4 2.55m 0.03m 9x10-4m2
5 2.39m -0.13m 0.0169m2
N=5 ∑(X − X)2
A. High precision, low accuracy
=0.0387m2
B. Low precision, high accuracy
C. High precision, high accuracy
STEP 1: Get the mean.
STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN (SEM)
∑x
Formula: x=
σ N
SEM =
√N
 2.54m + 2.46m + 2.65m + 2.55m + 2.39m SCALARS AND VECTORS
x̅ =
5
TWO (2) QUANTITIES USED IN PHYSICS
12.59m
x̅ = 1. SCALARS
5
 Quantities that can only be described by their
x̅ = 2.52m magnitude.

2. VECTORS
A. VARIANCE
 Quantities that can be described by both
∑(X − X)2 magnitude and direction.
2
σ = √
N  Can be graphically presented by an arrow.

0.0387m2
σ2 =
5
TAIL BODY HEAD
(ORIGIN) (MAGNITUDE) (DIRECTION)
σ2 = 7.74x10−3 m2
SCALARS VECTORS
B. STANDARD DEVIATION Distance 𝑑 Displacement 𝑑⃗
 Get the square root of the variance. Speed 𝑣 Velocity 𝑣⃗
Mass 𝑚 Weight 𝑊⃗⃗⃗⃗
√σ2 = √7.74x10−3 m2
Time 𝑡 Force 𝐹⃗
σ = 0.0880m Temperature 𝑇 Acceleration 𝑎⃗
Work 𝑊 Momentum 𝑝⃗
C. AVERAGE MEASUREMENT
Power 𝑃
2.52 m ± 0.04 m Energy 𝐸

= 2.56 m
ADDITION OF VECTORS
= 2.48 m
TWO (2) METHODS IN ADDING VECTORS
The true value of the object is ranging between
2.56 to 2.48 m. 1. GRAPHICAL METHOD
Where: GRAPHICAL IS DIVIDED INTO TWO (2)
2.52 m = average measurement
A. PARALLELOGRAM
0.04 m = uncertainty
 Useful if you are adding two vectors.
STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN (SEM)  Also known as tail-to-tail method.
σ TWO (2) EXAMPLES
SEM =
√N NOTE: Assume that every 2 boxes is equal to 1
cm.
0.0880m
SEM = EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:
√5
Klay walks 500 m East and then turns North and
SEM = 0.04m walks 300 m. Find he resultant vector (scale: 1 cm =
100 m).
GIVEN: A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE
1cm USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 500m ( ) 5cm, E
100m
1cm GIVEN x y
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 300m ( ) 3cm, N
100m ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 500m, E 500m 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 300m, N 0 300m
x = 500m y = 300m
∑ ∑
(east) (north)
d2 = 300m, N

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d 2
T = √(∑ X) + (∑ y)
2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = √(500m)2 + (300m)2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

θ = 31° ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 583.10m
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 500m, E B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA
opp
tan θ = ( )
adj
100m
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 5.8cm ( ) = 580m opp
1cm θ = tan−1 ( )
adj
ANSWER (GRAPHICAL): ∑x
θ = tan−1 ( )
∑y
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 580m, 31° NE
300m
θ = tan−1 ( )
2. ANALYTICAL METHOD 500m
Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on
 This method eliminates the chances for the calculator.
human errors related to measuring and θ = 30.96°, NE
plotting of vectors.
 Analytical method uses the basic concepts of ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):
trigonometry.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 583.10m, 30.96°, NE

EXAMPLE NUMBER 2:
Andre moves his car 10 km North, then he turns 20
d2 = 300m, N

km West. What is the total displacement of the car?

Opposite (y)

(scale: 10 km = 5 cm).

GIVEN:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

5cm
θ = 31° ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 10km ( ) 5cm, N
10km
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 500m, E
Adjacent (x)
5cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 20km ( ) 10cm, W
10km
 B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA
opp
θ = tan−1 (

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 10km, N
d
)
adj
∑x
θ = tan−1 ( )
∑y
θ = 63°
20km
θ = tan−1 ( )
10km
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 20km, W Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the
calculator.

10km θ = 63.43°, WN
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 11.2cm ( ) = 22.4km
5cm ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):
ANSWER (GRAPHICAL): ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 23.36km, 63.43°, WN
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 22.4km, 63° WN B. POLYGON METHOD
ANALYTICAL METHOD  Useful if you want to add more than two
vectors.
Opposite (x)  Also known as head-to-tail method.

TWO (2) EXAMPLES

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 10km, N
d
Adjacent (y)

NOTE: Assume that every 2 boxes is equals to 1

cm.

θ = 63° EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:

An ant crawl on a table top. It moves 2 cm East, turns

3 cm 40° North of East and finally moves 2.5 cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 20km, W North. What is the ant’s total displacement? (scale:
1 cm = 1 cm).
GIVEN:
A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE
1cm
USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 2cm ( ) 2cm, E
1cm
GIVEN x y
1cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 0 10km ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 3cm ( ) 3cm, 40°NE
d1 = 10km, N 1cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 20km, W -20km 0
x = −20km y = 10km 1cm
∑ ∑ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 2.5cm ( ) 2.5cm, N
(west) (north) 1cm

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d 2
T = √(∑ X) + (∑ y)
2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = √(−20km)2 + (10km)2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 22.36km
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d 2
T = √(∑ X) + (∑ y)
2

d3 = 2.5cm, N
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = √(4.30cm)2 + (4.43cm)2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 6.17cm
SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR
d2
SOLVING FOR X-COMPONENT
CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent over Hypotenuse)

θ = 43° θ = 40° NE adj

cos θ = ( )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 2cm, E hyp
cos θ = adj
hyp ( ) hyp
hyp
1cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 6.2cm ( ) 6.2cm
1cm hypcosθ = adj

ANSWER (GRAPHICAL): 3cm cos θ = 2.30cm

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 6.2cm, 43° NE SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT
SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)
ANALYTICAL METHOD
opp
sin θ = ( )
hyp
d3 = 2.5cm, N
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

sin θ = opp
hyp ( ) hyp
hyp
Opposite (y)

hypsinθ = opp

3cm sin θ = 1.93cm

Opposite (y)

B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA

opp
θ = tan−1 ( )
θ = 43° θ = 40° NE adj
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 2cm, E Adjacent (x)
∑x
θ = tan−1 ( )
Adjacent (x) ∑y
4.43cm
A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE: θ = tan−1 ( )
4.30cm
USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the
GIVEN x y calculator.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 2cm, E 2cm 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2.30cm 1.93cm
θ = 45.85°, N of E
d2 = 3cm, 40°NE
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 2.5cm, N 0 2.5cm ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):
x = −4.30cm y = 4.43cm
∑ ∑
(east) (north) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 6.17cm, 45.85°, N of E
 d3 = 25m, N
EXAMPLE NUMBER 2:
Ian walks 10 m East, then turns 5 m North and finally
walks 5 m West. Find the resultant vector (scale: 5
m = 5 cm).

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
GIVEN:
5cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 10m ( ) 10cm, E
1m
5cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 5m ( ) 5cm, N
5m
θ = 30° θ = 28°
5cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 5m ( ) 5cm, W
5m ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 52m, w

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 10m
d3 = 5m, w ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 10cm ( ) 100m
1cm
ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):
d2 = 5m, N
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 100m, 28° NW

ANALYTICAL METHOD
θ = 45.5°
d3 = 25m, N

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 10m, E
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

5m
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 7cm ( ) 7m
Opposite (y)

5cm
Opposite (y)

ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 7cm, 45.5° NE
θ = 30° θ = 28°
Adjacent (x) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 52m, w
EXAMPLE NUMBER 1: You are on a treasure hunt Adjacent (x)
and your map says “walk due West for 52 m, then
walk 30° North of West for 42 m, and finally walk due A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE
North for 25 m.” What is the magnitude and direction
of the resultant vector? (scale: 10 m = 1 cm) USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

GIVEN: GIVEN x y
1cm ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ -52m 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 52m ( ) 5.2cm, W d1 = 52m, W
10m ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 42m, 30°N of W -36.37m 21m
1cm ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 25m, N 0 25m
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 42m ( ) 4.2cm, 30° NW
10m x = −88.37m y = 46m
∑ ∑
(west) (north)
1cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 25m ( ) 2.5cm, N
10m
 1cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 5km ( ) 2.5cm, 20°WN
d T = √(∑ X) + (∑ y) 2km

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 2 1cm
d T = √(−88.37m) + (46m) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 30km ( ) 15cm, W
2km
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 99.63m
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 30km, w
SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR
d2
SOLVING FOR X-COMPONENT

θ = 56°
CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent over Hypotenuse)
hypcosθ = adj θ = 30°
42m cos 32° = 36.37m
SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT
SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)
2km
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 11.1cm ( ) 22.2km
hypsinθ = opp 1cm
42m sin 32° = 21m ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):

B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

d T = 22.2km, 56° WN
opp ANALYTICAL METHOD
θ = tan−1 ( )
adj
∑x Opposite (x)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 30km, w
θ = tan−1 ( )

Adjacent (y)
∑y

Adjacent (y)
Opposite (x)

46m
θ = tan−1 (
θ = 56°
)
88.37m

Opposite (y)
Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the
θ = 30°
calculator.
Adjacent (x)
θ = 27.50°, NW
ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):
A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 99.63m, 27.50°, NW USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
EXAMPLE NUMBER 2: GIVEN x y
A commuter airplane starts from an airport and takes ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 15km, 30°NE 12.99km 7.5km
the following route. It flies to a city (City A) located at ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 5km, 20° WN -1.71km 4.70km
15 km in a direction 30° North of East, next it flies 5
km 20° West of North to City B, finally it flies 30 km ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 30km, W -30km 0
due West to City C. Find the resultant vector (scale: x = −18.72km y = 12.2km
∑ ∑
(west) (north)
1 cm = 2 km).
GIVEN:
1cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 15km ( ) 7.5cm, 30°NE ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d 2
T = √(∑ X) + (∑ y)
2
2km
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = √(−18.72km)2 + (12.2km)2 EXAMPLE NUMBER 3:
An airplane trip involves three legs, with two
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 22.34km stopovers. The first leg is due east for 620 km; the
second leg is southeast (45°) for 440 km; and the
SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR third leg is at 53° south of west, for 550 km, as
d1 shown. What is the plane’s total displacement?
(scale: 1 cm = 100 km).
SOLVING FOR X-COMPONENT (adjacent)
GIVEN:
CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent over Hypotenuse)
hypcosθ = adj 1cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 620km ( ) 6.2cm, E
100km
15km cos 30° = 12.99km
1cm
SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT (opposite) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 440km ( ) 4.4cm, 45°SE
100km
SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)
1cm
hypsinθ = opp ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 550km ( ) 5.5cm, 53°SW
100km
15km sin 30° = 7.5km
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 620km, E
SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR
d2 θ = 51° θ = 45°

SOLVING FOR X-COMPONENT (opposite)

SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)
hypsinθ = opp

5km sin 20° = 1.71km θ = 53°

SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT (adjacent)

CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent over Hypotenuse)
hypcosθ = adj

5km cos 30° = 4.70km

B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA
100km
opp ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 9.6cm ( ) 960km
θ = tan−1 ( ) 1cm
adj
ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):
∑x
θ = tan−1 ( ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d
∑y T = 960km, 51° SE

18.72km EXAMPLE NUMBER 4:

θ = tan−1 ( ) Mary leaves the office, drives 26 km/h due North and
12.2km
turns onto a street and continues in a direction 30°
Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the North of East for 35 km/h and finally turns onto the
calculator. highway due East for 40 km/h. What is her total
displacement from the office? (scale: 10 km = 1 cm)
θ = 56.91°, WN
GIVEN:
ANSWER (ANALYTICAL): 1cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 26km ( ) 2.6cm, N
10km
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 22.34km, 56.91°, WN
 1cm A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 35km ( ) 3.5cm, 30°NE
10km USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
1cm
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 40km ( ) 4cm, E
10km GIVEN x y
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 26km, 30°N 0 26km
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 = 35km, 30° NE 30.31km 17.5km
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 40km, E ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 40km, E 40km 0
x = 70.31km y = 43.5km
∑ ∑
(east) (north)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d 2
T = √(∑ X) + (∑ y)
2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d 2
T = √(70.31km) + (43.5km)
2
θ = 30°
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 26km, N

dT = 82.68km
θ = 58°

SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR

d2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

SOLVING FOR X-COMPONENT

CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent over Hypotenuse)
hypcosθ = adj
10km
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 8.3cm ( ) 83km 35km cos 30° = 30.31km
1cm
ANSWER (GRAPHICAL): SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT
SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d T = 83km, 58° EN
hypsinθ = opp
ANALYTICAL METHOD
35km sin 30° = 17.5km
Opposite (x)
B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d3 = 40km, E
opp
θ = tan−1 ( )
adj
∑x
Adjacent (y)

Opposite (y)

θ = tan−1 ( )
∑y

70.31km
θ = 30° θ = tan−1 ( )
43.5km
Opposite (x)
d1 = 26km, N

Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the

θ = 58°

calculator.
θ = 58.26°, EN
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dT = 82.68km, 58.26°, EN
EXAMPLE NUMBER 6: THREE (3) TYPES OF MOTION
An ostrich is running at a speed of 7.0 m/s in a
1. ROTARY MOTION
direction of 68.0° north of west. What are the
magnitude of the ostrich’s velocity  Motion about a fixed point.
components? (scale: 1 m/s = 1 cm)  Examples are Ferris wheel and carousel.
GIVEN: 2. LINEAR MOTION
 Motion which follows a straight linear path.
1cm  Examples are parade of the soldiers and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 = 7m/s ( ) 7cm, 68°NW
1m/s train moving in a straight track.
3. RECIPROCATING MOTION
 Repetitive up-and-down or back-and-forth
linear motion.
 Examples are ack and pinion mechanism, a
Scotch yoke mechanism and a traversing
head shaper.
FOUR (4) KINEMATICS QUANTITIES
1. DISTANCE
 Length of the path the body has taken.
Opposite (y)

 Answers the question “how much ground an

object has covered?”
2. DISPLACEMENT
 Shortest length between the initial position
and the final position of a body.
 Answers the question “how far out of place
an object is?”
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISTANCE AND
DISPLACEMENT

θ = 68°

Adjacent (x)

MECHANICS • Branch of physics dealing with the 3. SPEED

study of motion.  How fast an object moves, but it does not
TWO (2) AREAS OF MECHANICS give any information on what direction is
moving.
1. KINEMATICS  Distance travelled per unit time.
 Mathematical description of motion
4. VELOCITY
(kinematic quantities).
 Contains both the speed and direction.
2. DYNAMICS  Rate of change of position with respect to
 Study of the causes of motion (force). time.
MOTION

 Change in position with respect to a

reference point.
THREE (3) FORMULAS EXAMPLE NUMBER 2:
1. SOLVING FOR v If the speed of the car is 2 m/s. How long will it take
for it to reach a distance of 30 km?
d GIVEN:
v=
t v=2 m/s
d=30 km
2. SOLVING FOR d UNKNOWN:
t=?
v=d EQUATION:
t( )t d
t
t=
v
tv = d or d = vt
SOLUTION:
3. SOLVING FOR t
1000m
30km = ( )
v d 1km
=
1 t
d vt = 3000m
=
v v
d 3000m
t= t=
v 2m/s

SIX (6) EXAMPLES SAGOT:

t = 15,000s
EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:
In a field trip, the bus travelled a distance of 100 EXAMPLE NUMBER 3:
kilometers in 3 hours. What is its speed in m/s?
You are driving home from school steadily at 95
GIVEN:
km/h for 180 km. It then begins to rain and you slow
d=100km
down to 65 km/h. You arrive home after driving 4.5
t=3h
h. How far is your home from school?
UNKNOWN:
GIVEN:
v=? v=65 km/h
EQUATION: t=2.61 h
d UNKNOWN:
v= d=?
t
SOLUTION: EQUATION:
d = vt
100km SOLUTION:
v=
3h d = (65km/h)(2.61h)
SAGOT: SAGOT:
v = 33.33km/h d = 169.65km

CONVERSION: EXAMPLE NUMBER 4:

1 km = 1 x 103 m 2 trains approach each other on parallel tracks. Each
1 h = 3,600 s has a speed of 155 km/h with respect to the ground.
30km 1x103 m 1h If they are initially 8.5 km apart, how long will it be
x ( )( )
h 1km 3,600s before they reach each other (in minutes)?
GIVEN:
v=155 km/h
= 9.26m/s
d=8.5 km UNKNOWN:
UNKNOWN: v=?
t=? EQUATION:
EQUATION:
d d
t= v=
v t
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
4.25km
t= 3200m
155km/h v=
870s
= 0.27h SAGOT:
SAGOT:
v = 3.68m/s
60mins
0.27h = ( )
1h

t = 16.2mins
EXAMPLE NUMBER 5:
A horse trots away from its trainer in a straight line,
moving 38 m away in 9.0 s. It then turns abruptly and
gallops halfway back in 1.8 s. Calculate below.

LETTER A:
Its average speed

d
v=
t
38m + (19m)
v=
9s + 1.8s
v = 5.28m/s
LETTER B:
Its average velocity using away from the trainer as
the positive direction.

⃗⃗
d
⃗⃗ =
v
t
38m + (−19m)
⃗⃗ =
v
9s + 1.8s
⃗⃗ = 1.76m/s
v
EXAMPLE NUMBER 6:
A person jogs eight complete laps around a 400 m
track in a total time of 14.5 mins. Calculate his
average speed in m/s.

GIVEN:
d=400m x 8 = 3200m
t=14.5mins x 60 = 870s