Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Technical Drafting Training Module

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BASIC COMPETENCIES
Module I: Participating in Workplace Communication

I. Introduction.

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to obtain,
interpret and convey information in response to workplace requirements.

II. Objectives

Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Acquire and convey workplace information.

 Accomplish relevant work related documents.
 Join in workplace meeting and discussion.

III. Discussion

LO1. OBTAIN AND CONVEY WORKPLACE INFORMATION

In this learning outcome, specific relevant information is accessed from

appropriate sources, effective questioning, active listening and speaking skills
are used to gather and convey information, appropriate medium is used to
transfer information and ideas, appropriate non-verbal communication is used,
appropriate lines of communication with superiors and colleagues are identified
and followed, defined workplace procedures for the location and storage of
information are used and personal interaction is carried out clearly and concisely.

 Parts of Speech
 Sentence Construction
 Effective Communication

LO2. COMPLETE RELEVANT WORK RELATED DOCUMENTS

In this learning outcome, ranges of forms relating to conditions of

employment are completed accurately and legibly, workplace data is recorded on
standard workplace forms and documents, basic mathematical process is used
for routine calculations, errors in recording information on forms/ documents are
identified and rectified and reporting requirements to superior are completed
according to enterprise guidelines.

 Basic Mathematics
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LO3. PARTICIPATE IN WORKPLACE MEETINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this learning outcome, team meetings are attended on time, own

opinions are clearly expressed and those of others are listened to without
interruption, meeting inputs are consistent with the meeting purpose and
established protocols, workplace interactions are conducted in a courteous
manner appropriate to cultural background and authority in the enterprise
procedures, questions about simple routine workplace procedures and matters
concerning conditions of employment are asked and responded and meeting
outcomes are interpreted and implemented.

 Technical Writing
 Recording Information

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Module II: Working in a Team Environment

I. Introduction.

This module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to relate
in a work based environment.

II. Objectives

Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Explain and identify team role and responsibility in a team.

 Express work as a team member.

III. Discussion

LO1. DESCRIBE AND IDENTIFY TEAM ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY IN A

TEAM.

In this learning outcome, role and objective of the team is identified, team
parameters, relationships and responsibilities are identified, individual role and
responsibilities within team environment are identified, roles and responsibilities
of other team members are identified and recognized and Reporting relationships
within team and external to team are identified.

 Team Role
 Role and Responsibilities with Team Environment
 Relationship within a Team
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LO2. DESCRIBE WORK AS A TEAM MEMBER

In this learning outcome, appropriate forms of communication and

interactions are undertaken, appropriate contributions to complement team
activities and objectives were made, reporting using standard operating
procedures is followed, and development of team work plans based from role
team are contributed.

 Communication process
 Team Structure/Team Roles
 Group Planning and Decision Making

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Module III: Practicing Career Professionalism

I. Introduction.

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes in promoting

career growth and advancement, specifically to integrate personal objectives with
organizational goals set and meet work priorities and maintain professional
growth and development.

II. Objectives

Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Incorporate personal objectives with organizational goals.

 Set and meet work priorities.
 Sustain professional growth and development.

III. Discussion

LO1. INTEGRATE PERSONAL OBJECTIVES WITH ORGANIZATIONAL

GOALS

In this learning outcome, personal growth and work plans towards

improving the qualifications set for professionalism are evident, intra and
interpersonal relationship in the course of managing oneself based on
performance evaluation is maintained, commitment to the organization and its
goal is demonstrated in the performance of duties, practice of appropriate
personal hygiene is observed and job targets within key result areas are attained.
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 Personal Development-Social Aspects: Intrapersonal and

Interpersonal Development
 Organizational Goals
 Personal Hygiene and Practices
 Code of Ethics

LO2. SET AND MEET WORK PRIORITIES

In this learning outcome, competing demands to achieve personal, team

and organizational goals and objectives are prioritized, resources are utilized
efficiently and effectively to manage work priorities and commitments, practices
and economic use and maintenance of equipment and facilities are followed as
per established procedures and job targets within key result areas are attained.

 Organizational Key Result Areas (KRAs)

 Work Values and Ethical Standards
 Company Policies on the Use and Maintenance of Equipment

LO3. MAINTAIN PROFESSIONAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

In this learning outcome, training and career opportunities relevant to the

job requirements are identified and availed, licenses and certifications according
to the requirements of the qualifications are acquired and maintained,
fundamental rights at work including gender sensitivity are observed and training
and career opportunities based on the requirements of industry are completed
and updated.

 Qualification Standards
 Gender and Development (GAD) Sensitivity
 Professionalism in the Workplace
 List of Professional Licenses

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Module IV: Practicing Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

I. Introduction.

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to comply
with the regulatory and organizational requirements for occupational health and
safety such as identifying, evaluating and maintaining occupational health and
safety (OHS) awareness.

II. Objectives
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Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Assess hazards and risks

 Manage hazards and risks

III. Discussion

LO1. EVALUATE AND CONTROL HAZARDS AND RISKS

In this learning outcome, workplace hazards and risks are identified and
clearly explained, hazards and risks and its corresponding indicators are
identified in with the company procedures, contingency measures are recognized
and established in accordance with organizational procedures, terms of
maximum tolerable limits are identified based on threshold limit values (TLV),
effects of hazards are determined and OHS issues and concerns are identified in
accordance with workplace requirements and relevant workplace OHS
legislation.

 Hazards and Risks Identification and Control

 Organizational Safety and Health Protocol
 Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
 OHS indicators
 Philippine OHS standards
 Ergonomics
 ECC Regulations
 
LO2. MAINTAIN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AWARENESS

In this learning outcome, OHS procedures for controlling hazards and risk
are strictly followed, procedures in dealing with workplace accidents, fire and
emergencies are followed in accordance with the organization’s OHS policies,
personal protective equipment (PPE) is correctly used in accordance with
organization’s OHS procedures and practices and procedures in providing
appropriate assistance in the event of workplace emergencies are identified in
line with the established organizational protocol.

 Safety Regulations
 Clean Air Act
 Electrical and Fire Safety Code
 Waste Management
 Disaster Preparedness and Management
 Contingency Measures and Procedures
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COMMON COMPETENCIES
Module V: Performing Mensurations and Calculations

I. Introduction.

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on identifying, and
measuring objects based on the required performance standards.

II. Objectives

Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Choose measuring instruments.

 Carry out measurements and calculations

III. Discussion

LO1. SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

In this learning outcome, object or component to be measured are

identified, classified and interpreted according to the appropriate regular
geometric shape, measuring tools are selected or identified as per object to be
measured or job requirements, correct specifications are obtained from relevant
sources, measuring instruments are selected according to job requirements,
alternative measuring tools are used without sacrificing cost and quality of work
and measurements are obtained according to job requirements.

 Visualizing Objects and Shapes Specifically Geometric Shapes

 Interpreting Formulas for Volume, Areas, and Perimeters of Plane
and Geometric Figures
 Measuring Instruments/Measuring Tools
 Proper Handling of Measuring Instruments

LO2. CARRY OUT MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS

In this learning outcome, calculation needed to complete work tasks are

performed using the four basic process of addition (+), subtraction (-),
multiplication (x) and division (/) including but not limited to: trigonometric
functions, algebraic computations, calculations involving fractions, percentages
and mixed numbers are used to complete workplace tasks, numerical
computations are self-checked and corrected for accuracy, accurate
measurements are obtained according to job requirements, identified and
converted systems of measurement according to job requirements and measured
work pieces according to job requirements.
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 Trade Mathematics/Mensuration

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Module VI: Interpreting Technical Drawings and Plans

I. Introduction.

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on analyzing and
interpreting symbols, data and work plan based on the required performance
standard.
 
II. Objectives

Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Examine signs, symbols and data.

 Explain technical drawings and plans

III. Discussion

LO1. ANALYZE SIGNS, SYMBOLS AND DATA

In this learning outcome, sign, symbols, and data are identified according
to job specifications. And sign, symbols and data are determined according to
classification or as appropriate in drawing.

 Drawing Symbols and Signs

 Trade Mathematics

LO2. INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS

In this learning outcome, necessary tools, materials and equipment are

identified according to the plan, components, assemblies or object are
recognized as per job requirement and dimensions and specification are
identified according to job requirements.

 Basic Technical Drawing

 Technical Plans and Schematic Diagram
 Symbols and Abbreviations

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Module VII: Applying Quality Standards

I. Introduction.

This module covers the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed to
apply quality standards in the workplace. The unit also includes the application of
relevant safety procedures and regulations, organization procedures and
customer requirements.

II. Objectives

Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Assess quality of received materials

 Assess own work
 Engage in quality improvement

III. Discussion

LO 1. ASSESS QUALITY OF RECEIVED MATERIALS

In this learning outcome, work instruction must be obtained, work must be

carried out in accordance with standard operating procedures, received materials
must be checked against workplace standards and specifications, faulty
materials related to work must be identified and isolated, faults and any identified
causes must be recorded and reported to the supervisor concerned in
accordance with workplace procedures, and faulty materials must be replaced in
accordance with workplace procedures.

 Reading Skills Required to Interpret Work Instruction

 Workplace Standards and Specifications
 Procedures in Obtaining and Carrying Out Work Instructions
 Quality Checking Procedures
 Fault Identification and Reporting
 Safe Work Practices
 Carry out Work in Accordance with Policies and Procedures

LO 2. ASSESS OWN WORK

In this learning outcome, documentation relative to quality within the

company is identified and used, completed work is checked against workplace
standards and specifications, errors are identified and isolated, information on
the quality and other indicators of production procedures is recorded in
accordance with workplace procedures, and in cases of deviation from specific
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quality standards, causes is documented and reported in accordance with the

workplace’s standard operating procedures.

 Communication Skills needed to Interpret and Apply Defined

Work Procedures
 Identifying Errors (deviation from customer and or organization
requirements)

LO3. ENGAGE IN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

In this learning outcome, process improvement procedures is participated

in relative to workplace assignment, work is carried out in accordance with
process improvement procedures and performance of operation or quality of
product of service to ensure customer satisfaction is monitored.

 Safe Job Procedures

 Critical Thinking
 Quality Improvement Processes

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Module VIII: Operating a Personal Computer

I. Introduction.

This module defines the competency required to operate a personal

computer by: starting the PC, logging in, using and working with files, folders and
programs, saving work and closing down the PC.

II. Objectives

Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Turn on computer unit

 Organize and customize desktop display / window setting
 Work with files and folders
 Work with user application programs.
 Publish information
 Turn off computer unit

III. Discussion

LO1. START THE COMPUTER

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In this learning outcome, the user must perform the standard operating
procedure before turning on the computer unit, which is to check all the computer
peripherals are properly connected, power is checked according to procedure,
computer logging in and logging off is successfully done and hardware
configuration is checked according to requirements.

 Procedure in Starting the Computer

 Safety Measures when using Computers
 Basic Operation and Function of PC Software and Hardware
 PC Hardware and Peripheral Devices Proper Connection
 Identification of Basic Parts and Various Hardware Components

LO2. ARRANGE AND CUSTOMIZE DESKTOP DISPLAY / WINDOW

SETTING

In this learning outcome, desktop display or windows elements can

customize by the user according to his or her personal interests. Desktop icons
can be added if needed, renamed if required, moved if required, copied or
deleted as needed and desktop settings can be stored.

 Procedure in Arranging and Customizing Desktop Display /

Window Setting
 Desktop Navigation
 Using On-line Help Functions

LO3. WORK WITH FILES AND FOLDERS

In this learning outcome, a file or folder is created, opened, moved,

renamed or copied according to job specification, files and folders can be deleted
and restored as required, details or properties of files and folders are displayed
or viewed as required, various files are organized for easy lookup and use as
required and files and information are searched according to requirements.

 Procedure in Using System Features in Saving and Retrieving

Files
 Storage Devices and File Concepts
 Basic Operations and Functions of Application Programs
 Test Disks

LO4. WORK WITH USER APPLICATION PROGRAMS

In this learning outcome, application programs are added, changed,

removed or ran according to requirements, user software or application programs
are installed according to requirements and user software or application
programs are updated or upgraded according to requirements.
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 Procedure in Installing User Software / Application Programs

 Basic Software Operation with User Application Programs
 Understanding Basic Workplace Documents

LO5. PRINT INFORMATION

In this learning outcome, printer is added or installed as required, correct

printer settings is done according to requirements, default printer is assigned as
specified and information or document is printed on the installed printer
according to requirements.

 Procedure in Installing Printer

 Configure Printer Settings
 Basic Operation and Functions of Installed Printer
 Test Printer

LO6. SHUT DOWN COMPUTER

In this learning outcome, users ensure that all open application programs
are closed according to requirements and computer and peripheral devices are
correctly shut down according to requirements.

 Procedure in Proper Shut Down of Computer

 Safety Measures
 Observation of Workplace Environment

CORE COMEPETENCIES
Module IX: Drafting Architectural Lay-Outs and Details

I. Introduction.

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to

manually draft architectural layout, such as; site development plan, floor plan,
ceiling, elevation and section, and working drawing details.

II. Objectives

Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Plan and prepare for work

 Prepare and set-up tools and materials for drawing
 Draft floor plan
 Draft roof plans
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 Draft elevations
 Submit complete drawings

III. Discussion

LO1. PLAN AND PREPARE FOR WORK

In this learning outcome, work instruction is secured following standard

operating procedures and blueprint is interpreted according to architectural layout
drawing job requirements and drawing tools, materials and equipment are
identified based on job requirements.

 Architectural Working Drawings

Working drawings and specifications are the main sources of information

for supervisors and technicians responsible for the actual construction. The
construction working drawing gives a complete graphic description of the
structure to be erected and the construction method to be followed. A set of
working drawings includes both general and detail drawings. General drawings
consist of plans and elevations; detail drawings consist of sections and detail
views.

 Company Rules and Regulations and SOP

Rules and regulations can be considered as the law and guidelines that
are implemented within the premises of a certain institutions, where an employee
is expected to follow this laws and guidelines.

Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are the documented processes

that a company has in place to ensure services and/or products are delivered
consistently every time.

As a general rule for the drafters before working; drawing tools, materials
and equipment must be classified according to job requirements. And after long
day working, drafters must apply the standard operating procedure, which is to
secure all drawing tools, materials and equipment, clean them and put them back
to their proper locations.

 Procedure for Setting-up Drawing Equipment

Standard operating procedure when setting-up drawing equipment is to

ensure that all drawing equipments received is in good condition, well functioning
and appropriate to be used in the project. In case of deficiencies, isolate that
equipment and replace it by following the workplace procedures.
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 Procedure to Lay-Out Drawings and Details

Perform standard operating procedure when starting to lay-out drawings

and details is to make sure that the drafter must follow and apply quality
standards based on customer requirements before the preliminaries.

LO2. PREPARE AND SET-UP TOOLS AND MATERIALS FOR DRAWING

In this learning outcome, drawing tools, materials, and equipment are

selected and prepared according to job requirements and set-up procedure for
working drawing is performed following job requirement

 Drawing Tools, Materials and Equipment

Technical drawing tools are the tools used for technical drawing, including

pens and rulers. Drawing tools may be used for measurement and layout of
drawings, or to improve the consistency and speed of creation of standard
drawing elements. Many of the tools used for manual technical drawing are
obsolete, where computer-aided drawing has become common.

Common Drawing Tools, Materials and Equipment

 Drawing Board
 T – Square.
 Triangles
 Protractor
 Compass
 Pencil / Mechanical Pencil
 Drawing Sheets
 Erasers
 Sharpeners
 Technical Pen
 Erasing Shield
 French Curve

 Alphabet of lines

Lines in technical drawings are part of a specialized graphic language that

is standardized throughout industry. Each type of line has a very precise
symbolic meaning. Correct usage of this alphabet of lines is essential whether
you use traditional drafting methods or CAD.
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LINE TYPE DESCRIPTION IMAGE

Very light and thin line use to
Construction Line
construct layout work.
Thin and dark lines use to show the
size (span) of an object with a
Dimension Line
numeric value. Usually terminates
with arrowheads or tick markings.
Thin and dark line use to show the
Extension Line starting and ending of dimension.

Short dash lines use to show non-

Hidden Line visible surfaces. Usually shows as
medium thickness.
Object / Visible Thick dark line use to show outline of
Lines object, visible edges and surfaces.
Medium lines drawn at 45 degrees
use to show interior view of solid
Section Line
areas of cutting plane line.

 Title Block and Borders

  A border is a line drawn around the inside edge of the paper. Usually this
is 10mmm from the edge of the paper. It is basically a rectangle drawn precisely
and inside this rectangle is the design area.

A title block is normally drawn at the bottom of the paper. Inside the title
block is printed important information such as Name, Title and Date. The
measurements for the title block can be seen below (these can vary depending
on the type of title block being used). All the lines are dark with the exception of
the guidelines between which the printing is positioned.

 Lettering

Technical lettering is the process of forming letters, numerals, and

other characters in technical drawing. It is used to describe, or provide detailed
specifications for, an object.

Methods of Forming Letters

 Freehand lettering is done without the assistance of tools.

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 Mechanical lettering is done using tools such as lettering guides,

templates, or using a small mechanical pantograph.
 Modern drawings are lettered with Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
software.

 Layout and Dimensioning

To dimension a drawing is an important operation. It permits to know the

measurement of the building. This is important because a design project have to
be sent to several operators with different culture, behavior and profession.

LO3. DRAFT FLOOR PLAN

In this learning outcome, drafting tools are used according to

architectural practices, walls, windows and doors, fixtures and fittings, grid and
dimension lines are drawn according to architectural design standards, metric
scale is used according to the magnitude of plans to be drafted and letterings
and labels are indicated according to drafting standards.

 Floor Plan Features

In architecture and building engineering, a floor plan otherwise known as a

Scottish plan is a drawing to scale showing a view from above, of the
relationships between rooms, spaces and other physical features at one level of
a structure.

Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes
and wall lengths. Floor plans may also include details of fixtures like sinks, water
heaters, furnaces, etc. Floor plans may include notes for construction to specify
finishes, construction methods, or symbols for electrical items.

The fully furnished 4Bed/2Bath floor plan features living/dining area, full-
sized kitchen, private bedrooms, and shared bathrooms.  Each room is furnished
with full-sized bed, study desk, and wardrobe closet/dresser. Full-sized washer
and dryer!
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 Use of Appropriate Scale

Scale is a measuring device that enables designers to represent

accurately the size of an object in a technical drawing. The term scale describes
the ratio of the drawing size relative to the actual size of the object. When you
draw an object to scale, the drawing represents a ratio of the object size. With
scale, you can draw large objects that are too big to be drawn full size at a
reduced size or objects that too small to an enlarged size.

Architects, engineers and other designers use different types of scales to

prepare technical drawing.  Some of the most common scales include metric
scale, architects’ scale etc.

Metric Scale (based on proportional ratio)

It describes the ratio of the drawing compared to the actual size of the
object. The first number of the equation describes the size of the drawing and the
second number describes the actual size of the object being drawn.
Measurements are expressed in the smallest unit- millimeters.  Metric scale can
be classified in the following categories:

 Full scale: – the ratio is equal. The drawing is the same size as the object.
For example: (1:1) Full size

 Reducing scale: – the object is represented smaller in a drawing. For

example: (1:2) drawing is half the size of the object

 Enlarging scale: – the object is represented larger in a drawing. For

example: (2:1) drawing is 2 times larger than the object.

 Procedures in Securing Tools, Materials/Company Policy

In securing tools or drawing materials, always follow the standard

operating procedure as per company policy.

 Procedures in Drafting Floor Plan

Note: Considered the check list below as guide in drafting floor plan.

1. Draw border and title block.

2. Write title and scale of the drawing in the title block.
3. Write drawing number in the title block.
4. Draft single line floor plan according to the customer requirements.
5. Create exterior and interior walls applying the standard thickness of wall.
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6. Outline patios, porches or terrace.

7. Draw columns based on standards measurements.
8. Draw windows with proper window symbol of operations.
9. Draw doors with the proper symbol for operations.
10. Draw wall openings, arches and soffits with dotted or hidden lines.
11. Draw ceiling changes with dashed lines in a small project.
12. Draw window numbers and it should be match an accompanying window
schedule.
13. Draw door numbers and it should be match an accompanying draw
schedule.
14. Label or create annotations in room, area or closet.
15. Draw stairs with directional arrows for up and down.
16. Draw kitchen fixtures and appliances such as sinks, counters, cabinets,
shelving, range, refrigerator, etc.
17. Draw bathroom fixtures.
18. Draw other appliances such as clothes washer, dryer, laundry tubs, water
softener, hot water tank, etc.
19. Create if there are any built-in interior features.
20. Create dimensions and notations. Under notations, indicate floor level
changes, indicate ceiling heights, draw cross-reference symbols such as
section, elevation or detail symbols, and label room names.
21. Write title and scale of the plan under the plan view.

LO4. DRAFT ROOF PLANS

In this learning outcome, dimensions of roof plan are indicated and should
match floor plan dimensions, lines are drawn according to drafting standards,
architectural standard symbols are used, drawings are laid out according to sheet
contents and roof plan and framing details are drawn according to architectural
drawing standards.

 Terms and Definitions Relating to Roof Plans

 Downspout - it is a pipe to carry rainwater from the gutter or roof to the

ground or the sewer -- can be sheet metal, plastic, or other type of piping
material.
 Eaves – it is the lower border of a roof that overhangs the wall.
 Gutter – it is a channel or gully worn by running water.
 Jack rafter – it is the diagonal sloping ridge rafter of a hip roof.
 Purlin - it is a structural roof framing member laid horizontally across the
roof beams to support a roof deck.
 Rafter - it is a closely spaced sloping framing member supporting a roof.
 Ridge – it is the top horizontal edge or peak of a roof.
 Ridge roll – it is a metal, tile, or wood strip rounded at the top and used
as finishing for the ridge of a roof.
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 Valley – it is the place of meeting of two slopes of a roof that form on the
plan, a reentrant angle.
 Valley gutter – it is the gutter below the valley of the roof.

 Common Types of Roof

HIP ROOF DESIGN

FRONT VIEW
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JERKINHEAD ROOF DESIGN DUTCH GABLE ROOF DESIGN

FRONT VIEW FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW

SHED ROOF DESIGN GABLE ROOF DESIGN

FRONT VIEW FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW

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 Procedures in Drafting Roof Plan

Note: Considered the check list below as guide in drafting roof plan.

1. Draw border and title block.

2. Write title and scale of the drawing in the title block.
3. Write drawing number in the title block.
4. Draft single line floor plan according to the customer requirements.
5. Create the roof line according to the building line structure.
6. Project the outline of ridges and valleys.
7. Draw ridge roll, valley gutter and down spout.
8. Write title and scale of the plan under the plan view.

LO5. DRAFT ELEVATIONS

In this learning outcome, vertical heights from grade line is established

according to architectural drafting standards, offsets from right side, left and rear
side of floor plan projected according to architectural drafting standards, roof
eaves and pitch on all elevations and sections are established according to
architectural drafting standards, doors and windows are projected in all
elevations and sections, cross and longitudinal sectional views are projected
from the floor plans and elevations and various material symbols and
specifications are indicated in all elevations and sections.

 Procedures in Drafting Elevations

Note: Considered the check list below as guide in drafting elevations and
sections.

1. Draw border and title block.

2. Write title and scale of the drawing in the title block.
3. Write drawing number in the title block.
4. Draw doors, windows and frames with proper elevations symbols.
5. Draw all vertical components of the space for all items shown on the plan
view including appliances, equipment, and artworks.
6. Draw door, window or cabinet door opening devices such as door knob.
7. Draw angled dash lines near the midpoints of the door, window or cabinet
to indicate the hinge location and door swing.
8. Create dimensions and notations. Under notations, draw cross-reference
symbols, label room names, and call out finish materials.
9. Write title and scale of the plan under the plan view.
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LEFT SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION

LO6. SUBMIT COMPLETE DRAWINGS

In this learning outcome, complete drawing is submitted to appropriate

personnel following SOP, comments and corrections are noted for final drawings
following SOP, comments and corrections are integrated into final drawing based
on job requirements and housekeeping procedure is performed following SOP.

 Company Rules and Regulations

As per company rule, follow the standard operating procedure when a

certain product is finished. Make it sure that it will be checked by the experts
according to its specifications.

 Re-work Procedures

As per company rule, follow the standard operating procedure when a

deviation or revision of the finished product is identified.

 Housekeeping

As per company rule, follow the standard operating procedure after work
is done. Perform housekeeping procedures, organize drawing materials.



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Module X. Preparing Computer–Aided Drawing

I. Introduction.

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to prepare
drawings such as architectural, structural, electrical and electronic,
sanitary/plumbing and mechanical working drawings using CAD software and
hardware

II. Objectives

Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:

 Operate CAD software and computer hardware

 Prepare plans using CAD

III. Discussion

LO1. OPERATE CAD SOFTWARE AND COMPUTER HARDWARE

In this learning outcome, CAD software is identified according to software

provider and manipulates draw, editing, modification, plotting commands as per
software provider instructions.

 Terms and definitions relating to CAD

CAD systems allow an engineer to view a design from any angle with the
push of a button and to zoom in or out for close-ups and long-distance views. In
addition, the computer keeps track of design dependencies so that when the
engineer changes one value, all other values that depend on it are automatically
changed accordingly. In addition to the software, a CAD system requires;

 a high-quality graphics monitor; a mouse, light pen, or digitizing tablet for

drawing; and
 a special printer or plotter for printing design specifications.

 CAD software

CAD, or computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is the use of

computer technology for design and design documentation. CAD software
replaces manual drafting with an automated process. (www.autodesk.com)

CAD software is everywhere, because there is a vast range of options if

you want to purchase one. There is CAD software that sounds familiar; there are
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others which are not common to us. Examples of CAD software that is very in
demand in the market is AutoCAD, Sketchup, MicroStation, SolidWorks, etc…

Factor to consider when purchasing CAD software is the compatibility of

this application into your current type of operating system and the applications
system requirements itself. In this module, the CAD software that we are going to
utilize is AutoCAD (Automatic Computer Aided Design). AutoCAD is a software
application for 2D and 3D computer-aided design and drafting — available since
1982 as a desktop application and since 2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based
app, currently marketed as AutoCAD 360.

 Hardware

A hardware device provides ease of comfort when manipulating or utilizing

AutoCAD application and most likely these devices are the mouse and keyboard.

A Mouse is a pointing device that detects two-

dimensional motion relative to a surface. The functions of
the mouse: Left Mouse Button; clicking this button
allows you to select objects or use to point icons in the
toolbars. Right Mouse Button; clicking this button allows
you to use the options or shortcuts as well as an enter
key. Mouse Scroll; scrolling this button can perform the
zoom in and zoom out command. If you press it without releasing it you’re
performing the pan command.

A Keyboard is a typewriter-style
device, which uses an arrangement of
buttons or keys, to act as mechanical
levers or electronic switches. Some of the
keys of keyboard can be very useful in
imposing the AutoCAD commands. The
Enter Keys and Spacebar can activate a
command if you press them, but the spacebar is disabled as an enter key if you
are using the text command. Of course spacebar is use for spacing purposes.
The escape key can use as a deactivator, when a command is activate press this
key then it will end up a current command. You can also use the enter keys to
end up a command. The Functions Keys are very helpful tools in AutoCAD. It
can perform some of the functions of application status bar. By pressing the
function keys, you can toggle on / off the status bar buttons. Below are the list of
the function keys and their function. You can use the Alphabets Keys to use a
commands, most of the commands in AutoCAD has shortcuts these are
represented by one or more letters.

F1 - AutoCAD On-line Help Window will open

F2 - Switches the graphic screen to text screen
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F3 - Toggles on and off the Object Snap mode

F4 - Toggles on and off the Tablet
F5 - Cycling the Isoplanes (Left, Top, and Right)
F6 - Toggles on and off the Dynamic UCS
F7 - Toggles on and off the Grid Display
F8 - Toggles on and off the Ortho Mode
F9 - Toggles on and off the Snap Mode
F10 - Toggles on and off the Polar Tracking
F11 - Toggles on and off the Object Snap Tracking
F12 - Toggles on and off the Dynamic Input

 Commands

A command is a specific instruction given to a computer application to

perform some kind of task or function. AutoCAD application has an enormous
number of commands that a user or CAD operator must understand on how to
use them.

Since that the focus of this module is to convert the architectural layouts
and details that are done manually into CAD drawing. We will utilize the different
types of commands. These commands are categorize according to their uses
and functions.

The Draw Commands

Linear commands are a command that creates line segments. Each

command has its own properties and different methods to utilize them.

 Line - it creates straight line segments between two points usually the line
segment that is created is independent to each other.

 Menu:  Draw   Line

 Command entry: Line /or L

 Polyline - it creates two-dimensional polylines and usually the line segment

that is created is dependent to each other.

 Menu:  Draw   Polyline

 Command entry: Pline /or PL

 Construction Line - it creates an infinite line and usually you this command
to create reference lines.

 Menu:  Draw   Construction Line

 Command entry: Xline /or XL
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Curve commands are a command that creates curve or circular objects.

Each command has its own properties and different methods to utilize them.

 Arc - it creates an arc segments. There are eleven ways to draw an arc
segments. 3Points is the default option, if you utilize this command to create
an arc segment. The 11 ways or options to draw an Arc segment are listed
below:

 Menu:  Draw  Arc 

 Command entry: Arc /or A

 Circle - it creates a circle. There are six ways to draw a circle. Center, radius
is the default option, if you utilize this command to create circles. The 6 ways
or options to draw a circle are listed below:

 Menu:  Draw  Circle  Center, Radius

 Command entry: Circle /or C

Rectangular commands are a command that creates rectangular objects.

Each command has its own properties and different methods to utilize them.

 Rectangle - it draws a rectangular polyline and usually this command adopts

the format of relative Cartesian coordinate which means that exact value of x
and y axis will be created.

 Menu:  Draw   Rectangle

 Command entry: Rectangle /or REC

Special commands can be summoned for a special purpose and usually the
name of its commands corresponds to their functions. Each command has its
own properties and different methods to utilize.

 Boundary - it creates a region or a polyline from an enclosed area.

 Menu:  Draw   Boundary

 Command entry: Boundary /or BO

 Region - it converts an object that encloses an area into a region object

 Menu:  Draw   Region

 Command entry: Region / REG

 Units – it controls coordinate and angle display formats and precision

 Menu:  Format  Units

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 Command entry: Units /or UN

 Hatch - it defines the boundaries, pattern type, pattern properties, and other
parameters for hatch and gradient fill objects

 Menu:  Draw   Hatch

 Command entry: Hatch /or H

 Design Center - browses, finds, and previews content, and inserts content,
which includes blocks, hatches, and external references (xrefs).

 Menu: Tools Palettes Design Center

 Command entry: Adcenter / ctrl + 2

 Special Tools

AutoCAD provide commands or tools that can ease the manipulation of

display or orientation of the drawing area. The display and view commands are
listed below.

 Zoom – it increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current

viewport

 Menu:  View  Zoom 

 Command entry: Zoom /or Z

 Pan – it moves the view in the current viewport

 Menu:  View   Pan 

 Command entry: Pan /or P

Text Commands

You can create one or more paragraphs of multiline text (mtext) in the In-
Place Text Editor (or an alternative text editor) or use prompts on the command
line. You can also insert text from a file saved in ASCII or RTF format.

 Mtext – it creates paragraphs of text as a single multiline text (mtext) object

 Menu:  Draw   Text 

 Command entry: Mtext /or MT /or T

You can use single-line text to create one or more lines of text, where
each text line is an independent object that you can relocate, reformat, or
otherwise modify.
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 Dtext – it creates a single-line text object

 Menu:  Draw   Text 

 Command entry: Text /or DT

The OSNAP Modes

With OSNAP modes, you can specify a snap point at an exact location on
an object.

 Osnap – it sets running object snap modes

 Menu:  Tools Menu   Drafting Setting

 Command entry: Osnap /or OS

 Dimensions

Dimensions commands are utilize to measures line segments, arc

segments, and circles. Some dimensions commands of AutoCAD are listed
below.

 Dimlinear – it creates linear dimensions

 Menu:  Dimension   Linear

 Command entry: Dimlinear /or DLI

You can control the appearance of dimensions by changing settings. For

convenience and to help maintain dimensioning standards, you can store these
settings in dimension styles.

 Dimstyle - it creates new styles, sets the current style, modifies styles, sets
overrides on the current style, and compares styles

 Menu: Dimension  Dimension Style

 Command entry: Dimstyle /or D

 Manipulations

Controlling and modifying of objects in AutoCAD can be done if objects

are selected. Objects must be selected in order to be processed. The Select
Objects prompt occurs after many commands, including the Select command
itself.
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 Select - places selected objects in the previous selection set. A small box,
called the object selection target, replaces the crosshairs on the graphics
cursor.

 Command entry: Select

You can select objects individually with the pointing device or by drawing a
selection window around them.

Selection Options

1. Direct Selection (Direct point the crosshair to the objects)

2. Window Selection (Create a window selection from left to right)
3. Crossing Selection (Make a crossing selection from right to left)

 Editing

Layers are used to organize drawing and they are utilized to group
information in a drawing by function and to enforce linetype, color, lineweights
and other standards.

Layers are the equivalent of the overlays used in paper-based drafting.

Layers are the primary organizational tool used in drawing. By creating layers,
you can associate similar types of objects by assigning them to the same layer.
For example, you can put construction lines, text, dimensions, and title blocks on
separate layers. You can then control the following:

 Whether objects on a layer are visible or dimmed in any viewports

 Whether and how objects are plotted
 What color is assigned to all objects on a layer
 What default linetype and lineweight are assigned to all objects on a
layer
 Whether objects on a layer can be modified
 Whether objects display with different layer properties in individual layout
viewports

Every drawing includes a layer named 0. Layer 0 cannot be deleted or

renamed. It has two purposes:

 Ensure that every drawing includes at least one layer

 Provide a special layer that relates to controlling colors in blocks

Note: It is recommended that you create several new layers with which to
organize your drawing rather than create your entire drawing on layer 0.
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 Layer – it manages layers and layer properties

 Menu:  Format   Layer

 Command entry: layer /or LA

Capabilities of Layer:
 On / Off
 Freeze / Unfreeze
 Lock / Unlock

Properties:
 Color
 Linetype
 Lineweight
 Plot Style
 Plot

 Object linking and embedding

Blocking Template commands are a command that creates block

objects. These block objects can serves as templates. Each command has its
own properties and different methods to utilize.

 Block - it creates a block definition from objects you select and usually you
can’t control the destination of this objects.

 Menu:  Draw   Block  Make

 Command entry: Block /or B

 Wblock – or sometimes Write Block, it saves objects or converts a block to a

file and usually you can control the destination of this objects.

 Command entry: Wblock /or W

 Insert – specifies the name and position of the block or drawing to insert

 Command entry: Insert /or I

 Modifications

Modify commands are used to modify objects, such copy, erase, move,
rotate, etc… Usually the name of its commands corresponds to their function and
uses.

 Erase - it removes objects from a drawing.

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 Menu:  Modify   Erase

 Command entry: Erase /or E

 Explode - it breaks a compound object into its component objects.

 Menu:  Modify   Explode

 Command entry: Explode /or X

Duplicating Objects commands are used to reproduce or replicate the

selected objects.

 Copy - it copies objects a specified distance in a specified direction.

 Menu:  Modify   Copy

 Command entry: Copy /or CO

 Mirror - it creates a mirror image copy of objects.

 Menu:  Modify   Mirror

 Command entry: Mirror /or MI

 Offset - it creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves.

 Menu:  Modify   Offset

 Command entry: Offset /or O

Altering Orientation commands are used to modify the orientation of the

selected objects.

 Move - it moves objects a specified distance in a specified direction.

 Menu:  Modify   Move

 Command entry: Move /or M

 Rotate - it revolves objects around a base point.

 Menu:  Modify  Rotate

 Command entry: Rotate /or RO

Adjusting Magnification commands are used to enlarge or reduce the

normal size of the modified objects.
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 Trim - it trims objects at a cutting edge defined by other objects. This

command requires cutting edge/s.

 Menu:  Modify   Trim

 Command entry: Trim /or TR

 Extend - it extends an object to meet another object. This command requires

boundary edge/s.

 Menu:  Modify   Extend

 Command entry: Extend /or EX

Clearing Corners commands are used to modify the corners of a close

polyline and it usually replace the corner into bevel or round object.

 Fillet - it rounds and fillets the edges of objects. This command requires
radius.

 Menu:  Modify   Fillet

 Command entry: Fillet / F
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LO2. PREPARE PLANS USING CAD

In this learning outcome, working drawings are prepared using CAD

system as per building standards and drawings are set up according to standard
drawing scale and paper size.

 CAD software

When preparing plan using CAD software, considered and utilized the
available AutoCAD software that is installed in the computer. AutoCAD version
can be 2008, to 2018 versions.

 Hardware

The hardware specification when utilizing AutoCAD software must meet

the system requirements of the available software. Factors to consider are the
size of RAM memory, video card and speed of processor. If this specification
does not meet the system requirements, the problem may occur.

 Draw Commands, Tools, Dimensions, Manipulations, Editing and

Modifications

Preparing plan using CAD applications requires the mastery of procedure

each command that can be utilize when creating plan using AutoCAD.
Commands that have been discussed in LO1 are very useful when creating
architectural layout and details in AutoCAD. Most likely plan are consists of linear
and curve object, dimensions, annotations, fixture and hatches.

 Draw Architectural Layout and Details using AutoCAD

Below are the list of architectural layouts and details to be drawn using
AutoCAD Software.

 Floor Plan/s
 Roof Plan/s
 Elevations

Drawing plan must be submitted upon completion.

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SAMPLE FLOOR PLAN

3.00 1.20 2.80

W1 W3 W2 D2

3.00 T&B D1
W1
Bedroom 2 Dining Area W1

D2

D2
3.00

W1
Bedroom 1 Living Area W1

D1

Porch
W1 W1

3.00 1.50 2.50

SAMPLE ROOF PLAN

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SAMPLE ELEVATIONS (Front)

STEEL CASEMENT PLAIN PLASTERED GI ROOFING SHEET

WINDOW FRENCH TYPE PAINTED CEMENT LONG SPAN
FINISHED

Apex of Roof
2.00

Top of Beam
Bottom of Beam
2.70

Fin Flr Line

Nat Grd Line

 Plotting

Printing and plotting has changed drastically since the days of release 14 -
there is much more flexibility. Unfortunately, flexibility sometimes adds
complexity.

To plot successfully in AutoCAD, you have to familiarize yourself with the

plotting tasks, the Page Setup. While this is the most important concepts to learn,
it is also a good idea to become familiar with modelspace vs. paperspace, sheet
layouts, and lineweights. Follow the step-by-step procedure below to plot
successfully.

Step 1: First thing to do is to switch from Model Space (Model Tab) to Paper
Space (Layout Tab), use the command below of simply click the layout1 tab.

 Tilemode – it switch from model space (1) to paper space (0)

 Command entry: Tilemode /or TI

Step 2: Next step is the modification of settings of Page Setup Manager. Use the
command below or use the given option.
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 Pagesetup – controls the page layout, plotting device, paper size and other
settings for each new layout.

Menu: File  Page Setup Manager

 Command entry: Pagesetup

 To create a new page setup, right-click the desired layout tab, and
choose Page Setup Manager

 In the Page Setup Manager, click Modify.

 In the Printer/Plotter section, choose the desired printer or plotter from

the drop-down list. This lets you use different devices for different layouts.

 In the Paper Size section, choose a paper size. This allows you to use
different sheet sizes for different layouts.

 In the Plot Area section, choose what you want to plot. Your choices
depend on whether you're on a Model or Layout tab, and can include:
Layout, Display, Limits, Extents, and Window.

 In the Plot Offset section, you can specify an offset from the lower-left
corner. You might do this to place several plots on different parts of one
sheet of paper. You can also center the plot by checking the Center the
Plot check box.

 In the Plot Scale section, set the scale from the drop-down list, or check
the Fit to Paper check box. You can also type a scale in text boxes. Most
layouts are plotted at 1:1 because you scale the individual viewports. You
can also check the Scale Lineweights check box to scale the lineweights
along with your drawing.

 In the Plot Style Table section, choose a plot style table if you want to
use one. Plot styles determine how plots look and let you create different
looks for different plots.

 In the Shaded Viewport Options section, you specify how a model plot
(not a layout plot) looks. You can choose from visual styles and resolution
options. The Shade Plot drop-down list is not available if you're on a
Layout tab. You can also choose a quality from the Quality drop-down list.

 In the Plot Options section, you can choose whether or not you want to
plot lineweights and plot styles. You can also choose whether you want to
plot paper space objects last. Finally, if you created 3D objects in paper
space, you can hide their back lines.
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 In the Drawing Orientation section, you can plot portrait, landscape (the
default), or upside down.

 Click the Preview button to see if you like the result.

 Click OK to return to the Page Setup Manager. Click Set Current, and
click Close.

NOTE: Check the settings in the above dialog box.

Step 3: Next step is inserting of drawing blocks or templates. To incorporate

drawing blocks or templates, use command Insert.

 Menu:  Insert   Block

Command entry: Insert /or I

 In the Insert dialog box, click the browse button to locate the directory of
your drawing block.

 Specify the X, Y and Z value. Change the value of 1 into 100.

 Click OK button.

 Specify pick point.

Step 4: Next step is creating viewport. Viewport is the window or frame within
which a view of the drawing is visible. In some complex CAD programs viewports
are considered complex objects and can be placed in drawings. Many programs
also support the use of multiple viewports, which can simultaneously show
different parts of the same drawing. This is especially important when working in
3D. Use the command below.

 Mview - creates and controls layout viewports

 Menu: View Viewports 1 Viewport, 2 Viewports, 3 Viewports, 4

Viewports
 Command entry: Mview /or MV

Step 5: Next step is the switching from paper space viewport to model space
viewport. It just likes activating a viewport. Use the commands below.

 MS – it switches from paper space viewport to model space viewport (Unlock

Viewport)

 Command entry: MS
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 PS – it switches from model space viewport to paper space viewport (Lock

Viewport)

 Command entry: PS

Step 6: Next step is computing text heights. There is a corresponding text height
for every scale that you used when plotting a drawing. To compute for the text
height, use the equation below.

Scale 1 = Scale 2
Text Height 1 Text Height 2

The table below shows the scale and the equivalent text height.

Plotting Scale Text Height

(m)
1 :100 0.25
1 : 200 0.50
1 : 500 1.25
1 : 1000 2.50

Sample Problem: Determine the text height of 1:300 m plotting scale

Given: plotting scale = 1:300

Solution: using the equation,

Scale 1 = Scale 2
Text Height 1 Text Height 2

Base on the data in the table,

100 = 300
0.25 Text Height 2

By cross multiplication, derive a formula by taking out the text height 2:

Text height 2 = 300 (0.25)

100

Text height 2 = 0.75

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Step 7: Next step is scaling drawings relative to paper space units. In AutoCAD,
scaling is unlimited. The scale you want to use is based on the size of the
viewport you are using. You can use the equation below to compute value of
your scale factor.

nXP = Plotting Scale - Numerator

100 - Denominator
Where; n = scale factor
XP = constant within the command

Sample Problem: Compute the nXP of 1:100 m plotting scale

Given: plotting scale = 1:100

Solution:
nXP = plotting scale
100
= 100
100
n = 1XP

 Applying the nXP to Scale Drawing Using Zoom (XP)

Command Zoom
Type S (for scale)
Enter XP (computed value)

Step 8: The last step is the actual plotting of the drawing. Things to remember
when plotting is the printer name, paper size, plot scale, and plot style. Use the
command below.

 Plot – prints a drawing to a plotter, printer or file.

 Command entry: Plot /or ctrl + P

NOTE: Observe that the contents and the settings of the plot dialog box is almost
the same with the contents and the settings of pagesetup dialog box.