EGN 3353C Fluid Mechanics
Lecture 16
Ex 5-11 Effect of Friction on Fluid Temperature and Head Loss
Show that during steady and incompressible flow
of a fluid in an adiabatic flow section (a) the
temperature remains constant and there is no head
loss when friction is ignored and (b) the
temperature increases and some head loss occurs
when frictional effects are considered. Discuss if it
is possible for the fluid temperature to decrease
during such flow.
Sol.
T2
Since ρ = const (incompressible flow), then Δs = cv ln .+ r*ln(ro1/ro2) <- This is zero, ro constant
T1
Δs is caused by (1) heat transfer and (2) irreversibilities. Since the flow adiabatic, Q = 0 . Δs is caused by
irreversibilities (i.e., friction)
( )
hL = u2 − u1 − qnet in g = cv ( T2 − T1 ) g
T2
(a) friction is 0 Æ Δs = cv ln = 0 Æ T2 = T1 Æ hL = 0 . When there is no heat transfer and no friction, the
T1
flow is isentropic, and temperature remains constant and there is no head loss.
T
(b) friction is not 0 Æ Δs = cv ln 2 > 0 → T2 > T1 and hL > 0 . When there is no heat transfer but there is friction,
T1
some of the mechanical energy is converted to heat, causing temperature to rise and head loss.
Lou Cattafesta
MAE Dept.
University of Florida
EGN 3353C Fluid Mechanics
Ex 5-12 Pumping power and frictional heating in a pump (caused by losses)
The pump of a water distribution system is powered by a 15-kW
electric motor whose efficiency is 90 percent. The water flow rate
through the pump is 50 L/s. The diameters of the inlet and outlet pipes
are the same, and the elevation difference across the pump is
negligible. If the pressures at the inlet and outlet of the pump are
measured to be 100 kPa and 300 kPa (absolute), respectively,
determine (a) the mechanical efficiency of the pump and (b) the
temperature rise of water as it flows through the pump due to the
mechanical inefficiency.
Sol.
Assumptions:
ρ ∀ → ∀ = 50 L/s → m = 50 kg/s .
1. The flow is steady and incompressible. m = N
1 kg L
2. The inlet and outlet diameters are the same Æ ∀ = VA = const Æ V = V and α = α .Areas are equal
1 2 1 2
3. The elevation difference between the inlet and outlet of the pump is negligible, z1 ≈ z2 .
4. P1 = 100 kPa, P2 = 300 kPa (absolute) Æ pump’s job is to increase fluid pressure.
5. The pump is driven by an external motor Æ heat generated by motor is dissipated to the atmosphere not flow.
6. motor efficiency is 90% so Wpump,in = ( 0.9 )(15 kW ) = 13.5 kW (only get 90% of electrical power actually
delivered as useful shaft work in).
Lou Cattafesta
MAE Dept.
University of Florida
EGN 3353C Fluid Mechanics
Start with the head form of steady energy equation.
wshaft,net in P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + α1 + z1 = + α2 + z2 + hL
g ρ g 2g ρ g 2g N
irreversible
input mechanical head [ ] = m
head loss
output mechanical head
in piping
Using V1 = V2 , α1 = α 2 , z1 ≈ z2 , and wshaft,net in = Wpump m we have
m ( P1 − P2 )
Wpump + = mgh
L
ρ
flow power
13.5 kW − 10 kW = 3 kW = mgh
L → loss rate
flow power 10 kW
So the mechanical efficiency of the pump = = = 0.741 → 74.1% .
power delivered to pump 13.5 kW
( N cNv (
Recall, we said the loss rate is 3 kW = m u2 − u1 − qnet in = m )
T2 − T1 ) → ΔT = 0.017 K Æ small
kg kJ K
s kg ⋅ K
Lou Cattafesta
MAE Dept.
University of Florida
EGN 3353C Fluid Mechanics
Ex 5-13 Hydroelectric power generation from a dam
In a hydroelectric power plant, 100 m3/s of water flows from an
elevation of 120 m to a turbine, where electric power is generated.
The total irreversible head loss in the piping system from point 1 to
point 2 (excluding the turbine unit) is determined to be 35 m. If the
overall efficiency of the turbine–generator is 80 percent, estimate
the electric power output.
Sol.
Assumptions:
1. The flow is steady and incompressible ρ = 1000 kg m3 → m = ρ∀ = 105 kg s .
2. Water levels at the reservoir and the discharge site remain constant Æ V1 = V2 ≈ 0 .
3. P1 = P2 = Patm .
Lou Cattafesta
MAE Dept.
University of Florida
EGN 3353C Fluid Mechanics
Use the steady head form of the energy equation for a single stream
wshaft,net in P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + α1 + z1 = + α2 + z2 + hL
g ρg 2g ρg 2g
or since the turbine produces work (and is negative):
− wturbine Patm V12 Patm V22
+ + α1 + z1 = + α2 + z2 + hL
g ρg 2g ρg 2g
Rearranging gives
wturbine Wturbine
z1 − z2 − hL = =
g
mg
120 m − 35 m = 85 m = hturbine
So the mechanical power delivered by the turbine = Wturbine = mgh
= 83.4 E 3 kW = 83.4 MW !!!.
The actual electrical power generated is less by the total efficiency = η turbineηmotor 83.4 MW = 66.7 MW .
0.8
Lou Cattafesta
MAE Dept.
University of Florida
EGN 3353C Fluid Mechanics
Ex 5-14 Fan selection for cooling a computer
A fan is to be selected to cool a computer case whose
dimensions are 12 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm. Half of the volume in
the case is expected to be filled with components and the other
half to be air space. A 5-cm diameter hole is available at the
back of the case for the installation of the fan that is to replace
the air in the void spaces of the case once every second. Small
low-power fan–motor combined units are available in the
market and their efficiency is estimated to be 30 percent.
Determine (a) the wattage of the fan–motor unit to be
purchased and (b) the pressure difference across the fan. Take
the air density to be 1.20 kg/m3.
Sol.
Assumptions:
1. The flow is steady and incompressible.
2. Losses other than those due to the inefficiency of the fan–motor unit are negligible hL ≈ 0 .
3. The flow at the outlet is fairly uniform except near the center (due to the wake of the fan motor), and the
kinetic energy correction factor at the outlet is 1.10.
We first need to estimate the volume flow rate.
Δ∀ 0.5 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 40 cm3
∀= = = 9600 cm3 s = 9.6 × 10−3 m3 s
Δt 1s
So m = ρ∀ = 0.0115 kg/s .
Lou Cattafesta
MAE Dept.
University of Florida
EGN 3353C Fluid Mechanics
The average velocity through the outlet hole is V2 = ∀ A =∀ ⎛ π D 2 4 ⎞ = 4.90 m/s .
2 ⎜ N ⎟
⎝ 5 cm ⎠
Use the steady head form of the energy equation for a single stream
wshaft,net in P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + α1 + z1 = + α2 + z2 + hL
g ρg 2g ρg 2g
KEY TO SOLUTION is to choose a CV such that the sides of the CV (as shown) are streamlines (no flow crosses
a streamline!) and the station 1 is far from the fan face such that V1 ≈ 0 . (Think about this! The area must be large
such that AV = A V = ∀ .) Also, P = P = P and z ≈ z . So
1 1 2 2 1 2 atm 1 2
2
wshaft,net in P1 V P2 V22
+ + α1 + z1 =
1
+ α2 + z2 + hL
g ρg N 2g ρg 2g
≈0
or
( 4.90 m/s )
2
V22
Wfan = α 2 m = (1.10 )( 0.0115 kg/s ) = 0.152 W
2 2
0.152 W
The electrical power required will be higher = = 0.506 W Æ Need a fan-motor rate at about 0.5 W.
0.3
To find the pressure rise across the fan, we look at points 3 and 4 just across the fan entrance and exit. The energy
equation is
Wfan P3 V32 P4 V42
+ + α3 + z3 = + α4 + z4 + hL
mg ρg 2g ρg 2g
W
or P4 − P3 = ρ fan = 15.8 Pa (not much!). The purpose of a fan is to produce kinetic energy.
m
Lou Cattafesta
MAE Dept.
University of Florida
