Ques: - what is a computer?

Ans. Computer is an electronic machine it converts the

unorganized facts and data into some meaningful information and
work very speedily in few milliseconds.

(Computer made of many parts)

1.Input device

2.Output device

3.Processing device

4.Storage device

1.Input devices: - the device is used to feed the data and

information into the computer called input device. For
example: - mouse, keyboard, Mic., CD\ROM, removable
drives and other peripherals such as scanner, webcam.

2.Processing devices: - the device that is used to process on

the data called processing device. It gets the data and
information from input device and process on it and gives
the result to the output devices. For example: - processor, co
– processor.

3.Output devices: - the device is used to give the output

result called output device. For example: - monitor, speaker,
CD\DVD Writer, removable drives and other peripherals such
as printers.

4.Storage devices: - the device that is used to store the data

permanently and temporary is called Storage devices.

Permanent storage device: - HDD, FDD, MBD, CD\DVD, DAT

drive.
 Temporary storage devices: - RAM.

Hardware: - the physical parts of the computer that we can see

and touch called hardware. Ex. RAM, HDD, FDD, MBD, CD\DVD
RW, Monitor, keyboard, mouse etc.

Software: - software is the program that complete the task

required by the user. Ex. OS, MS – office, Tally, Photoshop, Games
etc.

Firmware\ live ware\ human ware: - firmware is a program

that is installed in the BIOS to keep the information of the
computer parts and allows the user to change the setting of the
hardware.

Operating system: - operating system is a group of the

software’s that acts as an interface between the computer
hardware parts and user.

Computer hardware parts:-

1.Mother board

2.Processor

3.Ram

4.HDD

5.FDD

6.CD\DVD drive
 7.Monitor

8.Mouse, keyboard

9.SCSI drive

10. Printer

11. Modem

12. Input\output ports devices

13.BIOS

14.Laptop

Lesson: - 2

Mother Board

Introduction: - mother board is the biggest electronic circuit

board. It is an interface between the all parts of the computer. It
has many parts soldered on it to connect the device on it.

1.It has many chips and IC’s such as audio chip, video chip.
 2.It has North Bridge and south bridge.

3.It has processor sockets and RAM slots.

4.It has expansion slots.

5.It has PATA and SATA drives controller.

6.It has FDD controller.

7.It has input output ports.

8.It has a crystal.

9.It has front panel to control it from outside of the cabinet.

10.It has BIOS chip and CMOS battery.

North Bridge: - it is a chip soldered on the mother board

between the processor socket and RAM slot. It controls the
communication between the processor and RAM. It also controls
AGP slot and south bridge. It has a heat sinker on the top side
that reduces the heat of the chip.

South bridge: - it is a chip soldered on the mother board beside

expansion slots. It controls the input output parts, expansion slots
and other parts of the mother board that are not controlled by the
north chip. It has also a small heat sinker that north bridge.

Processor sockets: - it is used to install the processor or

processors.

RAM slots: - it is used to install the RAM.

Expansion slots: - these slots are used to install the expansion
cards such as TV Tuner Cards, LAN Card, internal Modem, Sound
Card, Graphic Card etc.

PATA\SATA Controller: - these are slots on the mother board to

install HDD, CD\DVD writer etc. but they are different types.

SATA: - this type of a lot has 7 pin to attach the SATA drives such
as HDD, CD\DVD RW.

PATA is drive and PATA controls is called IDE controller.

SATA is drive and SATA controller is called SATA controller.

Full form of PARA: - parallel advanced technology attachment.

Full form of SATA: - serial advanced technology attachment.

Full form of IDE: - integrated device electronics.

FDD controller: - it is a port on the mother board that is used to

attach the FDD. It has 34 pins.

Input Output ports: - these ports are on the back side of the
mother board they are used to connect input output devices such
as keyboard, mouse, printer, removable drive etc.

Crystal: - it controls the frequency.

Front panel: - mother board has the front panel place where
many groups of pin present. These groups are used to control the
mother board outside of the cabinet. We can control some
features such as power off the computer, restart the computer.
Front panel has sound pins and USB pins to attach the removable
USB drive and sound pin from the fount panel of the cabinet.

BIOS (basic input output system):- BIOS is the ROM of the

computer. It is soldered on the mother board. It has firmware
installed in it to keep information of the hardware parts of the
computers.

CMOS Battery: - it is a nickel chromium battery that keeps the

backup of the power to supply the current to the BIOS to keep the
BIOS setting save e.g. Time and date is kept up-to-date because
CMOS battery gives the supply to the BIOS at the time of the
absence of the main power.

Full form of CMOS: - complementary metal oxide semi

conductor.

Types of Expansion Slots:-

1.ISA

2.EISA

3.MCA
 4.PCI

5.PCIE

6.AGP

1.ISA :- industry standard architecture (8 git)

2.EISA:- Extended industry standard architecture (16 git)

3.MCA :- micro channel architecture

4.PCI :- peripheral component interconnect (32 git)

5.PCIE :- peripheral component interconnect extended (64 git)

6.AGP :- accelerated graphic port

Back panel of the mother board

A)It is green in color. It is called PS2 port. It has 6 holes and 1
lock. It is used to connect mouse. It is a female port.

B)It is purple in color. It is called PS2 port. It has 6 holes and 1

lock. It is used to connect keyboard. It is a female port.

C)It is called USB port. It has 4 pins. It is used to connect USB

devices or drive e.g. mouse, keyboard, modem, printer,
scanner etc. It is a female port.

D)It is called comport or serial port. It is used to connect

scanner, modem, mouse etc. it has 9 pins (5x4) and 25 pin
(12x13). It is male connector.

E)It is printer port or parallel port. It has 25 holes (13x12). It is

used to connect printer. It is a female port.

F)It is called display or VGA port. It has 15 holes (5x5x5). It is

used to connect monitor. It is a female port.

G) It is Ethernet port. It has 8 pins. It is used for networking

purpose with RJ-45 connector. It is a female port.

H) It is a USB port

I)It is MIDI port. It is used to connect joystick. It has 15 pins

(8x7). It is a female port.

J)It has 3 holes 1st for speaker, 2nd for mic, 3rd for line in.
 (PROCESSOR)
Processor is the brain of the computer. It gets the data from input
device and processes on them and gives the output result to the
output devices.

Construction:-

1.It is made of aluminum

2.It has many transistors built on it.

3.The speed of the processor is measured in MH2 and GH2

4.It is a chip

5.it is pined and painless processor

6.It is many types.

7.It has internal cache memory built in it.

8.It uses an external fan to keep itself cool.

Processor sockets and slots

Processor sockets and slots are the place where processor is
placed.

1If processor is placed into the socket then it will be attached

horizontally.
 2If processor is placed into the slot then it will be attached
vertically.

Multitasking: - when the processor progress on many command

at one time called multitasking.

Multi processing: - when two or more processors process on

many tasks called multi processing.

Transistors: - transistors boost the signal. The speed of the

process is depending on the numbers of transistors. Transistors
are in millions and billion in the process.

Note:-

1.Increasing the number of transistors increase the speed of

the processor.

2.Increasing the clock speed of the processor increase the

heat of the processor.

3.Decreasing the numbers of transistors decrease the speed

of the processor.

Information: - information is the commands that processor

processes.

Bandwidth: - total commands on which process can process at

one time called bandwidth.

Clock speed: - at which speed the processor process on the

command is called clock speed.

Note: - increasing the clock speed increases the speed of the

processor but also increasing the heat of the process.
 Internal parts of the processor
1.Prefect unit: - prefect unit looks for the information in the
information cache so that it can be processed.
If prefect unit finds that there is no information for
processing in the information cache then it takes the
unprocessed data from the main memory. Then it sends it to
the decode unit.

2.Information cache: - information cache gives the

commands for data processing.

3.Decode unit: - decode unit takes the information and

convert it into binary language.

4.Control unit: - control unit sends the binary formed data to

the data cache.

5.Data cache: - data cache keeps the data that will be

processed.

6.ALU (arithmetic logical unit):- it processes on the data

and keeps the processed data in the resistor unit.

7.Resistor unit: - it keeps the processes data for output

device.

BSB (back side bus):- data is send from cache memory to ALU
through BSB L1 and L2 cache uses BSB to transfer the data.

FSB (front side bus):- FSB is used to send the data from main
memory to processor.
Bus: - bus is the way to send the data from one device to
another.

Types of Bus:-

1.Address bus: - Address bus tells the location of the

device where the data will be sent.

2.Data bus :- data bus id used to send the data from

one device to another

3.Control bus: - control bus keeps the control on

timing and the data that is transferring.
 Memory
Memory is a location where data is kept by the computer

Memory is two types: primary and secondary memory

Primary memory has two parts: - RAM and ROM

Secondary memory: - HDD, FDD, DAT, Zip

RAM: EDO, FPM, SD, DDRSD, DDR2SD, DDR3SD

ROM: Mask ROM, P ROM, EP ROM, EEP ROM

RAM: Ram is a temporary storage device. It is a volatile style of

memory. It loses its data contents when the power is switched off.

ROM: it is a non-volatile of memory. It does not lose its contents

when the power is switched off.

Cache memory: cache memory is a very small amount of very

high speed memory.

It has three types:

1.Level 1 (L1) cache: internal

2.Level 2 (L2) cache: internal and external

3.Level 3 (L3) cache: external

DMA (direct memory access): it is features that enable the

device to bypass the processor and transfer the data directly to
the main memory.

Master Bus: Master bus is also features that enable the device to
bypass the processor as well as main memory and directly send
data to the destination device.

(Memory Packages)
Memory packages are the places where RAM is installed.

There are many types of memory packages.

1.SIMM: single inline memory modules

2.DIMM: dual inline memory modules

3.RIMM: ramous inline memory modules

4.SODIMM: small online dual inline memory modules

5.Micro DIMM: micro duel inline memory modules

ROM

ROM: - Read only memory

Types of ROM: - 1. P ROM: - Programmable Read only memory
2. EP ROM: - Erasable Read only memory
3. EEP ROM: - Electrically erasable Read only memory
1. P ROM: - In this type of ROM the data is written once time. When the
data is written in this ROM it cannot be erased. It means in this type of
memory we can only write the data once time and we cannot also Re-write
the data in this type of memory. It is just like a CDR type of memory.

2. EP ROM: - in this type of memory we can erase the data as much

time as we want. There is a special Tech. used to erase the data in this
type of memory. The special ultraviolet rays are used to erase the data
from E.P ROM. this type of memory is just like a Re Writable C.D

3. E.E.P. ROM: - this is a special type of ROM memory in which type

of memory we can rewrite the data as much time as we want. Like the E.P
ROM we can erase and write the data in this memory. In the E.P ROM we
use the ultra violet rays to re write and erase the data but in the E.E.P ROM
we use electrical current to rewrite and erase the data. At amount of
electrical power is used to erase and rewrite the data in this type of
memory. This amount of power is different in both cases to erase the data
and to rewrite the data in the memory.

RAM

RAM: - Random Aces Memory: - Because the data is accessed in the

random by manner.

RAM TYPES:-
1. DRAM
2. SRAM
SRAM types:-
1. Asynchronous SRAM
2. Synchronous SRAM
3. Pipe line burst SRAM

DRAM types:-
1. FPM DRAM
2. EDO DRAM
3. SD DRAM
 4. DDR SDRAM
5. DDRESDRAM
6. DDR3
7. RD RAM

Difference between S RAM and D RAM:-

1. S RAM is made of transistors / D RAM is
made of capacitors
2. S RAM does not requires refreshing / D
RAM is require refreshing
3. S RAM is very costly / D RAM is cheep
4. The designing of S RAM is complex / the
designing of D RAM is easy

Types of RAM Slots:-

1. SIMM: - Single in line memory module
EDO RAM
It has 30 & 72 pins
Clock speed of RAM slot SIMM (66 MHZ)
Maximum storage capacity RAM 32 M.B
P1, P2, 286, 80386, 80486 Processors
SIMM slot have 2 cuts
2. DIMM: - Duel in line memory module
3. RIMM: - Rambus in line memory module
4. Micro DIMM

EDO - RAM (extended data out):-

1. 30 pin, 72 pin
2. 2 cut
3. Maximum storage capacity 32 MB.
4. Clock speed 66 MHZ
5. SIMM slot
6. Mother board: - 80286, 80386, 80486, P1, P

SD RAMS (synchronous dynamic RAM):-

1. Double cut
 2. Pin 168
3. Maximum storage capacity 256 MB
4. DIMM slot
5. P3, P4
6. Clock speed: - 66, 233, 267 MHZ
7. Mother Board 810, 845, 865

DDR SD RAM:-
1. Mother Board 265, 915, 945
2. Data storage capacity 128, 256, 512, 1 GB
3. Data transfer speed up to 267, 333, 400 MHZ
4. Slot DIMM
5. No. of pin 184
6. RAM cut single

DDR2 SD RAM:-
1. Mother Board 945, 915
2. Data storage capacity 512, 1 G.B, 2 G.B, $ G.B
3. Data transfer speed 400, 533, 667, 800, 1024 MHZ
4. Slot DIMM
5. No. of pin 184, 200, 214, 240
6. RAM cut single

RD RAMS (Rambus Dynamic RAM):-

1. Mother Board 915, 945
2. Clock speed 800 MHZ
3. No. of pin 184
4. Double cut
5. Data storage capacity up to 2 G.B
6. RIMM slot

SRAM DRAM
Static RAM Dynamic RAM
SRAM is made of Transistors DRAM is made of Capacitors
SRAM does not require refereshing DRAM require refereshing
SRAM is very costly DRAM is cheep
The desiging of SRAM is complex The desiging of DRAM is easy
RAM slots :-
1. SIMM
2. DIMM
3. RIMM

1. SIMM :-
- single inline memory module
- EDO RAM
- It have 30 & 72 pins
- clock speed of RAM slot SIM (66 MHZ)
- Maximum storage capacity RAM 32 M.B
- P2, P2, 286, 80386, 80486 processors
- SIMM slot have 2 cut

2. DIMM :-
- Dual inline memory module
- No. of pins:-168, 184, 200, 204, 232, 240
- RAM :- SDRAM:- DDR1-SDRAM, DDR2-SDRAM,
DDR3-SDRAM
- clock speed 133, 400, 800, 1324MHZ
- data storage capacity 128, 256, 512, 1GB, 2GB
- No. of cut :- will available in single and double both. in duble
cut SDRAM, in single cut DDR1, DDR2, DDR3 SDRAM

3. RIMM :-
- Rambus inline memory module
- No. of pin 184
- RAM RDRAM :- rambus dynamic RAM
- clock speed 800, 1024 MHZ
- Data storage capacity 1GB, 2GB, 4GB
- No. of cut 2m

Memory :- Memory is the device which is used to store the data it my be

permanently or it may be temporary

Vertual Memory :- Vertual Memory is a very important concept of window.

Vertual Memory is the area of the hard disk. the area of the hard disk which
is used as a RAM is known as Vertual Memory. the data stored in the
virtual memory will not be permananently.

Function of the virtual memory :- the consept of the virtual

memory occured when the space of the physical memory is not
enough. e.g. if we are running and autocard software which
require 170 M.B. RAM to work properly but we have only 128 M.B
physical RAM. in this situation we cannot run the autocard
software because we have the storage of main memory space in
that situation the concept of the virtual memory is used. when we
are not have the enough space in the physical memory then the
fix amount of space is aquired from the hard disk. the space of
the area which we coverd from the hard disk as a RAM is known
as virtual memory. while the space of the hard disk on which the
data is stored permanantly in all the cases but the space of the
hard disk used as a virtual memory will not store the data
permananently. it means like the physical RAM the data is lost
autometecly when we shut down the PC. in the virtual memory
the data is also lost autometecly when we shut down the P.C. the
size of the virtual memory will totely depend on to the operating
system. normaly the size of the virtual memory is 4096 K.B.

Video RAM :- This is the temperory memory which is used for

storing the video. video RAM is used in the display card. display
card is a componant which is used to responsible for desplaying
the working of the processor on to the display device. the display
processor use the video RAM for storing the display image.
 Hard disk
Hard disk :- it is the permanent storage device Hard disk store
the data on the principal of magnesium.

Types of Hard disk :-

1. PATA
2. SATA
3. USB
4. SCSI
5. Wire less
6. PCMCIA

(Suresh Khokher)