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Ip Addressing: - Ipv4 Address Is A 32 Bit Address: Uniquely Identifies A Device On An Ip Network

- IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on a network, with 4.3 billion possible addresses. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses for vastly more capacity. - An IP address identifies a device interface and consists of a network portion and host portion. Subnetting allows a network ID to be shared among multiple physical networks by using host ID bits as an additional subnet ID. This improves address utilization over the original class-based system. - Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) allows network portions of arbitrary length, represented as an IP address followed by a slash and the number of network bits, such as 192.168.1.0/24. CIDR improved efficiency

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71 views20 pages

Ip Addressing: - Ipv4 Address Is A 32 Bit Address: Uniquely Identifies A Device On An Ip Network

- IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on a network, with 4.3 billion possible addresses. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses for vastly more capacity. - An IP address identifies a device interface and consists of a network portion and host portion. Subnetting allows a network ID to be shared among multiple physical networks by using host ID bits as an additional subnet ID. This improves address utilization over the original class-based system. - Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) allows network portions of arbitrary length, represented as an IP address followed by a slash and the number of network bits, such as 192.168.1.0/24. CIDR improved efficiency

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virat
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© © All Rights Reserved
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IP Addressing

• IPv4 address is a 32 bit address : uniquely


identifies a device on an IP network.
232 = 4,294,967,296 addresses

• Note: IPv6 (128 bit IP address) 2128 = 3.4 * 1038


IP Addressing: introduction
• IP address: 32-bit 223.1.1.1

identifier for host, 223.1.2.1


223.1.1.2
router interface 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
• interface: connection 223.1.2.2
between host, router 223.1.1.3 223.1.3.27

and physical link


– router’s typically have
multiple interfaces 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.2
– host may have multiple
interfaces
– IP addresses associated
with interface, not host, 223.1.1.1 = 11011111 00000001 00000001 00000001
or router
223 1 1 1
#2
IP address = (netid, hostid)
R2’s Routing Table

4
R2’s Routing Table
R2

The IP addresses must of course be resolved into


physical address for actual transmission to take place
5
Finding the class in binary notation
Finding the class in decimal notation
IP Address Classes
• Class A: The first octet is the network
portion. Octets 2, 3, and 4 are for
subnets/hosts
• Class B: The first two octets are the
network portion. Octets 3 and 4 are for
subnets/hosts
• Class C: The first three octets are the
network portion. Octet 4 is for
subnets/hosts
IP Addresses Conventions
• The smallest hostid (all 0’s) is never
assigned to an individual host, instead it is
used to refer to the network
• IP addresses can refer to hosts or
networks
• Examples:
– (6,8) = host #8 on network #6
– (9,0) = network #9
IP Addresses Conventions
(cont)
• The largest hostid (all 1’s) is never
assigned to an individual host, instead it is
used to refer to a directed broadcast

• Example:
– (00000101,111111111111111111111111) = all
hosts on network #5
/8
27-2 = 126 networks
224-2 = 16,777,214 hosts / network
/16
214 = 16,384 networks
216-2 = 65,534 hosts / network
/24
221 = 2,097,152 networks
28-2 = 254 hosts / network

Class D: (IP Multicasting)


0 4
1110

Class E: (Experimental use)


0 4
1111
Classes of IP Addresses (cont)
• A small number (~27) of class A networks
with a large number (~224) of hosts
• A medium number (~214) of class B
networks with a medium number (~216) of
hosts
• A large number (~221) of class C networks
with a small number (~28) of hosts
Limitations to Classful Addressing

• Running out of address space soon


232 = 4,294,967,296 addresses

• Class boundaries did not foster


efficient allocation of address space
Lack of address class to support medium size company
-- Class B: 65534 hosts/network, too big!
-- Class C: 254 hosts/network, too small!
-- Use multiple class C addresses,
increase routing table!
• A mask is a 32-bit binary number.
• The mask is ANDeD with IP address
to get
• The bloc address (Network address)
• Mask And IP address = Block Address

Default Subnet Mask


CLASS A - 255.0.0.0 32 binary bits can be divisible into a
CLASS B - 255.255.0.0 network portion and host portion with the
CLASS C - 255.255.255.0 help of a subnet mask.

A Subnet mask distinguishes which portion of the address identifies the


network and which portion of the address identifies the node
IP Address Classes
IP addressing: CIDR
• classful addressing:
– inefficient use of address space, address space exhaustion
– e.g., class B net allocated enough addresses for 65K hosts,
even if only 2K hosts in that network

• CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing


– network portion of address of arbitrary length
– address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is # bits in network portion of
address
network host
part part
11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000
200.23.16.0/23
#16
Subnet and Supernet
Extensions
• each physical network must have its own unique
netid
• Problem: the number of physical networks grew
so fast that all netids would be exhausted
(especially class B)
• Solutions
– Subnetting – allows multiple physical networks to
share the same netid
– Supernetting – allows more complete utilization of the
address space
A network with two levels of
hierarchy (not subnetted)

Telephone number analogy


A network with three levels of
hierarchy (subnetted)
Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from the host part and add them the
network part
Subnetting
Idea: Add one more level (subnet number) to the class hierarchy

Subnet Mask

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